INGLÊS

units 1 and 2

1CURSINHO DA POLI

English

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Personal pronouns

He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her.

St. John ch. 8, v.7The Bible (Authorized Version, 1611)

Pleasure’s a sin andsometimes sin’s a pleasure.

Don Juan (1819-24) Canto I, St. I 33

Ignorantia excusat peccatumIgnorance excuses from sin.

ed. J. Hamesse, 1974

Pre-reading exercise

1. Making sense: Match the words extracted from thepassage in a way that each word finds its pair by sense.a) breeze ( e ) sellb) sail ( d ) supposec) kill ( a ) freshd) think ( f ) latee) paid ( b ) fishermanf) now ( h ) wishg) feed ( c ) aliveh) hope ( g ) food

I. TEXT

“The breeze was fresh now and he sailed on___________________________________________well. He watched only the forward part of the fish___________________________________________and some of his hope returned.___________________________________________

It is silly not to hope, he thought. Besides I___________________________________________believe it is a sin. Do not think about sin, he thought.___________________________________________There are enough problems now without sin. Also I___________________________________________have no understanding about it.___________________________________________

I have no understanding of it and I am not sure___________________________________________

that I believe in it. Perhaps it was a sin to kill the___________________________________________fish. I suppose it was even though I did it to keep___________________________________________me alive and feed many people. But then___________________________________________everything is a sin. Do not think about sin. It is much___________________________________________too late for that and there are people who are paid___________________________________________to do it. Let them think about it. You were born to___________________________________________be a fisherman as the father of the great DiMaggio.*___________________________________________

But he liked to think about all things that he was___________________________________________involved in and since there was nothing to read and___________________________________________he did not have a radio, he thought much and kept___________________________________________on thinking about sin. You did not kill the fish only___________________________________________to keep alive and to sell for food, he thought. You___________________________________________killed him for pride and because you are a___________________________________________fisherman. You loved him when he was alive and___________________________________________you loved him after. If you love him, it is not a sin to___________________________________________kill him. Or is it more?___________________________________________

‘You think too much, old man’, he said aloud.”___________________________________________

Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and The Sea. Heinemann NewWindmills, p. 76, 1997.

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1 Professor: explique aos alunos que DiMaggio foi um grande jogador debeisebol do New York Yankees (1936-1951). Hemingway, um apaixonadopor beisebol, criou uma personagem, “o velho”, fanático por esse esportee um grande admirador de DiMaggio.

* DiMaggio foi um grande jogador de beisebol do New York Yankees (1936-1951)

Entrada 22/11/04 KleberRevisor: Luis André Data: 23 / 11 / 04Retornar dia: 26 / 11 / 03 Retornou: 27 / 11 / 04Revisor: Kleber Data 29 / 11 / 04Retornar dia: 02 / 12 / 04 Retornou: 03 / 12 / 04Revisor: Data ___/___/__Retornar dia: ___/___/___ Retornou ___/___/___

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english • units 1 and 2

2 CURSINHO DA POLI

4a. prova - 14/12/2004 - Marcos Puntel

1-1

16

To do

1. According to the passage:a) He only killed the fish because he was hungry and

needed to keep himself alive.b) Although he killed the fish to keep himself alive, he

had other reasons to kill it.c) It is impossible to say that he killed the fish.d) DiMaggio was a fisherman.e) The fisherman didn’t kill the fish.

2. The pronoun “he” (line 16: “he liked to…”) refers to:a) DiMaggiob) The fishermanc) Someone who is paid to think about sind) Gode) The author

3. Choose the alternative that best replaces theunderlined part of the sentence: (lines 17 - 18) “therewas nothing to read and he did not have a radio”.a) wasn’t anything – itb) wasn’t anything – itsc) wasn’t nothing – itd) was anything – theme) was anything – it

4. “you killed him for pride” (lines 20 - 21) means:a) that he killed the fish by himself.b) that he didn’t really want to kill the fish.c) that he was very confused and didn’t have a real

motive to kill it.d) that self-esteem was the motive of killing the fish.e) that he only killed it because he had nothing to eat.

5. We can deduce from the passage that:a) The old man concluded that there was no sin about

what he did.b) The old man realizes that there is no sin if there is

love.c) The old man was in doubt.d) The old man thought that he killed the fish because

he loved it.e) The old man loved the fish dead or alive, so he didn’t

commit sin.

Vocabulary from the text: (in order ofappearance)

breeze: brisa.sail (ed) on: navegar.watch (ed): assistir (ver, observar).forward: dianteira, frente.

hope: esperança, expectativa (também significa verboesperar, desejar ardentemente).

silly: estúpido, tolo.besides: além disso, ademais.believe (d): crer, achar, acreditar.sin: pecado (também significa verbo pecar).enough: suficiente.without: sem.also: também, além disso.perhaps: talvez = maybe.even though: ainda que, mesmo que.keep (kept) me alive: conservar-me a vida, manter-me vivo.feed (fed): alimentar.but then: mas então.too late for that: demasiado tarde para isso, muito tarde

para isso.since: uma vez que, já que, visto que.keep (kept) on*: continuar.sell (sold): vender.pride: orgulho.or is it more?: ou será ainda pior? (tradução literal = ou

será mais?)aloud: alto, em voz alta.

NOTA*: Observe que em sail on e keep on a partículaon, cujo significado literal como preposição ésobre, atribui ao verbo o sentido de continuida-de. Muitos verbos em inglês carregam uma pre-posição à sua frente, são os chamadosphrasal verbs. Note que quando isso acontece,geralmente, o sentido do verbo é modificado e,muitas vezes, distancia-se de sua forma original.

Don’t forget it!

Primeiro vamos aprender a lidar com os subject andobject pronouns, isto é, pronomes pessoais do casoreto e oblíquo. Portanto, vamos prestar atenção nospronomes do texto que se encontram nesses casos eanalisá-los em alguns dos exemplos abaixo.

SUBJECT OBJECT

RETO OBLÍQUOI ME

YOU YOUHE HIM

SHE HERIT IT

WE USYOU YOUTHEY THEM

Os pronomes do caso reto/subject são usados comosujeito da oração. Eles aparecem antes do verbo.Ex: He did not have a radio. (Ele não tinha um rádio.)

(verbo) (verbo)

4ª print – 16/12/2004 - Valéria

english • units 1 and 2

3CURSINHO DA POLI

4a. prova - 14/12/2004 - Puntel

1-1

16

Os pronomes do caso oblíquo/object são usados comoobjeto da oração. Eles aparecem após o verbo.Ex: You loved him. (Você o amava.)

O pronome I é sempre escrito com letra maiúscula,mesmo que não esteja no começo da frase.Ex: ... even though I did it to keep me alive. (... aindaque (eu) tenha feito isso para me manter vivo.)

O pronome neutro singular it é basicamente utili-zado para objetos, coisas e animais, mas tambémserá usado quando não houver um sujeito real,como: fenômenos naturais, distância, hora, tempe-ratura e verbos impessoais.Ex: It* rains. (Chove.)It*’s 6:00 o’clock. (São 6 horas.)It*’s much too late. (É demasiado tarde/É muito tarde.)It*’s silly not to hope. (É uma tolice não ter esperan-ça.)

*Nota: Observe que o pronome it não é traduzido,pois diferente da língua inglesa, no portu-guês, é comum iniciarmos uma frase peloverbo sem precisar de um pronome antesdele.

O pronome it pode se referir a pessoas quando que-remos identificar alguém.Ex: On the phone: Who’s talking? It’s I*, Tom. (Ao te-lefone: Quem está falando? Sou eu,Tom.)

*Nota: As expressões It’s me, It’s her etc. são popu-larmente usadas, mas gramaticalmente ina-dequadas.

Os pronomes he e she podem ser usados tambémpara animais e coisas personificadas. Porém, somen-te o pronome she pode ser empregado para coisas(neutros), geralmente, de grande dimensão, taiscomo: navio, carro, ônibus, barco, país etc.Ex: That’s my dog. It (ou He) is not dangerous. (Aqueleé meu cachorro. Ele não é perigoso.)Look! She [the bus] is coming. (Olhe! Ela [o ônibus]está vindo.)

You killed him [the fish] for pride. (Você o [o peixe]matou por orgulho.)

Após uma preposição usa-se o pronome oblíquo.Ex: I have no understanding about it. (Eu não enten-do nada disso.)Who’s Ernest Hemingway? I have never heard of him.

(Quem é Ernest Hemingway? Nunca ouvi falar dele.)

Devemos tomar cuidado com as palavras than e as.Se o pronome a ser usado após essas palavras vierseguido de um verbo, utilizaremos o reto/subject:Ex: He is better than I am. (Ele é melhor do queeu [sou]).Caso than e as não sejam seguidos de um verbo,os dois casos (reto/subject e oblíquo/object) po-derão ser empregados:Ex: He doesn’t fish as much as I (ou me) (Ele nãopesca tanto quanto eu.)

Com as palavras all (todo[a]) e both (ambos[as])usamos o caso oblíquo/object.Ex: Both of them are fishermen. (Ambos são pesca-dores.)She is much more popular than us both. (Ela émuito mais popular do que nós dois.)He’s faster than them all. (Ele é mais rápido do quetodos eles.)

Para saber qual é o pronome adequado a ser empre-gado na frase, temos de fazer uma análise simples. Sãotrês perguntas básicas que devemos ter em mente:1. Quem é quê? Para achar o suj. (caso reto/subject) da frase.2. O quê? Para achar o obj. direto (caso oblíquo/object) da frase.3. Para quem? Para achar o obj. Indireto (casooblíquo/object) da frase.

Vamos analisar o seguinte exemplo:

(He) (it) (her)

Ex: John brought food to his mother. (João trouxecomida para mãe dele.)

1. Quem é que trouxe comida? João (sujeito – reto/subject)

2. João trouxe o quê? Comida (obj. direto – oblíquo/object)

3. João trouxe comida para quem? Para mãe dele (obj.indireto – oblíquo/subject)

Nota: Geralmente o obj. indireto aparece antesdo direto e, nesse caso, não há preposição.Porém, no caso inverso faz-se o uso dapreposição*.

Ex:1 - She gave us (obj. indireto) some dollars (obj.direto). (Ela nos deu alguns dólares.)2 - She gave some dollars (obj. direto) to* us (obj.indireto). (Ela deu alguns dólares para nós.)

)obrev()obrev(

(prep.)

(prep.)

(verbo)

4ª print – 16/12/2004 - Valéria

unit 3 Simple present

9CURSINHO DA POLI

1-1

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Time present and time pastAre both perhaps present in time future,And time future contained in time past.

Four Quartets ‘Burnt Norton’ (1936) pt.1 T. S. Eliot (1888 – 1965) - Anglo-American poet, critic, and

dramatist.

Pre-reading exercises

1. Match the two columns:a) Amount ( d ) Every dayb) Fluid ( e ) Physical exercisec) Figure out ( a ) Quantityd) Daily ( c ) Calculatee) Workout ( b ) Liquidf ) Require ( g ) Liquid consumeg) Fluid intake ( f ) Need

2. Answer the following questions in English:a) How many glasses of water do you drink every day?Possíveis respostas: I drink 8 glasses of water every day/ I drink about

7 glasses of water every day/ I don’t know how many glasses of water

I drink every day etc.

b) How many glasses of water do you think we needto drink every day?

Resposta esperada: 8 glasses/I think (that) we need to drink 8

glasses of water every day etc.

c) Do you drink water before, while or after yourworkout?

Possíveis respostas: I drink water after my workout/ I drink water while

and after my workout etc.

TEXT

DID YOU KNOW?Water Works by Colleen Pierre, R.D.*

The recommendation to drink eight cups, or____________________________________________eight-ounce glasses, of water daily is just a rule of____________________________________________thumb, says Christine Palumbo, R.D., of Naperville, IL.____________________________________________

Some women need more or

____________________________________________

less fluid, depending on

____________________________________________

their weight and workout

____________________________________________

habits. To figure out how

____________________________________________

much you require, start with

____________________________________________

one cup for every 250

____________________________________________

calories you eat. So if

____________________________________________

you consume 1,750

____________________________________________

calories a day, you need to drink seven cups of

____________________________________________

water. Do you eat more like 2,250 calories? Then

____________________________________________

aim for nine cups. But you’re not done yet. You

____________________________________________

need to figure out the amount of water you

____________________________________________

need for exercise. Tack on an additional cup for

____________________________________________

every 30 - to 45-minute moderate-intensity

____________________________________________

workout, such as walking and swimming; two

____________________________________________

cups for high-intensity activities like running

____________________________________________

and tennis. If you exercise for an hour or more

____________________________________________

at a clip, weigh yourself before and after your

____________________________________________

workout, and for every pound you drop, add

____________________________________________

2 1/2 cups to your fluid intake.

____________________________________________

Reader’s Digest, jun.1999.

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* Abreviação do nome da revista: Reader’s Digest. No Brasil é a revista Seleções.

english • unit 3

10 CURSINHO DA POLI

4a. prova - 21/12/2004 - Marcos Puntel

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To do

Answer the following questions according to the text:

1. Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)?(F ) Christine Palumbo recommends to drink eight

glasses of water daily.(T) The amount of the fluid intake depends on the

workout habits.(T) We need to drink a cup of water for every 250

calories we eat.(F ) If you eat more calories, you need to drink less water.(T) When you lose weight you need to drink more liquid.

2. Choose the best alternative.a) Men don’t need to drink as much water as women.b) Women are changing their workout habits in the

USA.c) The consumption of water is dropping because

people workout a lot in the USA.d) The text suggests that there is a misconception of

the amount of water people are recommended todrink every day.

e) The text suggests that everybody should calculatethe amount of water to lose weight.

Responda a todas as perguntas abaixo em português:

3. For which exercises does the article recommend todrink an additional cup of water?R. O artigo recomenda um copo a mais de água para exercícios de

intensidade moderada, tais como: caminhar (andar) e nadar.

4. Quantos copos de água são necessários para cadapound perdido, caso você certa ocasião faça mais deuma hora de exercícios?R. São necessários 2 1/

2 copos para cada pound (453,59 g) perdido.

Vocabulary from the text (in order ofappearance)

eight-ounce glasses: copos (com medidas) de “oito on-ças”, 1 onça: 28,35g.

daily: diária(o), diariamente.rule of thumb: método simples e prático, regra popular.more or less: mais ou menos.workout habits: exercícios habituais.for every: por/a cada.so: assim, desse modo, desta forma, então etc.more like: algo como, algo mais parecido com.how: como.you’re not done yet: não para por aí, ainda não terminou

(não é tudo).

amount: quantia, quantidade.additional cup: um copo adicional/ a mais.moderate-intesity workout: exercício de intensidade

moderada.such as: tal(is) como.walking and swimming: caminhar (andar) e nadar.high-intensity activities: atividades de alta intensidade.running and tennis: correr e jogar tênis.at a clip: certa ocasião.pound: medida de peso – 459,5 g.fluid intake: consumo líquido (quantia de líquido que

você ingere).

Verbs from the text (in order ofappearance)

know (knew – known): saber, conhecer.work(*ed): funcionar, trabalhar, operar.drink (drank - drunk): beber.say (**said): dizer.need(ed): precisar.depend(ed) on: depender, confiar em.figure(d) out: calcular, entender.require(d): requerer, pedir, precisar (de).start(ed): começar, iniciar.eat (ate – eaten): comer.consume(d): consumir.aim(ed): ter em vista/em mente, visar, aspirar a.do (did – done): fazer.tack(ed) on: incluir, anexar.walk(ed): andar.swim (swam – swum): nadar.run (ran – run): correr.exercise(d): exercitar-se, fazer exercícios.weigh(ed): pesar.drop(ped): perder, deixar cair, derramar etc.add(ed): adicionar.

Nota: *Todos os verbos regulares terminados em ed no passado, repetem-seno particípio passado.

** Alguns verbos irregulares também se repetem no passado e noparticípio passado.

Don’t forget it!

Cada vez mais, exigem-se leituras e interpretaçõesde textos nos vestibulares. Uma hint (sugestão) paraobter um bom aproveitamento da leitura é identificaro tempo verbal. Portanto, preste atenção ao verbo e aosadvérbios de tempo.

Agora vamos nos concentrar apenas no simplepresent, isto é, no presente simples.