INGLES- BURKE-Select Works of , vol. 2 [1790].pdf

8/13/2019 INGLES- BURKE-Select Works of , vol. 2 [1790].pdf

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$L OK J<, L KM JKK, LG KNJ FJ <K JGE LPEE<L GKGF. BMJ LK MK KK GML L JFNGMLGF LF GML FK LGML F< F GF L KML G NGMLGFK F FJ. F L HHLQ G LK FJ NOK

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F LK HJFH, L O G FJLF < <ELL< KGEEF<EFL F L G< LE, F< GF GJ L J G LNGMLGF. GE LE LJ L GFIMKL JL26 IMKLGFK JGKMHGF L HJFHK G J<LJQ <KFL. $L E ELLJG <GML, OLJ L J H=J HL GJ L J H=J KLJH=K OK LGKM<; ML OLJ L J H=J HL N OQ OF L

J<GE H=J KLJH=K LGG H, GJ L CLG J, OF L+JGLKLFL OK HJJJ<, L FJL HJFH KMJNN< OL





KGJL G EEGJLLQ LJGM LJFKEJLGFK¨EMLGKIM= H=J FFGK KLL >GJLMF <GEMK =L N FME=JFLMJ NGJME. K K LKHJL G GMJ GFKLLMLGF, FGL GFQ F LK KLL< GMJK, ML F LKJNGMLGFK. GNJ E F, GJ GONJ E F, OLJ GLF< L JGOF Q O, GJ Q GJ, L J<LJQ KMKKGF

OK LJ GFLFM< GJ <GHL<.

FLEF G L GLQ GJ NGMLGFK K FGLF F LL G 1688 ML L <NLGF JGE L GFKLLMLGF; F< LQ L L<NLGF JGE L HJFH GJ L HJFH. Q N LLJJ< LG L GNGMK GFKIMFK G LJ <GLJF, LGM LQEMKL K, LL L NK HGKLN MLGJLQ F NJQ O G L HGKLNFKLLMLGFK G LK GMFLJQ. F KM F MFOJJFL EPE KGF KLK<, LL FG LJGF K OM ML L LN, FG GFL G L HJFK OG HJ<< L J G ²LLGMK LGF F

N<. DG LK LGJKLK EF LG ELL KGE G LJHJ<KKGJK, OG <J< L G<K G GMJ FLFL KGNJFK GMLG L IML G LJ LGEK? DG LQ EF LG LLFL F< <KOJ<K L FK LL N JF< GJ L NGMLGF,F< GFKIMFLQ LG KLF L LJGF G FF< OL L GL G GFLFM MKMJHLGF? DG LQ EF LG FN<L, FFM, GJ LG FLG IMKLGF, LGLJ OL L LLK G L OG F G GMJ FK,LL JL G<Q G GMJ KLLML O O HKK< MF<J LGK OGELQ LJL K MKMJHJK? LG FFM OK G FKLE NM LG GMJJLK¨G K JL NM L KL K FQ O N HKK< L GJKF L HJG< G L NGMLGF? $ FK, OG << FGL GO LJJGOF27 LG L G G LJ HGH, < FG LL LG E OK,OL O GE G L KLLML <= LG FGF GF=<=F<G? G L H=LLGF G> J@L? G L L G @=K GJHMK? DG LK FO<GLGJK G L JLK G EF HJKME LG KKJL, LL F %EK LGF<, OG E LG L JGOF K FPL G GG<, GJ<F LG LJMK G LF MFIM²< KMKKGF, OK FGL LG FLFLK F<HMJHGKK OM F G FF<, GJ < <GF FQ G LGKLK O OJ MKLQ GFKLJM< FLG F <LGF G K JGOF? $ OK FGL, EM LJGM F HJEFL EL N F KN< LL HJG< LK FLEF GEEEGJL. BML F %EK OK

< F OL GG< LL, F< FGL F MKMJHJ. HJFK OGKM<< GJ<F LG L L G HJEFL O KLL< LJGOF GF L LJKK GH F< GF J <KF<FLK, F+JGLKLFLK, E F K EM Q LL G FJLF K F %EK <<. # E F GJ<F LG L O, K L KLGG< L KKKGF LG L JGOF; F< L HJFK G L #GMK G BJMFKO E LG L FJLF G L JGOF, FGL Q LGF, ML Q LO, K L KLGG< L LJ KNJ KKGFK G +JGLKLFL <KFLF< FJLF, K $ GH $ N KOF KM´FLQ.

O Q O LK JGQ EQ K KH²Q <KLF< LG LKMKKGF, K L L G L 12L F< 13L G F E.





LJEK G LK L F< «MK F< GMJ @=JK, F< GMJ HGKL=JLQ, LG LE,LJ @=JK, F< LJ HGKL=JLQ,¬ F +JGLKLFLK, LG L F< G LE, F L KE OGJ<K K L <JLGF G JL < GMF< MK LGL JK G F E F< MF JQ. $L LJGJ KMJK GLF J<LJQ JGOF F< F J<LJQ F. F OL JGMF<,

PHL L GFKLLMLGF HGQ G GJEF F KLKEFL LGKMJ LL F< G KMKKGF O K LG HJM< G G LHGH GJ NJ, GM< L KLMJ N KL<GMKQ JL< LJ F< MF<FL28 G O GMJ GOF GMFLJQ HJKFL< LGLE, F< KJ< F KLJF F<K GJ GJF HJFKK, JGEOGK OGE L F G GMJ MLMJ JMJK OJ LG <JN LJ LLLG GNJF EGFK G EF LJGM KJK G K?

+JFKK GH OK FE< F L AL G LLEFL G L12L F< 13L G F E, GJ KLG F< JGGL G F@=JLF= LG

GMJ FK, F< FGL GJ J EJLK K LEHGJJQ <EFKLJLJP G HGOJ, O K EL FGL, F< F L << FGL, JK NJPJK. OK <GHL< GJ GF JKGF, F< GJ GF GFQ,MK, KQK L L, «L EGKL PFL +JFKK GH,LJKK F< DMLKK DGOJ G #FGNJ, K <M@L=J G LEGKL PFL +JFKK RL, L MF G BGE, <M@L=J G GMJ L KGN=J=F GJ< F %EK L JKL, G HHQ EEGJQ,F< K JQ <J< LG L FPL F KM=KKGF F L+JGLKLFL F,¬ &. &.; «F< L JGOF K GFLFM LG L @=JK G J G<Q, F +JGLKLFLK.¬ K ELLGF OK E< QHJEFL, LL LJGM L +JFKK GH F FJL F,FGL GFQ OK LG GFLFM< F MLMJ ML (OL LQ LGML NJQELJ) LL LJGM J L OK LG GFFL< OL L G< KLG G FJLF F F %EK L JKL; F GJ<J LL L EGFJQEL HJKJN F MFJGF MFLQ LJGM K, F< EL HJKJN<, OL KLQ LG GMJ JGF, F L G< HHJGN< EG< Q<KFL, F O, GMJ JLK < F GF F<FJ<, LQ< GLF, LJGM KLGJEK F< KLJMK G HJJGLN F<HJN, F HJKJN<. Q << O. G PHJF K LMLMK, LL F FQ GLJ GMJK GJ ELG< LF LL G F @=J=<LJQ JGOF, GMJ JLK F JMJQ HJHLML< F< HJKJN<

KJ< K GMJ @=J=<LJQ J@L. AF JJMJ, GFNMKN EGNEFLEQ FKKJQ LG LJGO G± F JJMJ, GFNMKN <KK. BMLL GMJK G KMKKGF K L29 LQ L G L BJLKGFKLLMLGF. K L LL L KLMJ OFL<, L L L GJ LELLGF G L JGOF F L #FGNJF F, <JOF LJGM LE <KF<FLK G %EK L JKL, <M KFK G LFGFNFFK G NF LOG GJ LJ, GJ HGKKQ EGJ,GJFJK F KMKKGF LG L BJLK LJGF? G! Q < <MKFK G L NK O EL HHF JGE KM GJF JM, F<EGJ LF <M KFK G LE. BML EGJ <KN HJGG FFGL

NF G L M GFNLGF G L BJLK FLGF, LL LHJFHK G L NGMLGF << FGL MLGJR LE LG L FK L





LJ HKMJ, F< OLGML FQ LLFLGF LG L FLFLMF<EFL HJFHK G GMJ GNJFEFL, LF LJ GFLFMF LG<GHL HF G J<LJQ +JGLKLFL KMKKGF F L G< F,OL L <FJK F< L FGFNFFK G LK F GJF F M GJ LJ QK, F< GHJLF OL L MLEGKL

GJ MHGF LJ EF<K.

A O QJK G $ KGM< KE< LG GNJG< ELLJ, KGH G KMHHGJLF LK, Q L LF MFFKKJQ KMHHGJL G FQJMEFL; ML LK K<LGMK, MFGFKLLMLGF <GLJF K FGOHMQ LML, NGO<, F< HJFL<. <K $ LGJNGMLGFK, L KFK GJ O N KG GLF F NF JGEHMHLK; L KHJL G F LL K GF JG<; L LGL GFLEHLO HJNK OL QGM, F< EQ GE LG HJN OL MK, G FFL FKLLMLGFK, OF KL F GHHGKLGF LG HJKFL KFK G

GFNFF, GJ LG L FL G HJKFL FFLGF: LKGFK<JLGFK E L FGL MF<NK, F EQ GHFGF, LG GMJ LLFLGF LG L LJM HJFHK G GMJ GOF <GEKL OK; LL QGM, EQ JF JF<, KGM< F LG FGO, F< LL O KGM<GFLFM LG JK LE. GML FGL, GF LJ K< G L OLJ,LG KM±J GMJKNK LG EHGK< MHGF Q L GMFLJL OJKO KGE HJKGFK, Q <GM30 JM<, PHGJL LG QGM F LGLLGEK K JO GEEG<LK G BJLK JGOL, LGM OGQ FLG GMJ KG, F GJ<J LJOJ<K LG KEM LE F FLGLK GMFLJQ, EFMLMJ< LJ L FOKL +JK KGF G FEHJGN< JLQ.

HGH G FF< O FGL H L KGFK LQ N FNJLJ<; FGJ G LG LGK O LQ N GMF< EKNGMK GFLJ. Q GG MHGF L J<LJQ KMKKGF G LJ JGOFK EGF LJ JLK, FGL K EGF LJ OJGFK; K F²L, FGLK JNF; K KMJLQ GJ LJ JLQ, FGL K < G KJNLM<. Q GG GF L JE G LJ GEEGFOL, KM@ K L KLF<K, LG G FKLE NM; F< LQ GFN LMF<KLMJ< KMKKGF G L JGOF LG H< G L KLLQF< HJHLMLQ G L GLJ EEJK G GMJ GFKLLMLGF.

$ K N, GJ $ G FQ MJLJ, LG L FGL G KGEHLJQ JL²K, O L LLGJK G LGF K L GFQ OMLL LG L JGOF, J J<Q LG EHGQ, F GJ<J LG JF<J LKMHHGJL G L MKL HJFHK G GMJ GFKLLMLGF LK KGEOLFN<GMK. K KGHKLJK KMKLLML ²LLGMK MK, F<F< HJKGFK, F OGK NGMJ LQ KMHHGK QGM F<,OFNJ QGM <F< L FJL FLMJ G L JGOF. $L KGEEGF OL LE LG <KHML K LQ OJ F GF³L OLKGE G LGK PHG<< FLK G KNJQ, OG GJEJQ

EFLF<, OL $ N FG JLMJ FGO EFLFK, «LL LJGOF K < Q <NF, J<LJQ, F< F<K JL.¬ K





G< FLK G KF JLJJQ HGOJ <GELR< K J<LJQJGQLQ OK L GFQ OM GNJFEFL F L OGJ<, MKL K GMJFO FLK G HGHMJ JLJJQ HGOJ EFLF LL HGHMJLGF K L KG OM KGMJ G MLGJLQ. G< HJJGLNFLMKKLK, L K LJM, << KHML GGKQ, F< HJHK

EHGMKQ LGG, K EGFJQ31 < EGJ G <NF KFLGFLF FQ GLJ EG< G GNJFEFL; F< K JL LG GNJF QFJLF OJ F KLJLFKK F<=>=K= F NJQ HJKGF, OGKGM< GMF< F L KMKKGF LG LJGF, F< MF<J NJQJMEKLF, O FG N GJ HGL JL F . BML F KMJ<GHFGF GFJFF L FªK J<LJQ JL LG L JGOF <GKFGL HJM< GF LL K JLGF, F< GLLGE< MHGF KG<HJFHK G O F< HGQ. $ L KMJ< LGJK G OQJKF< <NFK OJ LG NLL L GLK F O LQ JGFNJKFL, O KGM< N FG O, F< FG JGF, L F L

OGJ<. BML F KMJ< LGJQ GF GF K< G IMKLGF GJEK FG MKL²LGF GJ <F K L, GJ HJGEMLF EKNGMKEPEK, GF L GLJ.

KGF< E G L NGMLGF GLQ K « JL G KJFLJ GNJFGJK GJ EKGF<ML.¬ +JHK L HHJFKGFK GMJFKLGJK FLJLF< G GJEF KM HJ<FL K LL «G KJF GJ EKGF<ML,¬ OK L MK LL L <JLGF G L L O EH< L <LGF G F %EK, OK, L <FQ ML, JLJ LGG MJ<<, F< LGG JMEKLFL.* BML LKMJ<, F< LK MEMLGF G JMEKLFK, KJNK LG KOL KHJL G MLGF O HJ<GEFL< F L FLGF GMFK, F KLMLGF F O EF JJLL< Q GHHJKKGF, F< NL< Q LJMEH GNJ L, J HL LG F<GF LEKNK LG NGFL F<PLJE GMJKK: L KOK L FPLQ G L JL EF OGF³MF< L GF<ML G ±JK L LL JL NFL, LG E LNGMLGF HJFL G KLLEFL, F< FGL FMJKJQ G MLMJJNGMLGFK.

32G GNJFEFL GM< KLF< EGEFL, L GM< GOF<GOF OL FQLF KG GGK F< F<²FL K F GHFGF G

«EKGF<ML.¬ Q OG < L L NGMLGF, JGMF<< L NJLM<LGF G F %EK MHGF FG KM L F< MFJLFHJFH. Q J< E OL FGLF KK LF <KF,GF²JE< Q EMLLM< G GNJL LK, LG KMN=JL L@= +JGL=KLFL @MJ@ F< KLL=, F< LJ >MF<E=FL, MFIMKLGFOK F< JLK: LQ J< E OL NF JGF LGJF GFLJL LOF F F< HGH. K OK EGJ LFEKGF<ML. A JN F< GNJ-JMF FKKLQ G< LE LG LL KLH LQ LGG, F< LGG OL F²FL JMLF, K MF<J LLEGKL JGJGMK G OK. J LJMKL GJ L MLMJ HJKJNLGF G

L GFKLLMLGF OK FGL F MLMJ JNGMLGFK. JF< HGQ G LJ JMLGFK OK LG JF<J L EGKL EHJL GJ FQ





MLMJ KGNJF LG GEH L KLLK G L F<GE LG N FJGMJK LG LGK NGFL JE<K. Q L L JGOF OL, F LQ F< KLELGF G O, L < NJ F, HJLQ JJKHGFK.$F GJ<J LG LF L JGOF KL MJLJ, LQ JNL<JKHGFKLQ GF EFKLJK G KLL. BQ L KLLML G L 1KL G F

E, KKK. 2F<, < «L@= L >GJ <=JF L@= J@LK F< =JL=K G> L@= KM=L, F< >GJ K=LLF L@= KM=KKGF G> L@= JGOF,¬ LQ FL<, LL L EFKLJK KGM< KJN L JGOF GFL LJEK G LL <JLGF. Q KMJ< KGGF LJ L >J=IM=FL E==LFK G> HJE=FL, Q O L OG GNJFEFL OGM< MF<J L GFKLFL FKHLGF F< LN GFLJGM G L HGHMJJHJKFLLN F< G L EFLK G L F<GE. $F L FPLJL GFKLLMLGF L, LL G L 12L F< 13L G F E,GJ L MJLJ ELLGF G L JGOF, F< =LL=J KMJF LJLK F< JLK G L KML, LQ HJGN<<, «LL FG HJ<GF

MF<J L JL K G FF< KGM< H< LG33EHEFL Q L GEEGFK F HJEFL.¬ JM < <GOFGJ GNJFEFL F L DJLGF G L, L GFKLFL FKHLGFG HJEFL, L HJL E G EHEFL, LQ LGMLF²FLQ LLJ KMJLQ FGL GFQ GJ LJ GFKLLMLGF JLQ,ML FKL L NK G <EFKLJLGF, LF L JKJNLGF G JL KG <´ML F L HJL, KG MFJLF F L KKM, F< GLFKG EKNGMK F L GFKIMFK, K LL G «KJF LJGNJFGJK.¬

DJ. +J, F LK KJEGF,* GF<EFK NJQ HJGHJQ L HJL G JGKK, <MLGJQ <<JKKK LG FK. $FKL< G LK MKGE KLQ, HJGHGKK LL K EKLQ KGM< LG<, GF GKGFK G GFJLMLGF, LL « K LG GFK<J EK K EGJ HJGHJQ LKJNFL LF L KGNJF G K HGH.¬ GJ GEHEFL, LKFO GJE G <<JKK <GK FGL KE LG NJQ KGGLF. GK OGJ KJNFLK, F FE, K O K F ±L, <G FGL LG LG< G LJ KLMLGF, LJ <MLQ, F< LJ GLGFK. KN, F LG< HQ, LK K EKLJ, «#= GEE=EGJLG =KL IMK =PHJGJLG.¬ $L K FGL HKFL K GEHEFL; L K FGL OGKGEK FKLJMLGF. ALJ , L F OJ LG JF EK LG G

LK FO F< G <<JKK, LG <GHL L F LJEK, F< NF LG L LHHLGF G JNFL G L +GH K K JGQ KLQ, GO LJ GJ O KGM< EM EF<< Q L, $ FFGL EF. $ NKF NJQ KKMEF LLJK, KF<, «GMJ EGKL G<FL, MEKJNFL.¬ HJGM<KL <GEFLGF LL NJ OK F<MJ< GF JLLGG LL G KL JLJ MELQ LF LL O K FGO HJGHGK<GJ KGNJFK Q L AHGKL G JLQ. FK F< FLGFK OJLJEH< MHGF Q L GGL G GF F EK «L JNFL G JNFLK¬; F< EF<LK GJ <HGKF KGNJFK OJ K< OLL KFL G «L KJEF.¬





34$ KGM< N GFK<J< LK K FG EGJ LF KGJL G ³HHFL NF <KGMJK, F O, K F F MFKNGMJQ ME, KNJHJKGFK KM±J L KHJL G JLQ LG NHGJL, L OJ FGLHFQ F KMHHGJL G L <, F< HJL G L KE, G «KJF FK GJ EKGF<ML.¬ $F LL L L K OGJL KGE

GKJNLGF.

FK, F GF KFK, J MF<GML<Q L KJNFLK G L HGH,MK LJ HGOJ K FG GLJ JLGF F< LF LL G LFJ <NFL; ML L K FGL LJM LL LQ J, F L GJ<FJQKFK (Q GMJ GFKLLMLGF, L KL) FQ LF KJNFLK; LKKF G OGK KLMLGF K LG GQ L GEEF<K G KGE GLJ,F< LG JEGN L HKMJ. BML L F G "JL BJLFGQK FG GLJ HJKGF; GLJ HJKGFK J F<N<MQ, F<GLNQ LGG, MF<J E, F< GO LG E G<F.

O, O FGOK FLJ LG ³LLJ FGJ LG FKML, K LK EKLJL, FGL GMJ KJNFL, K LK ME DNF K E, ML«GMJ KGN=J=F 'GJ< L@= &F ¬; F< O, GF GMJ HJLK, N JF<LG KH GFQ L HJELN FM G L O, F< FGL LGFMK< JGF G LJ BQGFF HMHLK.

AK K FGL LG GQ MK, ML K O J LG GQ L O F E, GMJGFKLLMLGF K E< FG KGJL G HJGNKGF LGOJ<K JF<JF E,K KJNFL, F FQ <J JKHGFK. MJ GFKLLMLGF FGOKFGLF G EKLJL L %MKL G AJJGF; FGJ G FQGMJL Q HHGFL<, FGJ G FQ HJGKK Q KLL< GJKMELLF L F LG L JKHGFKLQ GFF LG KJNFLK.$F LK K FGL <KLFMK< JGE L GEEGFK F< L GJ<K;OG, F LJ KNJ HM HLK, F FNJ < LG FGMFL GJ LJ GF<ML; LGM L NGMLGF GLQ GGKKLG KKJL, F <JL GHHGKLGF LG GF G L OKKL F< EGKLMLM HJLK G GMJ GFKLLMLGF, LL « F K FG EGJ LF L²JKL KJNFL G L HM, JL< Q L, F< J=KHGFK= LG L.¬

35$ OGM< GMJ FKLGJK L L NGMLGF N <KJN< LJE GJ OK<GE, LQ < GMF< FG KMJLQ GJ LJ J<GE,

ML F JF<JF LJ GNJFEFL F LK GHJLGFK, F<HJJGMK F LK LFMJ; LQ < F LG GFLJN FG LLJJE<Q FKL JLJJQ HGOJ LF N GFMKGF. L LKFLEF KLL OG LL J=HJ=K=FLLN= HM K LG OGE LQO ´JE L F, K KJNFL, LG JKHGFK. $L O LFLE FGM GJ E LG HJG<M LG LE L HGKLN KLLML OO ´JEK LL K FGL.

JEGFQ G KJF FK, G O LK FLEF L KGEM L LJ K, F JJQ, NJ, HJGJE< OLGML GJ.

$L LF GEK K G OJ, F< FGL G GFKLLMLGF. OK JGEEF<< LG G< LJ LGFMK EGFKL JEK; F< LJMFK





LG L JGMF< OL L H LQ J FG GFJ LG MHG<. NGMLGF G 1688 OK GLF< Q MKL OJ, F L GFQ K FO FQ OJ, F< EM EGJ N OJ, F MKL. «%MKL IMMK F==KKJ.¬ IMKLGF G <LJGFF, GJ, LKFLEF L HJK LLJ, «KJF¬ FK, O OQK

, K L K OQK F, F PLJGJ<FJQ IMKLGF G KLL, F<OGQ GML G L O; IMKLGF ( GLJ IMKLGFK G KLL)G <KHGKLGFK, F< G EFK, F< G HJG GFKIMFK,JLJ LF G HGKLN JLK. AK L OK FGL E< GJ GEEGFMKK, KG L K FGL LG LL< Q GEEGF EF<K. KHMLN F G <EJLGF, OJ G<F GML LG F<, F<JKKLF EMKL F, K FL, GKMJ, F< FGL KQ <²F. $LK FGL KF L, GJ KF NFL, O <LJEFK L."GNJFEFLK EMKL MK< F< <JF< F<<, GJ L F LGML G; F< L HJGKHL G L MLMJ EMKL K < K L

PHJF G L HKL. F LFK J F LL EFLGF<LGF, L FLMJ G L <KK K LG F<L L JE<Q LGLGK OGE FLMJ K IM²< LG36 <EFKLJ F PLJELKLK JL, EMGMK, LLJ HGLGF LG <KLEHJ< KLL. EKF< GKGFK, F< HJGNGLGFK, O L LJ GOF KKGFK. OK O <LJEF JGE L JNLQ G L K; L JJL JGEKFKLQ LG GHHJKKGF; L -EF<< JGE <K<F F<F<FLGF L MKN HGOJ F MFOGJLQ F<K; L JN F<G< JGE L GN G GFGMJ <FJ F FJGMK MK: ML,OL GJ OLGML JL, JNGMLGF O L NJQ KL JKGMJ G

L LFF F< L GG<. LJ< < G JL, KKJL< Q L HMHL G L < %OJQ,FEQ, L «JL LG GJE GNJFEFL GJ GMJKNK,¬ K, LKL, K LL GMFLFF JGE FQ LF <GF L L NGMLGF,LJ F HJ<FL GJ HJFH, K L LOG ²JKL G LJ EK. NGMLGF OK E< LG HJKJN GMJ FL=FL F<KHML OK F<JLK, F< LL FL=FL GFKLLMLGF G GNJFEFL O K GMJGFQ KMJLQ GJ O F< JLQ. $ QGM J <KJGMK G FGOF LKHJL G GMJ GFKLLMLGF, F< L HGQ O HJ<GEFL< F LLJL HJG< O K KMJ< L LG LK GMJ, HJQ GG GJ GL F

GMJ KLGJK, F GMJ JGJ<K, F GMJ LK G HJEFL, F< GMJFKG HJEFL, F< FGL F L KJEGFK G L < %OJQ, F< LLJ-<FFJ LGKLK G L NGMLGF GLQ. $F L GJEJ QGM O²F< GLJ <K F< FGLJ FM. M E K K -KML<LG GMJ LEHJ F< OKK K L K MFKMHHGJL< Q FQ HHJF G MLGJLQ. NJQ < G L JLGF G FO GNJFEFL KFGM LG ² MK OL <KMKL F< GJJGJ. OK< L L HJG<G L NGMLGF, F< <G FGO OK, LG <JN O HGKKKK K F F@=JLF= >JGE GMJ >GJ=>L@=JK. HGF LL G<Q F< KLG G FJLF O N LF J FGL LG FGML FQ QGF F LG

L FLMJ G L GJF HFL. A L JGJELGFK O NLJLG E<, N HJG<< MHGF L HJFH G JJF LG





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F GF GFKKLFL OGJ, JIMJK EM LGML; <H J³LGF; KGMK, HGOJM, F< GEFF EF<. K $ <G FGL ²F< FLGK OG L L < F L FLGF KKEQ. +JHK LQ JFGL KG EKJQ <²FL K LQ HHJ. $ JLJ N L. $LOGM< HML LE GO L GEEGF N G MEF MF<JKLF<F.BML OF L <JK GGK LG E LEKNK <<JK L FMLGF G HGHMJLQ, LJ LFLK, F L GFKLJMLGF G L KLL,O G FG KJN. Q O GE ³LLJJK FKL< G KLGJK; L FKLJMEFLK, FGL L M<K G L HGH. $ FQ G LE KGM< HHF LG HJGHGK KE G292 JLQ, KGJQEL<, F< <²F< OL HJGHJ IM²LGFK, O

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G FQ KLL. EHJGNEFLK G L FLGF KKEQ JKMHJ²; LJ JJGJK, MF<EFL.

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HJFHK G GMJ GJLJK F LJ EGKL <<< GF<ML. GLF MEFL< OL L L G O L FLEF G JFL MK LQ N GL KG MF<FL KJ, LQ L< MF<J KLJGF EHJKKGF G L FGJF F< LQ G EFF<. #LL < E< LE LMK , JOJ<< LE GJ NF F LJGF<ML LLF<< LG LJ FLMJ. L MK ELL LJ MLGF, OOK LG <KJN LJ GJLMF, GJ LG JLF LJ IMKLK. L MK<<, O HK; ML L MK HJKJN OL LQ N L; F<,KLF<F GF L ²JE JGMF< G L BJLK GFKLLMLGF, L MK KLK²< LG <EJ JLJ LF LLEHL LG GGO F LJ <KHJL

³LK L fJGFMLK G JF.





$ N LG< QGM F<<Q EQ KFLEFLK. $ LF LQ J FGL QLG LJ QGMJK. $ <G FGL FGO LL LQ GML. GM J QGMF; QGMFFGL M<, ML EMKL GGO L GJLMF G QGMJ GMFLJQ. BMLJLJ LQ EQ G294 KGE MK LG QGM, F KGE MLMJ GJEO QGMJ GEEGFOL EQ L. $F L HJKFL L F J<Q

JEF; ML GJ LK ²F KLLEFL L EQ G< LG HKK, KGF G GMJ HGLK KQK, «LJGM JL NJLK G MFLJ< F,¬F< F LK LJFKEJLGFK LG HMJ²< Q ²J F< GG<.

$ N LL LG JGEEF< EQ GHFGFK, ML GF GKJNLGF F<EM EHJLLQ. Q GE JGE GF OG K F FG LGG G HGOJ, FG ³LLJJ G JLFKK; F< OG F K KL LK <GK FGLOK LG Q L LFGMJ G K . Q GE JGE GF, EGKL LOG G OGK HM PJLGF K F KLJM GJ L JLQG GLJK; JGE GF F OGK JKL FG FJ <MJ GJ NEFL

K NJ F F<<, ML Q OL GFK<J< K LQJFFQ; F<OG KFLK JGE K KJ F L F<NGMJK O J MK< QGG< EF LG <KJ<L GHMFL GHHJKKGF, L GMJK KEHGQ< GF QGMJ ±JK; F< OG F KG <GF HJKM<K EK K FGL <HJL< JGE K MKM G´. Q GE JGE GF OG<KJK GFGMJK, <KLFLGFK, F< EGMEFLK, ML LL, F< OGPHLK LE FGL L ; OG K FG GFLEHL GJ E, F< FG JG GGIMQ; OG KMFK GFLFLGF, LGM O RJ< FGHFGF: JGE GF OG OKK LG HJKJN GFKKLFQ; ML OGOGM< HJKJN GFKKLFQ Q NJQF K EFK LG KMJ LMFLQ G K F<; F<, OF L IMHGK G L NKK F O KK EQ F<FJ< Q GNJG<F L MHGF GF K<, K<KJGMK G JJQF L KE OL G K JKGFK LG LL OEQ HJKJN LK IMHGK.

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LQH MK< GJ LK GG K $C O BKJN, O OKJL< GJ L $FLJFLGF QH CGJHGJLGF F< K K< GFL LQHK G L FK LQH GMF<J F< HJFLJ %GF BKJN(1706§75). BKJN K L IMFLKKFL LJFKLGF : LJLFK L JL< F< GIM KJK G G< KLQ K KM KCKGF F< "JEGF<, ML F LK FJK< GOJK L,LJ GGJ, F< FF< GFLJKL LOF L F< LFKLJGK, L HJKK EG<JF K.

+JFL< GF HHJ LL K <-J F< ELK L JIMJEFLK G L AEJF LGF LF<J< GJ +JEFF G +HJ GJ+JFL< JJQ LJK, R39.48-1992. (JN)

BGG <KF Q JLF MF, O GJ, O GJ





CGEHGKLGF Q KF $FGJELGF QKLEK, $F.,

DMJE, GJL CJGF

+JFL< F< GMF< Q GJR +MKF CG.,

LNFK +GFL, KGFKF

1.+. 77.

2.K <GMEFL K FM<< F MJL@=J =³=LGFK GF L@= =NGMLGF F JF= ($F<FHGK: JLQ MF<, 1992), <L< QDF . L.

3.K KH K FM<< F (K=F=GMK 2JLFK, GEHFGF LGLK KL G NGMEK.

4.K LLJ K FM<< F L, <., MJL@=J =³=LGFK GF L@= =NGMLGF F JF=.

5.+. 11.

6., GJ PEH, EGF E, CLR=FK: A C@JGF= G> L@= J=F@ =NGMLGF (O GJ: AJ< A. FGH, 1989).

7. HK LL GGO J LF, OL L HJEKKGF G L

HMKJ, JGE EQ <EMF< BMJ=: +J=KJHLGF F< +JGN<=F= (DMJE, .C.: CJGF A<E +JKK; CJEGFL, C.:CJEGFL $FKLLML GJ L LM<Q G LLKEFKH F< +GL+GKGHQ, 1987). A H JJFK JGE LK HGFL GF, MFKKGLJOK KH²<, J LG L LPL G L =³=LGFK F LK NGME.

8.+. 99.

9.+. 102.

10.+H. 107§8.

11.+. 108.

12.+. 112.

13.+. 114.

14.+. 121.

15.+H. 121§22.





16.+. 120.

17.+. 151.

18.+. 153.

19.+. 150.

20.+. 151.

21.+. 152.

22.+. 154.

23.+. 151.

24.+. 151.

25.+. 152.

26.+H. 152§53.

27.+. 154.

28.+. 142.

29.+. 198.30.+. 140.

31.+. 224.

32.+H. 224§25.

33.+. 191.

34.+. 224.

35.+. 188.

36.+H. 189§90.

37.L BMJ OK IMFL< OL MJRªK OJLFK K F<L<Q K IMGLF MJR L KGE FL F K /JLK =LF LG +GH=JQ 'OK, F /@= 2JLFK F< H==@=K G> <EMF< BMJ=, <.+M FGJ< (PGJ<: PGJ< FNJKLQ +JKK, CJF<GF +JKK,1981§), 9:457§58.

38.+H. 194§95.





39.H==@ GF L@= +=LLGF G> L@= FLJFK, F /@= 2GJK G> L@= L. #GF. <EMF< BMJ= (GF<GF: NFLGF, 1812), 10:44.

40.+. 192.

41. AF AHH= JGE L@= )=O LG L@= *< 2@K, F L, <.,MJL@=J =³=LGFK GF L@= =NGMLGF F JF=, HH. 168§69.

42.+. 193.

43.$<.

44.$<.

45.$<.

46.. B. HQ, «A<EK, BMJ, F< LFL-CFLMJQCGFKJNLKE,¬ +GL =F= MJL=JQ 80 (1965): 228.

47.+H. 193§94.

48.<EMF< BMJ=: #K +GL +@GKGH@Q (BGGEFLGF F<GF<GF: $F<F FNJKLQ +JKK, 1973), H. 13, F. 5.

1.G MQ K KLQ< BMJ.

1.KHJ, F %GF, AL $$.

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1.#GGJ, BGG . . 10; "JGLMK, BGG . . 3. U 8. HJ. 2, &.

1.D<LGF G +GLK.

1.+ 181.

1.KKQK, NG. . H. 134.

1.BMJ EK IMGLK «GMJ HGL HGL¬ DFE (H. 216).

1. FGL, H. 367.

2.JLK Q JMJLGF F< JMJLGFF, H. 99.

1.+ 194.





2.+ 122.

1.+ 275.

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LOG GJ L NGMLGF, <L< F F FGFQEGMK «BMLK G BMJ,¬ 2 NGK. 1798. IMGLLGF K JGE BGG N. . 69.

1.«GdLd,¬ EFF GL KG=LQ F< HJLF=JK@H (HH. 192§93).

2.+ 191.

1.+JM<, BGG N.

1.+K 123§24.

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FLJ<HF<FL HGOJK O OK KL GKF LK J<L F FF<,O BMJ OK< LG K ELL< F JF. GFLKIMM OKEGJ J-KL<. $FLFKQ K ±L< LG <EJ L HGLKQKLE G FF<, K <GLJF OK LL JF GML LG LGF. «N MK K O J,¬ K L GFKLFL LE G LLQHGLL KHJ Q OGE GFLKIMM (D ªKHJL <K GK,N. PP. . 5§8) PHJKKK K GOF GHFGFK. «LMJ GEHFKLKGJ NJQLF.¬ FQ KE< GFLEHLMGMKQ OF LQ J<HGH L G JLQ F< GFKLLMLGF. GFLKIMM < K< LL J FLGF GFQ GM< N JLGJ, F FKN< FLGF GM<

GFQ N FGLJ GHHJKKGJ. # LL FO L LJJ OFFO OK JKJN< GJ L JF FLGF: ML OK HJGQJL F GMFKF LL KM F OFF KGM< FGL FLHL< Q K HGL JGJELGF. JGJE OJF OFL< OK KG GF: L F< HFLJL< LG L NJQJGGLK G L FLGFªK . K²KFKK F< JMLQ G OGKKK < LG PGJK<: KMEJF FLGF < LG JGMK<LG KFK G HGL <MLQ. $L K J< F L HJKFL <Q LG EFGO GEHLQ HM KHJL < NFK< JGE L EKK G LJF FLGF, F< GO MLLJQ NG< L JF OJ L LL LE G HGL FGO< GJ PHJF. MJGL OK K KGLJQ F FJF K K GL < F KL F L F<O KF<K. PHL





O EF G L LQH G QK, HJGQ O JF HGLFKJ< GJ HGLK GLJOK LF K F EMKEFL, GJ HL LG<KLFLGF. JFEF OK JH< Q OL BMJ K L«KNJ JGO G EGJ J<GE.¬ GLJ L JFQ GG< GF LHGL ±JK G "FN EJQ K ELLJ GJ KLJ F< J<M.

«$L K EHGKK,¬ K< JFEF LG "JGFL, F 1789, «GJ JFEF LG KJGMK: O EMKL EMK GMJKNK, F< F HMJKMLG GMJ EMKEFLK O GFLFMQ F GMJ GL, ML LGK NJQ FK HJGN MK OQK L KE. . . . MJ FLGF K FLMJQQ. +GL JLQ JIMJK <J G KJGMKFKK, O K FGLF GMJ JLJ: O K KGGF JGO K G HGLK.¬ (LLJK GFL NGMLGF, H. 4.) K Q FMJGKLQ K KL L JLJKLG L NKL EGJLQ; F< F JF K NJ KF F, LGMF <EFKF <J, L HJQ G HLLQ F< FLJKL< LGFK.

1.+ 134.

2.+ 364.

1.+K 164§65.

2.+ 158.

3.CGJ<.

1.+ 164.

1.+ 266.

2.L G K KGGGO LGF.

1.+ 207.

2.+ 231.

3.+K 176, 232.

1.+ 332.

2.+ 335.

3.+ 260.

1.BG. L. . P: JF<, L. . KK. 4.

1.CH. NG. . H. 248, . 33.

2.D MFQ.





1. KMKLFLN «EFL,¬ Q L OQ, MF L NJ «LGEFL,¬ KGM< FL< GF L ²JKL KQ. K LJ³ KKKFL LG L JEGFQ G EGJ LF GF G BMJªK KFLFK. NG. . H. 287.

2.CJGQ, EGJ G BMJ, NG. . H. 134.

1. GFFPGF, GONJ, K JLJ GFNFLGF. J OK LLF GEEGF LOF BMJ F< D BGF<, OG JGEEF<<<KHGLKE K L HJELN F< FGJE GJE G KLGF, F<GL< LG LGJLGF.

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1.$L OGM< MFMKL LG HKK GNJ L FE G LK, L MLGJG L «+MJKMLK G LJLMJ,¬ NJ KLJ, MKLJL< OLFKLJMLN F< EMKF GJF FGLK. G GF KGM< GEL LG J<L OG OGM< GEHJF< L <JL ±L G BMJ GF K GOFFJLGF. AL LK <KLF G LE, GONJ, O <G FGL LGJL< HFQJK. %GFKGF GF K<, KGEOL HLLKQ, «J K L OGF<J? BMJ K, LG KMJ, EF G MFGEEGF LK;OL JL IMFLLQ G ELLJ F K EF<, F< JL ³MFQ G FM F K EGML; ML O J FGL LG KLMFF< F<KLGFK< Q E!¬ BGKO, <. CJGJ, H. 681.

1. GGLFGL, H. 68, FL.

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*+. 34, DKGMJK GF L GN G GMJ CGMFLJQ, Q DJ. +J.

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J. 34. «BML LQ O EFLF L KLL G L OGJ<.¬

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*DKGMJK GF L GN G GMJ CGMFLJQ, 3< <L. H. 39.

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L <KHGKLGFK G EF, OG, HJG²LF G JEK, FGL MKFLE, N LF L < F HM ±JK.

EXTRACT O' M. D& L"8-T&/%";<3S&$/% L&44&2 T A F2*&/%

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«NJQ GG LL GJ L LL G =NGMLGF OK GML MH F<JJ< OQ . . . . OJ OQK JF L OGJ<K, ©"N E LGEF NGMLGFK¨L NGMLGFK G O<F¨G $LQª; F<GGKJK, F GJ<J LG K LJ G< GGK, HJFL< K LLK, F<LGG L HMJK GF L J<L EJQ G L .¬

$<. NFL <LGF, 1791. LF O EGFLK LJ LK ²JKLHMLGF, L OGJ < J< LK, LK HJEFFL GJE. BMJE< KGE LJLGFK F L LPL K L HHJK F L ²JKL <LGF,O O FGL< KG J K LQ J ELJ. A O KGJLFFGLLGFK, O HHJ F <LGFK KMKIMFL LG L GF<GHL< K L LPL, J HJFL< OL L (K FGL LG296 H. 173, .33): ML L <GK FGL HHJ LL BMJ, NF HFF< LK,FLF<< LE GJ L HJKK. K NFL <LGF HHJ< F LKGF< QJ G HMLGF. JMLGF G L OGJ F BMJªK

LE OK KLEL< L 30,000 GHK, O GJ< LFGHLFK F PJLGF; ML K L L <L G %EK DG<KQ F1797 L HHJ< LL < KG< FG KK LF 18,000, O LFLG GMFL L JF F< "JEF LJFKLGFK, $JK F< AEJF HJFLK, &., L FFGL JL GF. J K MJGMKJ<< F< H <LGF, HMK< Q «. %.¬ F 1793, F 12EG.,GJ HGHMJ JMLGF, K F FL<GL LG L OJLFK G L %GFK. <LGJ HJGKKK LG N «HJMF< KGE LLPMJFK G FMK F< ±MKGFK G FQ FLG O L NQEFLGF G L PFL OJLJ < KGELEK LJQ< E.¬

$<. AJMEFL. BMJ KQK (H. 95, . 24) LL OJLK OL NJQLL LLFLGF LG GJE ELG<. K <KLJMLGF G L OGJ FLGKLGFK K GFQ HHJGPELN, F< FLF<< LG KKKL L J<J FEJF L KFL HGFLK, F< LMK EGJ J<Q KRF L <JLG L OGJ. J <FK NF F LK «AJMEFL¬ GFQF<L L LJ< G L LGML, Q FG EFK FM< LLFK MHGF L. GK OG <KJ EFML FQKK F GFKML LLJFKLGFK G "FLR F< DMHGFL: ML KM F FQKK LF<K LGEHJ L ±L G L OGJ, O K KKFLQ <KMJKN F<FGJE.

+. 87, . 24. NJQ QGMF FLEF L +JK. . DMHGFL, OGLJOJ<K LJFKL< L OGJ FLG JF. # E IMFL<OL BMJ F GF<GF, F< NKL< E L BGFK²<.

. 27. F FKOJ OK OJLLF, &. BMJªK CGJJ. NG. . H. 102.K LLJ O GMF< NM K EFK G IMJF ²JKLF< FJ < G BMJªK NOK. $L JK N<F G JL HFKLF F L GEHGKLGF. J +H JFK, OGK LKL OK KGEM G±F<< Q L «³LGFK,¬ LGML LK LLJ «F HGFL G

OJLF, EM KK PHLGF.¬





+. 88, . 1. MHGF HJM<FL GFK<JLGFK¨. . GJ J G L LLJF GHF<, F< L JNJ F<FJ< Q L GHFGFKGFLF< F L. CH. H. 88, . 26.

. 4. KKF< F KGJL LLJ¨O OK LF KFL F LK KL<.

Q HHJ LG N F LJOJ<K FGJHGJL< F L LLJLK (CGJJ. NG. . HH. 103, 104).

. 8. JQ F L KL KHJF. «MKLF G J. BMJªK HF L DL GF L AJEQ KLELK, . 9, 1790,¬ HMK< NJQKGGF LJ, F O K NOK GF JF NFLK OJ JQ KLL<,OK GGO< Q GJ< LFGHªK LLJ F FKOJ LG L, <L< .24, F O KQK, «JGE L LL G FGLJ HEHL, O F<NJLKEFL F L HHJK K FFGMF< K KH<Q LG PHL< JGE QGM, L K GFLMJ< LL L NGMLGF GLQ F

GF<GF OK F QGMJ GFLEHLGF OF QGM E< LL H,¬ H.20. GJ< LFGH OK JEF G LL KGLQ. <NJLKEFLOK F L GF<GF CJGF GJ . 16, 1790, F< JMFK K GGOK:«$F L +JKK, F< O KH<Q HMK<, ³LGFK GFJLF297 +JG<FK G L NGMLGF GLQ G L 4L G GNEJ, 1789, GFJFF L A±JK G JF. $F LLJ JGEJ. <EMF< BMJ LG FLEF F +JK. +JFL< GJ %. DG<KQ F+ .¬ BMJ FL LG J +H JFK GF . 18, 1790, HJGG KLK O EJ< EGJ LF GF LJ< G L FLJ OGJ K LFGO KLF<K (CGJJ. NG. . H. 128), F< HJHK FM<< L ²JKLLOG-LJ<K, O J J JHJKFL< K L JKL +JL (HH.88§269). M PLEFL OK HJG<M< Q LK <NJLKEFL.« EJ < G J. BMJªK FLFLGF KGGF LG OJL, NK LGL OGJ< G LLJK.¬ +M A<NJLKJ, . 18.

+. 88, . 29. FLJ GJ FGJ JGE FQ <KJHLGF G EF. MK JL HMLGF JK <±JFL JLJ LG LGK G LCGFKLLMLGF F< NGMLGF GLK. BMJ, GONJ, EKLJGMGML L ²JKL HJL G L OGJ LG PHJKKF L GHFGFKG LJM FKEF (H. 179).

+. 89, . 3. KHJL G JLGF JLQ, &. CH. L LLJ LG DHGFL,CGJJ. NG. . H. 105: «GM GH LL $ LF L JF <KJNFJLQ. $ JLFQ <G. $ JLFQ LF LL EF OG <KJ L,<KJN L. $L K FGL L JOJ< G GMJ EJL, GJ L IMKLGF G GMJ F<MKLJQ. $L K GMJ FJLF. $L K L JLJL G GMJ KHK. FFGL GJL GMJ JL LG L, ML Q OL GJLK GMJ LL LG LHJNK G GMJ F<¨$ EF, L MK, GJ GNGF G GMJ JLGFMLK, F< JGGMK F<GLQ O EK MK HJGEHL LGOJGF F< NGF, <KLJGQK GMJ KG FLMJ, F< LJFKGJEK MKFLG KGELF LL LLJ LF L <KJHLGF G O< KLK.¬

. 4. HJEFFL G<Q, &. L KE LLJ, HH. 107§113.





. 13. EGJ MK LF GF. MKGF K KHQ LG L M «BJGGKªK,¬ G O BMJ E EEJ F 1783.

. 33. L CGFKLLMLGF GLQ¨KNF GJ L QJKª KLF<F.Q KGEOL EGJ, NF F GMF<< Q GJ CJLOJL

F L KHJF G 1780, «LJ OG EGFLK G KLJFMGMK PJLGF.¬$L FMEJ< EGF LK EEJK L DMK G GJG F<EGF<, L JK G DJQ, ´FE, F< J, LGLJOL EFQ GLJ HJKGFK G JF F< EEJK G +JEFL.

+. 90, . 2. JMLGF G EFQ GGK, &. AF HGGKL GJ LGLQ KQK LL HGJLGFK G L OGJK G L G< MLGJK,KM K <FQ, G, JFJ<, GJ< GEJK, &., OJ<KLJML< JLK Q L GLQ. BML L GL G L GLQOK LG JML L OJLFK G CJLOJL, CH G±L, %,

GJLGL, JH, F< GLJ HEHLJK G L <Q. $L K LG LKLL BMJ M<K . 15, F <HJLF «L JLJ HJL G LHMLGFK JML< Q LL GLQ.¬

. 5. GGKJK = HMKJK.

. 7. JLQ J=< OGJ< K JHL<, Q L ²MJ <LJ<MLG, F GFLEHLMGMK OQ. BMJ FLK LL L GGK OJFGL OGJL J<F, F< OJ F L FGL J<.

. 10. EM L G L LK, &. CH. L JF CGJJKHGF<FL G

L L. %EKªK CJGF, D. 15, 1789: «$L K QGM, Q FGFLFLK G298 L BJLK $KK, OG N KL L PEH LGEQ GMFLJQ¨L K GMJ GEEJ OL QGM¨L K L HJMK G QGMJJ OJLFK, O N EHJKK< GF GMJ EF<K F < G L<FLQ G EF,¬ &.

. 12. EGJL<. BMJ OQK MKK LK (L GJJL GJE) FKL<G L EG<JF «EGJL.¬

+. 91, . 3. M G DKKFLJK. DJ. HHK F< DJ. K OJ

<KLFMK< EEJK. GLQ OK KLK< Q <KKFLJK,ML GJ KGE QJK LF HKL L < FMEJ< EGF LK <JFLKEFQ EEJK G L CMJ G FF<. GJ< MJJQ, F< LDMK G GJG, <K, EGF<, F< FKLJ, KGELEKLLF<< LJ ELFK, LGLJ OL EFQ EEJK G L#GMK G CGEEGFK.

. 3. G OL <FGEFLGF, &. $F L LE G BMJ L FK OKHJL< <KKFLF <FGEFLGFK JGE GLJ F< JGE LCMJ OJ KK KJHQ <²F< LF FGO. FLJFK OJJGFK< Q GLJ <FGEFLGFK, F< GO< LG HJ F LJ





ELF-GMKK. DJ. +J OK FGEFQ F «$F<HF<FL,¬ LGMK <GLJFK OJ FLJF.

. 16. FO EEJK EQ N FLJ<. $L K KLL< Q GJ<LFGH F K G +LL, LL LK KGLQ < LF F LQ

«FO-EG<<,¬ OL NO LG G-GHJLF OL L JFJNGMLGFKLK. $F LK OQ L E LG «GLQ GJ NGMLGFK,¬K BMJ K L L H. 110, . 4.

+. 92, . 24. OG LQ J¨HJKGF LK, &. LJ JBMJªK F³P HJL G GFFLF EKMJK F< GHFGFKOL L H=JKGFK OG KMHHGJL LE. CH. L LLJ LG DHGFL, H.115: «NJ OGQ KHJL F QGMJ EF< L EJLK G FQHGL IMKLGF JGE L EF OG J GFJF< F L.¬

+. 93, . 8. F<FKK F< KGLM< G ELHQK KLJLGF.+JHK F G G BMLJ:

# LGG J (NR. ELLJ) F=<, GF=,BGJ GF J G GJE OK GF.#M<JK, +JL . CFLG . . 561.

. 9. JMEKLFK, &. F G L KG-< LJMKEK GLF FKKL<GF Q AJKLGL.

. 14. GNJFEFL, K O K JLQ. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 70, . 22.

BQ «GNJFEFL,¬ BMJ EFK J, K GLF KOJ, KLL GJL G HGL JMLGF. BMJ F<K K O K FK L GG OL L <KLFLGF LOF LJM F< K JLQ. H. 361.

. 15. LF QJK G. ALJ L G MJGL, OF L JFGNJFEFL OK L LK OGJKL.

. 26. L KF G L JEFK. DGF MPGL, +JL . . 22.K EKLJH KEK LG N F NGMJL OL BMJ.«BKKFK GF K KGM, LL ²JKL FNFL< KH, K< DGF FG

+FR L OK! A LGK KKFK, F< LF LGMKF< LEK EGJ,GF E OG GMF< GML KLJLGF, HJKGF²LGF, F<EHJKGFK.¬ GMJL LLJ GF < +.

. 27. L ELHQK FL. BMJ MKK OL ML LL<KJEFLGF L GJEK ELHQK, ELHQK; KKL,KKL; LLJ,299 LLJ; HGL, HGL; HJL,HJL. BQ L LJE «ELHQK,¬ M<K LG L FLKJF L JEFK GF L JGMF< G L KLJL JL LG JLQ,OLGML JJ< LG JMEKLFK.

. 29. KHJL G JLQ . . . . O< K, &. CJ K JIMFLQF<L< GJ FL LG BMJ, K JQ HLJGF;





$ GJ LL J<GE E, K< , EQ HJQJ,L KMLK OL , LEGKHJ J;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . LJ K, LL LF F L JE KHJL LK, F< KLK L GG< GF ³E,¨

M K L J<GE O OF EF HHJGN,Q FGO FGL OL <FJGMK LF LQ GN.CJ, K G L #.

. 31. L ²P< J. F L KFL² LJE GJ JGF < K. K OK <KGNJ< Q F #EGFL. K FE OK NF LG LQ DJ. B, F 1755, GF GMFL G LK HJGHJLQ, <KGNJ< Q E,G J<Q GKF LK KLLQ, F< ²PF LK F EFQ G<K,HJLMJQ LGK G JGMK F<.

. 32. L ²JKL ±JNKF. CH. FJ H. 263, . 7. «P< J¬ KGFLF< F JL IMFLLQ F JEFL< IMGJK, LG O L NKLJ JKFKK.

+. 94, . 2. LLJQ GJJMHLK GL L JNJ F< L NJ. < K <HL< JGE KHJ:

. . . . $L K LO KK<:$L KKL E LL NK, F< E LL LK.J. G F., AL N. K. 1.

$<. LLJQ; <MLGF. $FLF<< LG PHJKK <±JF LOFLK N K HJNL F< K HM HJL.

. 5. GO L < F GEF< OL GNJFEFL, &. GF<+JL (H. 269 LG F<) K J FLHL<.

. 9. G<LQ = KLLQ.

. 13. <G OL LQ HK. «K JLd HGLIM F GFKKLHGFL ` J IM ªGF NML . . . . JLd F HML GFKKLJ IMª`

HGMNGJ J IM ªGF <GL NGMGJ.¬ D ªKHJL <K GK, N. P.. 3.

. 17. JLQ . . . K HGOJ. «F GFGF<M HGMNGJ <M HMH N JLd <M HMH.¬ $<. . 2. $F JF, KQK . FL F<<Q,L GN G JLQ K IMNFL LG L GN G HGOJ.

. 22. LGK OG HHJ L EGKL KLJJF, &. $L OK N< LLL DM G JFK OK L HJE EGNJ, LGM << FGL LL EGKL LN HJL F L KF.

. 28. GF EQ GEF LG LGOF¨GJ L OFLJ KKGF G 1789§90.





L < <NGH< F BMJªK MKL²LGF G FLJJF FL ±JK G JF, JGMF<< GF L «O G N NFLQ,¬ F LJKL LLJ GF < +¨«F NFGJME LHJKMEMFLMJ KJ¨LK HJFH, O, L JKL, K K LJMG FLGFK K G F<N<M EF, K KLGO< GF L JF< NF

G MJGH JL LG FGO, F< JL LG HJNFL, FQ HLFFGNLGF O EQ EGMFL LG L JLGF G <FJGMKFMKF.¬ HGLFK G JF < <F< KM JL, GF LKLJL HJFH LL LG NJQ FLGF GFK L MFEGKL<JMLGF G LK <GEKL ±JK.

. 22. J<GE G HKLGJQ FLJGMJK; LL LLFLGF LG GJEELG<. « JJFEFL G K OGJ K K KFMJ K L ELLJ. ANF EK G L HJNK G HKLGJQ ±MKGF, F LJMLEGKL LLM< F<301 PLQ, FLJJMHLK, <KEKKK, F<

JKMEK JMEFLK L HKMJ. #K KML K K PLFKN KHGL KF¨K MKGFK F< PMJKGFK J EGKL NJQJGF G MEF FGO<. $L EMKL GFKK<, LL F LKEKFGMK F< <KMLGJQ OJJ, L KMHJGJLQ G EF G FMK GNJ GEEGF EF K F²FL. # F GNJ L EGKLFGEFGMK JLJL Q JFL MKGF. # F HJ< KJMEFLK OL EKLJQ FJKH, OJ LQ J KLJGF. #F KH JGE F MFLF HGKLGF FLG KHF<< <ELGF.# F KH L EGKL EHJF GFNLGF Q HLGK, F< HML LG³L GKL G KQGKEK OL KFJ. AKGN< JGE L OK G NMJ ELG<, F <NF JGMH G EF²FL GJJGJK LGE J F GMJ JLK, LJGM O L EGKL MF<KHF<J G JMEFLK EQ FLJ F LJMEH.¬ F< ",+J.

. 28. HJHK G EGJ LF MJGH. <KFK G BGFHJL, F<LM NFLK F QHL, QJ, $F<, F< L KL $F<K, MKLQ LKGJKL. NGMLGF GJ< GF L F<HF<F G HFKF< +GJLMMK AEJ.

. 32. Q EFK L EGKL KMJ<, &. BR (L JJ),

«AJKLHH¬: «K JF<K dNdFEFLK F KGFL HK LGMGMJK HJG<MLKHJ < JF<K MKK. K JKKGJLK KGFL dK, L K EFKHJKKFL; L IMF< GF NFL ` <dGMNJJ K JKKGJLK, GF KªdLGFF< K NGJ L K K L K HLLK. F GFL < ªGHFGF IMªGF FNL M.¬ CH. F L FFF G L JKL LLJ GF <+; «$L K GLF EHGKK, F LK HGL FIMJK, LG ²F<FQ HJGHGJLGF LOF L HHJFL GJ G FQ EGJ MKK OEQ KKF, F< LJ FGOF GHJLGF . . . . A GEEGF KG<J, <, J L L <GGJ G F FF, N F< L G GJLMF,F< EGKL G FLMJ.¬ $F LL H, K J, K GFK<JF L

L LL «F LL LK Ed G MEF HJGKHJLQ F< JLFKK, FL F< HEQ KLL G L EGFJQ G JF, L LG L





L #GMK G +JK HGL <LJ M G NGFL FNLNFKL L JF FLGF F< L LGF AKKEQ. #GMK NGL< E LFK, F< GJ<J< L KJEGF LG HJFL<. AK LG LFLJG<MLGF G HGLK F L HMHL, GP JK OL BMJ: «DJ.+J, F K KJEGF GF L FFNJKJQ G L FK NGMLGF,

<NJ< EFQ FG KFLEFLK, OGJLQ G F FLF<HGKGHJ . . . . BML, LGM $ HHJGN G K FJ HJFHK, $GFK<J K JMEFLK K MF²L GJ L HMHL. JQ, F LJKJEGFK, GML FG EGJ LG F< HGL ±JK, LF LK #GMKGML LG <KMKK KMLK G EGJLQ F< JGF.¬ H GF LKL AL, 1790.

. 28. $FPHJF< F LK ±JK, GF O LQ HJGFGMF OLKG EM GF²<F. «JQ PHJEFLK, K KGMF< HGKGHJK N<GF, F< GF LE JK KLN KQKLE!¬ K K KHEF G

L OK<GE G L N. GJL GFKGF, FGLJ G LK HGL<NFK; GF EGMK K BHLKL EFKLJ L CEJ<.

+. 98, . 3. FL NF LG FG F< JNJF< Q-<NF. DM G "JLGF, OGE %MFMK F< BMJ < MFL< F LLFLOFLQ QJK GJ. # < LQ OJLLF HEHL GF LKML G L LMJQ F< MKJHLGF, FLL< «#FLK &.,KMELL< LG L KJGMK LLFLGF G L CJQ, GLQ, F<"FLJQ, FOQ KKE<.¬ +J K L « HEHL KJ< LG JL FE, F< O OGM< <FQ FQ FE.¬ $L K ³QJEJ K NF < GJL BKGH #GJKQªK AHGGQ GJ LLMJQ F< CJQ G L CMJ G FF<. LK M<K LG«L HGMK "JLGF,¬ F< K GKLLQ LG L CMJ, F K «+MJKMLKG LJLMJ,¬ DGM N. . 191, OJ <<K FGL, « LDMªK #FLK JLJ JG<.¬ AF L . 299:

L QEGF<K, F< OL "JLGFªK DM OGM< N, A DLLFL F DNFLQ.

303DJ. %GF QEGF<K OK +JGKKGJ G G<JF #KLGJQ LCEJ<. KFJF L «L GOJ GJ<JK G HGH,¬ GJ

«KFF FLG F FLMKKE F JGF LQ JNN<¬ (M<F LGL LG<KLK), +J GHHGK< L JGJE G L LMJQ F< AJLK, F< MJ< LGK OG OJ <KKLK²< «LG KL MH KHJL OGJKH GJ LEKNK.¬

+. 98, . 4. Q-<NF. DM < FLJF GHFGFK. BK<KKGE OJLFK G K GOF, < <GF KJN LG JGMK FIMJQQ HJFLF GJ HGHMJ JMLGF L JL< JFKGF G LO KLEFL Q "JK.

$<. F G´ F GF G GMJ FNJKLK. CH. %MFMK, LLJ PN. DM OK CFGJ G L FNJKLQ G CEJ<. "JQªK





< GF K FKLLGF K O FGOF. LPL FLK L LEHJGHJLQ G KM F G´ F < Q JIMFLJ G LFLJF ELF-GMK G DJ. DKFQ F KKP LJL.

. 5. LG GLJ Q-<NFK G JF. MKGF K LG L JF< F<

HLJGF G +J F< +JKLQ, L JIMK G FK<GOF (J G MJF), OG KG < FLJF GHFGFK.

. 7. JK. JK OJ +MJLF KL OG HJGKK< FG<LJEFL GJE G JGF. J #JJQ F OK L LJ <.

. 8. G< KLH¨K F KHJ, = ELJ, KHQ MK< G OGGF LKKMK. «HMF FLG L HJELN KLH G LJ JE,¬GMJL LLJ GF < +. CH. FJ H. 302, . 26.

. 10. LG EHJGN MHGF FGF-GFGJELQ. CH. FGL NG. . H. 240, . 1.. 22. MLF <NF. AM<F LG +JªK GMJK K HGLJLELF.

. 23. JL HJJK. +K. PN. N. 11. JHLLGF G J=L KJGF, M<F LG L JF G LK Q-<NF=K.

. 26. GJLMK KMK. A GLGF G <J< HFLK.

+. 99, . 1. JGF G<. LGF, ªAJG, . 119.

. 3. LK LGOF. OGJ OK OJLLF F BMJªK GMK F "JJJ<LJL, GG.

$<. MFGJE JGMF< G LK NH< <KKHLGFK. AM<F LG L GF<GFKKGF, O L LK <L F L F L MLMEF, F<LJEFL< L F L KHJF. CH. %GFKGFªK GEQ GF L CGK G L KGF, EJ G. 124 (Q 25, 1751).

. 5. KK-%GFK = +JKGFK, F L >EJ KFK. «KK¬ K FJ GJJMHLGF G KLJ. LJE K G GLLK GJF. CH.JMKKGF (L HJMJKGJ G BMJFK), #GGO-J;

LJ K B-%G F< M< #O, AF< QGF<JªK KK-%GF F< M< .

. 18. LFE FMK, &. %MN. L. N. 150.

. 22. K EGKL L GFQ OM F, &. JGE L FKGFL GJE G OGJ<K F O +J KQK OGM< N GFJLML< L F GFK JGNJQ, «F KLQ NJQ <±JFL JGE LL G EGKL G L

<<JKKK.¬ (H. 25), M<< LG FJ, H. 116.





304. 27. EJ<F JNGMJ = R.

$<. LOL FLMJQ. BMJ M<K LG L HGFL²L G $FFGFL$$$, 1198§1216. CH. L AJ<EFL G F. #KL. BGG . H. 8.«AL FL L KFLF G PGEEMFLGF OK MEFL< FKL

L F (%GF). $F L KE QJ L KE KFLF OKHJGFGMF< MHGF L EHJGJ LG; F< LK <JF HGH OK FGLJ< L GF LG <JN LG PLJELK L LOG JLKL HJFK FMJGH . . . . #NF ²JKL JK< L FK KMLK JGE LJGL G F, Q F MFJ<-G HJKMEHLGF GJEQ<HGK< %GF JGE K LJGF F< <FLQ; FNL< L F G JF LG L HGKKKKGF G L GJL< JGOF,¬ &.

+. 100, . 23. J<MQ LML< LG L. CH. FJ H. 157, . 2.

. 26. GF<G L GEHGFG, &. #GJ. HKL. $. 1. 12.+. 101, . 17. L JEGL HJG<, LN. «K P FGLL . . .KMEMFL,¬ LMK, "JE. . 7. BGFJG, . BGF, &., EEM G L L K HH< LG L PGF FK, F< LG LHF F< %GF LJ L CGFIMKL.

. 23. F< OKL L GF<LGFK, &. CH. FJ H. 108, . 16.

. 29. LGJ G. GLN KLQ G L FF LGJK LGL EHJ. «CG¬ (GME) K MK< F LK LF KFK F

GEF O.

+. 102, . 20. NK F< GJLMFK. A NJQ FFL GJEM, L GJFOGJ<K G O KMJNN F L "JEF «L "ML MF< BML.¬ G L8L KLGF G L B G LK: «L LQ O KLF< LG, EFLF,F< <F< LJ K< KLK . . . . OL LJ NK F< KLLK,FKL HJKGFK OLKGNJ,¬ &. K O PHF L JJFF L FPL KFLF. PHJKKGF JK L GF GEEGF «F< HJGHJLQ <<JKKK¬ JGE HM G<K LG L JGOF.

. 26. NGMLGF G 1688. $L EMKL GFKK< LL L JMEFLO BMJ J FK, F< KMKLFK OL EM GJ F<FFMLQ LJGM LOFLQ HK, K GEHL MJ. J. #EK JML< L L EGKL NJQ HGFL. $L EMKL JEEJ< LLBMJ K OJLF FGL K M<, GJ HGKGH KLGJF, ML KF <NGL. # GFN< LL L GFKLLMLGF OGM< F<FJ< Q L LFLK G L GLQ, LQ E FLG FJJ<L, F< E< MH K EF< LG F< L OG OL G KMLGJLQ F< K K K <LJ LG KMHHGJL L GHHGKL NOK(H. L GFM<F HJJH G L OGJ).

. 29. GFGMF<F L LJ LGLJ. BMJ, MKF LPHJKKGF G J %GKH %Q, KQK, LL L NGMLGF G 1688





JN< F< FLJHJL< OK FLJQ <±JFL.¬ LJML G LKKL KLLEFL K MF<F.

. 14. +JNME FGF LJFKL F PEHME. A EPE G L CN O.«+JNME¬ K MK< F L LF KFK G F FLEFL LL

K GJ LK GL HJLMJ HJKGFK, K <KLFMK< JGE HMEKMJ. «CªKL MF JF< E,¬ KQK +K, «< KMNJ ªPHLGFM M < Jc. $ ML eLJ KdNcJ L GFLJJ ` ªPHLGF.¬

. 17. LK FGL F <GF L LL LE, &. « CGEEGFK,¬ KQK#E, «<< FGL <FQ LL L K OK GF G LGF, LGMLQ JMK< LG GO LL L EGFJQ OK LMK JF<J<HJHLMQ LN.¬

. 24. GF LL G K O. BQ O, K BFLF K<, L HJF

OGM< N GE «K OªK FLEF-MKJ.¬$<. <KL GJF G L KKM . . . . FGO<< K MF<GML<QK. MKGF K LG L JHGJL< KHMJGMKFKK G L HJF GJFF 1688. FL LL MFGJLMFL NFL, O HJHLL< LNGMLGF, L +JFKK OK J HJKMEHLN LG L JGOF. $FIMKF F L NGMLGF, L306 GJK OJ G< LGHJKME L LJML G LK MLLJQ JGMF<KK JHGJL. <NGMLGFG L JGOF GF L +JFKK OK KG J <ELL< Q L GJ<K FL GFNFLGF, LL LQ GELL< L EHGJLFL MK OHJGFGMF< L LJGF NFL, GF LK <KJLGF Q %EK.

. 29. G . . . L G FKKLQ. $ LK OJ JQ K< FKJGMKFKK, L K KGHKE O GM< KJQ EQKLQ FFLFL KGGGQ. OG NJQ <±JFL LFK J F<L< Q LLJE «G.¬

+. 105, . 15. LG JF GNJ MK, &. KL GEEFL GF LK K, LLL JIMJ< <KLFL AL G +JEFL (2 . F< . . 6) LG FL IMF LG PJK L J HGOJ <MJF L FªK KFJGE FF<.

+. 106, . 10. JHLF K JGE JMJ. A HJGKK O OQKGEEF<< BMJªK JKHL, F ELLJK G L GFKLLMLGF. CH. NG.. H. 267, . 26, &.

. 31. ELLGF G L JGOF. $F L LF KFK, M<F LG LKMKKGF F E< GF<LGF GF L HJGKKGF G +JGLKLFLKE (K U 9 G L DJLGF).

+. 107, . 3. GJ LEKNK F< GJ LJ HGKLJLQ GJ NJ. $L KEHGKK LG <F< BMJ F LK LJ J<F G LDJLGF, F O GGOK L FMF GJQ OL (PEFJ,G. 16). K HHJ G OLªK O MKLJL L <±JF LOF





J GJQKE F< L -GJQKE G BGFJG. OGJ<K «GJNJ,¬ GH< JGE L AL G 1KL RL, J EJ KMJHMK, KF L PHJKKGF «JK GJ NJ,¬ F JLGF LG HJNL HJGHJLQ. JL G +JEFL LG JML L KMKKGF LG L JGOF OKLGG O KLK< LG E L OGJL O LG N JGMJK LG LK

NJ IM. « +JEFL,¬ KQK J GEK EL (JLJQG LL LEH. RL), «N=L@ >GJE G> KM=KKGF LG L@= CJGOF.G KGJL, LL NJ L HGH G GE EL <G LJ F =FLMJLK GELK GJ LJMFLK, L KE EQ <GF Q L+JEFL G FF<.¬ CGEEGFOL G FF<, H. 77, <.1633. +JKLQ JEJ< LL BMJ < JF<J< EK, Q<FQF LK GEHLFQ F +JEFL, LG L J G LJKGF MF<J F L JE< Q K GOF <G, GJ< GEJK: F<GJ< LFGH <J< K FLFLGF G EHF E GJ L. JL G F<F HGKLJLQ OK <F<, GF FJ JGMF<K, Q

G, JLK CGFJFF "GNJFEFL, BGG . . N. 116, LGOGE OL M<K F L PEFJ: «OQJK EQ PHF LK, GJ LE OGJ<K G GJE, K LQ HK; F< JKGFJK EQ JMLL KM F GLGF K FKL L FLMJ G GNJFEFL: ML HF J<J, &.¬

. 4. IMKLGF K LG HGOJ G HGH LG F< LJ HGKLJLQ KJM< F< KLL< GJ<F LG BMJªK GHFGF F O-FGOFHKK F AKGE F< ALGH.

. 6. LLJ LF GJ< GEJK, &. GL, NG. . H. 148, . 34. BMJªK HFQJ MHGF L «< K¬; «Q OJ FGLMEJL=K <GLGJ=K, EF OG < KLM<< J GFKLLMLGF GFQF LK FLGEQ, F< MHGF << KQKLEK. Q FO L N, F< FLGF.¬ BMJ JQ307 HJKMEK LGG EM GF L FGJF G K J<JK. EJ LL-H G GJ< GEJKªK «%M<EFL G G F<GEK F< LGFK,¬ O ´JEK «L LK G L+GH F< +JEFL G BJLF LG JKKL F< <HJN LJ FKGJ N GNJFEFL,¬ K KM´FL FKOJ LG LK LJ<.JGMGML LK HK BMJ PLK L L F< LHJGMHLGF G L <NGL, FGL L M< E G L JL.

. 12. << OL L@= HGO=JK. BMJ FJQ MKK OL@ LG PHJKKL FKLJMEFL. FGO KQ «Q L HGOJK.¬ CH. H. 115, . 10, &.

. 18. <´ML . . . LG N ELK LG L EJ KLJL GEHLF G L KMHJE HGOJ. <KLFLGF LOF KLJL F< EGJGEHLF < F EHGJLFL H F BMJªK JKGFF GF L AEJF IMKLGF. +=JEMK LK. CH. NG. . H. 254, F< K FGL.

. 27. GMK G GJ<K¨FGL EGJQ GEHLFL, &. « KLN

F N FG HGOJ LG LJFKJ LJ MLGJLQ G EF OK, F<H L F GLJ F<K.¬¨« GMK G GJ<K K FGL EGJQ





GEHLFL LG <KKGN LK, FGJ LG <L, L OGM<, LK HGJLGFF L KLMJ G L F<GE.¬ K HKKK J IMGL<, LGJEJ JGE G, L LLJ JGE BMK, Q "JLLF, F KH FKL L FGF, . 8, 1810. JMEFL K EJQ F< FGF HGKKMEMK; F< GF "JLLFªK <<MLGF JGE L, L NJ<L

G KM<F FJLGFK K F FKL L.

. 34. GFKLLMLGF¨GFKLLMFL HJLK. G< «GFKLLMLGF¬<GLJF K J NJQ JQ KLL<. #< BMJ N< FLMJQLJ, OGM< N KF LL L GEHLQ < OF L E LG FJQ HH<. G HJFH K FGO LLJ KLK< LFL MFLQ F< F<NKLQ G FLGF KGNJFLQ.

+. 108, . 10. FGL FF L KMKLF¨<KJF LHJKGFK¨KE GJ¨IM MLGJLQ. BMJ <GK FGL << GJ LG

K KMLLK Q LK HJG<Q G L ALFKF CJ<. L MLGFK K J<JK, O FK MJLJ, FKL LLF «FLF<F L ERK G ELHQK KGHKLJQ¬!

. 14. GEEMF KHGFKGF JHM. <LGJ <GK FGL LGEF< L HJK K IMGLLGF. $L OK HGKKQ FNFL< Q BMJ,LG PHJKK K EFF OL L EGJ OL.

. 19. ERK G ELHQK KGHKLJQ. FGL LG NG. . H. 215, . 11. GMLJQ FKL «ELHQK KGHKLJQ¬ OK FG FNFLGF G BMJªK. $L K NGMJL LGH OL BGFJG F< GLJHGLFK OG GHHGK< L HGKGH KE G L GGG G.

. 23. PLJE EJFQ. J. #E KQK EGKL LJMQ LL LK NO,O «EFK KGE PLJE KK G FLGJ LQJFFQ, KGE,K L OJ, MFQ G <KHGLKE, K L GFQ H F< HLGF G JKKLF,¬ K EJQ «HJLF<< EG<²LGF G L KNKHJFHK G KGML G<F.¬

+. 109, . 10. KLLK. . . L GJ<K F< CGEEGFK; L FK

+JEFL F LK GJF GJE F F ELLGF G L LLK-"FJ G JF. MJ LMJQ MFL LQ KHG G «L JKLLK G L E G308 FF< KKE< F +JEFL.¬CH. LGF, G L AKKEQ F +F<EGFME;

G< <KF+Kª< Q LGK FJF LLK, F< GQHJª< F LJ QK.+J. GKL, . 386.

. 11. GJF EGM G <KF<< HGH. < K MQPHF< F L JKL LLJ GF < +; « G<Q HGL G





JF PKL< F L EKLQ G LK LJGF, F L <FLQ G LKFGLQ, F L GFGMJ G LK FLJQ, F L KFLLQ G LK JQ, FL JNJF G LK EKLJQ, F L OL F< GFK<JLGF<M LG LK F<< HJGHJLQ F L KNJ K, F L JKHL<M LG LK EGN KMKLF JHJKFL< Q L GJHGJLGFK G

L F<GE. A LK HJLMJ EG=M= MFL< GJE L JLEKK G OL K LJMQ L G<Q HGL F GMFLJK.¬

. 25. GE LE LJ L GFIMKL, &. «N FK GML G LKNF LL GGO< E L CGFIMJGJ OJ MKMJHJK,GJ<F L KL LG EG<JF FGLGFK¬ (#E). LK KE LG K GGOK. NF F HJNL KMKKGF, L <KFL G FFJLF K LOF L JGLJ F< L KGF G L GOFJ OKKLL< Q FG JLF JM G O F L LE G "FN. KQKLEG FKLJQ, O HJN< F $JF< <GOF LG L LE G %EK $.,

F< MF<J O L F< <KF<< LG L «<KL F< EGKLOGJLQ¬ G L KE GG<, OG OK GEEGFQ KJLF< QLGF, OK LMK HJLQ F GJ. G LLJ EG<, KQK J.#E, GM< N F <NK< GJ KMJF HJHLM KMHHQ G N IMJJK. HJFH G FJLF H=J KLJH=E O KGMF<HGQ J<MQ KLK< F HJNL HGKKKKGFK, OK PLF<<Q L OQJK GML L E<< G L 13L FLMJQ LG L CJGOF.<OJ< $. OK HJGE< EE<LQ MHGF K LJªK <L,LGM KFL F Q. GELF GONJ G L G< HJFHEQ LJ< F LK HJGELGF, KKM< F K FE Q LMJ<FK G L JE, OJ KKJLK L CJGOF G FF< «LGN <NGN< MHGF E Q J<LJQ KMKKGF F< L O G K FGK.¬ K KL OGJ<K OJ GELL< F L HJGELGF G <OJ< $$.; KF OGK LE L CJGOF K F KGMLQJ<LJQ. IMKLGF OK LMK KLL< L L HJG< OF LFK GFKLLMLGF, GJ<F LG +JGKKGJ LMK, LGG LK<²FL F< HJEFFL GJE. GJ MKLJLGFK G L IMKLGF JGEFFL KLGJQ K "JGLMK < %MJ B. L +., . . . 7, U 24.

. 27. L J HJ HL¨L@= @=J HJ KLJHK. <KLFLGF KHJG<M< Q LF LOG <±JFL HGFLK G NO; L GF JJ<F

L JGOF K L JL G L JFF >EQ, L GLJ K L JLG L JFF H=JKGF. $F L ²JKL K, OF L JFF EEJG L EQ <<, L OG G L EEJK G L >EQ (HL)J-FLJ< FLG L EQ JLK, F< L JGOF LG L «<KLF< EGKL OGJLQ.¬ $F L KGF< K, L JGOF <KF<< LG L J GJ JHJKFLLN G L JFF HJKGF ( H=J KLJH=E ). BQL J H=J HL, BMJ EFK L «<KL F< EGKL OGJLQ¬ G L KE GG<. KOJ, GGOF L309 EG<JF MJKLK, K L JL G KM F J, «L JL G GFKFMFLQ,¬ LL G L F J, «L JL G JHJKFLLGF,¬ JGE K KLF<F F

L H G, F< LMK J=HJ=K=FLF, L GJEJ HGKKKKGJ(AJ<EFL G F. #KL., BGG . . 8). BMJ MLQ LJ< L





G< HJFH G FKLJQ F KGE G L <LK G L M< O.«GJ OL K NJQ KFMJ, F< $ L L GLJOK MFGMFL, GLJ OJJFLQ GMF< OLGML FQ <KF<F KKLK, OJL F << FGL, MFKK KGELF <KF<<; F< LK KMKKL<FNJQ F L O MFL LK FLMJQ¬ ($<., BGG . . 7).

CGLJ OJJFLK OJ <HJN< G LK ±L Q 4 AFF, . 16,U 21.

. 30. L FJL HJFH KMJNN<, &. BMJ KQK G L FKGJ L CGFIMKL, «JQ JIMFL PEHK GMJ OJ L KGFG <K< F, MF<J , OK FLJQ HKK< GNJ, F< KMF GJ KGE JEGLJ JLGF JK< LG L CJGOF; ML LJ KFGL KF FKLF OJ L LGF K JJ< L GML G LGG<¬ (AJ. F. #KL., B. . . 7).

. 32. EMLGKIM HJ FFGK, &. J. "GJ. N. 208. IMGLLGF< F MK< K EGLLG LG G. 72 G L HLLGJ, F< F LD<LGF LG BGFJGªK DKKJLLGF GF +JLK.

+. 110, . 6. L L <NLGF . . . GJ L HJFH. $L OK FGL FBMJªK HF J LG JM FKL L LN HJFH; ML F L AFFM KLJ GJ 1763, GF L GKGF G L LF EHF<FLGFK G F G +GF< F< F G L GEFK, KQK;«GK LOG LN KGNJFLK FGL GFQ GKGF EFQ EKKLG LGK OG N MF<J LE, ML N JIMFLQ FNGN< JLHJL G MJGH F GG< F< GFMKGF. $F<<, LK PKLFPEHK HJGN, QGF< KHMLGF, L F²FL KMHJGJLQ, FNJQ JKHL, G J<LJQ EGFJQ; KF L K N<FL, LL LELG< G LGF GFKLFLQ HJG<MK LGK FLKLF <NKGFK,LG O, Q LK FLMJ, L HHJK KG , F< KG K F LLO K GF G LK HJFH GLK, F< O EL PHL<JGE L, L KMJF GNJFEFL GJ EFQ KMKKGFK F L F<KG HJKGFK G PLJGJ<FJQ EJL F< MFGEEGF HLQ. ²F<Q PHJF, LL LGK F<GEK, OJ L LJGF K FFJLF, N <, F LJ KJK G KMKKGF, M K EFQ HJFK LG GNJF LE, K LJ +GF< GJ "JEFQ, O

J LN.¬

. 14. <J< L G<K G GMJ FLFL KGNJFK GML G L IMLG LJ LGEK. MKGF K LG L GMLJK GEELL< Q LGMF<< LJGGHJK F FKLJ CL<J. J EQ KG FMKGF LG L HMF<JF G L AQ G NJKE, L L<KKGMLGF G EGFKLJK, OF L JEFK G F LHF OJ<KFLJJ< F< LJGOF FLG L O, GJ L K G L <FG´F. CH. F L DJL G LLJ LG JE (1770); «Q HKKGFKJ FGL LG JGMK<, LJ GF L K< G HJLLQ, GJ GF LL G

LJ<, Q LGK OG F LJ G< <, IML F< FFGPGMK, F





L H G #FJQ, GJ L MJK G F<KGJ CKL GJ JHH¨IMGJME EF L=LMJ FK LIM= 'LF.¬

310. 15. LLFL F< <K OJ<K. $F L EFFJ G LCFK O G LLF<J, Q O LK ±L PLF<K LG EFªK

FKLGJK LGM FGL LG K <KF<FLK.

. 26. LLML < LG FGF GF<F<G¨(AFFG 1297). GLGJFQ KLLML, LGM JJJ< LG K KM F L HJE LGL +LLGF G L, F< <<< Q L M<K F 1637 LG LLML. LMKª L CJLJK, H. 487. CH. NG. . H. 237, . 33.

. 27. +LLGF G L. LMKª L CJLJK, H. 505.

+. 111, . 5. O, &. BMJ, K O EL PHL, LMJFK LG L AL

G LLEFL OLGML KQF OGJ< G L MK O < LG LKF HKK<, FEQ, L MJ G KKM, FGL G MF JQ, ML G E EK. ²F ELLGF G L B G LK OK LGEªK GOF JK: KG LL LJ JQªK <L < EJJ<KGE GF K, F< < KGF, L JGOF OGM< N HKK<GEHLQ GML G L FK JGQ EQ.

. 27. LG F< JGGL G FJLF¨LEHGJJQ <EFKLJLJP G HGOJ. K KLK L JMEFL LG <±JFL HGKLGF. <GLJFK G L NGMLGF GLQ GNGMKQ JJJ< LG L LLJJGMF< G G. BML BMJ OGM< KJQ N EFLF< LL

L EJL G E K F <EFKLJLGJ << FGL O OL LFK FLGF, OF LQ KKGL< E OL JQ GF L LJGF.

. 32. K <MLJ, &. LJK GONJ, FJJ F GG<, ML G LCLG L, OJ HKK< GNJ: KHQ LGK G L +LFEQ, OGK FKLGJK NF F KLJGF KKJLGJK G L+JGLKLFL JGF, L OK LGML Q LL KGE G LE ELJLMJF LG L.

+. 112, . 34. A O QJK G, &. BMJ GEEF<K EGJ LLFLGF

OF GFKKK K JKGF GJ LK <JL EQKL²LGF.G KGHKLJQ OK NJ LGG JGKK GJ L HM J; ML L GKGFO LMJF< BMJ GJ L LE FLG GJQ KMKL EMKL NHHJ< LG E JL F<<.

+. 113, . 14. PHGJL LG QGM F L GLLGEK. MKGF K LG L AL G NLGF. NG. . H. 179, F< FGL. «BGLLGE¬ (DMLBG<=E ) K L G< LF LJE GJ KH. $L K KL MK< F KMEJFL HJKK K «GJF GLLGEK,¬ F< KMJNNK F L LJE«GLLGEJQ,¬ HH< LG L <NF G EGFQ GF L KMJLQ G LKH GJ L HMJHGKK G L NGQ.





. 27. H< G L KLLQ F< HJHLMLQ, &. GGOFHKK K HJGHJ LG IMGL< J, K F GEHLPHJKKGF G L < F L LPL, F< L L KE LE L GFO OK KL< Q D MFQ K L EGKL JLJKLHKK F L OGJK G BMJ, JGE L LJJQ HGFL G NO. $L K

KG FKKJQ MKLJLGF LG L JMEFL L H. 141, . 23a¯«35.M J L@=J <K; KM L@=J JGF; F< KM L@=J O. BML KLG GMJ GMFLJQ, F< GMJ J, K GF K L O-GEHL<KLJMLMJ G GMJ MJ F< KLL, L KFLMJQ, L GQ G GKG LL FFL O, <F<< Q JNJF, <F<< Q HGOJ, GJLJKK L GF F< LEH, K KLF< FNGL GF L JGO G L BJLK GFa¯¬K GF K L BJLK EGFJQ, FGL EGJEL< LF F< Q L GJ<JK G L KLL, K, 311 LHJGM< H G F<KGJ, JKF F L EKLQ G HJGHGJLGF, F< JLOL L <GM L G LK F<J< F< GN LGOJKa¯¬K GF K

LK OM KLJMLMJ K GNJK F< MJ< L KML< F<*a¯¬KG GF L EGMF<K F< <QK G L GO, L B<GJ< N ON FGLF LG J JGE L HPK G L NJK G JF. AK GF K GMJ KGNJF GJ< L F, F< K LMKMLK, L GJ<K F< GEEGFK G LK JEa¯¬L LJH GJ<,O FG EF F J; L KGEF, KOGJF, GFKLLMLGF JF-H< G LK FLGF; L ²JE MJFLK G GLJKa¯° F,F< GLJKa¯° JLK; L GFL F< KNJ KMJLK,a¯ F LK H F< GJ<J, GJ NJQ F< F< NJQ IMLQ G HJGHJLQF< G <FLQ; K GF K LK F<MJ, KG GF L DM G B<GJ<

K K; F< O J K LGLJa¯¬L , JGE L LK G FNQ F< L KHGLGFK G JHLQ; L GO, JGE L JGF F< G GHHJKKGF F< L FKGFL KHMJF G GFLEHL. AEF! F< KG L!F< KG L O a¯¬

DME <GEMK AF CHLG EEG KPME AGL; EHJMEIM HLJ GEFMK L.LLJ LG G GJ<, H. 53.

+. 114, . 1. $L K GEEGF GJ LE LG <KHML, &. BML H. #E,CGFKL. #KL. H. PN. «F L PLFLGF G L #GMK G LMJLªKHJLFKGFK, F< GLJ NFLK G L KL FLMJQ, O N KFLGK PHG<< <GLJFK G F<K J<LJQ JL JNN<MF<J FGLJ FE, F< KGE N F OF LG EKJHJKFLL LJFKLGFK G L NGMLGF F< L AL G LLEFL K LQ << FGL KGMLQ EGMFL LG <HGKLGF G L JFFKGNJF, F< F LGF G FO <QFKLQ Q L JHJKFLLNKG L FLGF F HJEFL.¬ J. #E OK< LG MF<JKLGG<K PHLQ ´JEF (F GFLJ<LGF G BMJ) OL < F

J<Q KLL< Q +Q (K +JF. G GJ F< +GL +GK. H.411), LL L JL <NFL G L NGMLGF OK OL EFQ





JJ<< K LK JHJG, F< EGJ K LK EKGJLMF¨LL L JGL F G KMKKGF. ALJ KLLF HJKQ L NGLK, F<HGFLF GML L EHGKKLQ G JGFF LE OL KM GFKLJMLGF K BMJªK, GK GF LG KQ¨«$L OK GFQ QJMJJF LG F< G HJEGMFL, F< OL $ EQ QHJ-

GFKLLMLGF O, EPLMJ G GJ F< JJ< LG L FLGFGG<, O K L KL KFLGF G OL K <GF F JNGMLGFK, LLL NGL G L CGEEGFK GM< <F<<. Q HJG<< FGLQ L KLL< JMK G L FK GNJFEFL, ML Q L FJJLK G EFF<. Q GG< FGL KG EM LG F CJL K LGL GJF GEHL G KGLQ; F< JL< CG F< # GJ#GGJ F< "JGLMK.¬ #E F ±L KMKJK LG L JLKEGFLF< F L 3J<, 4L, F< 5L LLJK G DJ. +JKLQ GF LKIMKLGF. CH. "JGLMK, . . . 7, U 27.

312. 2. PHG<< FLK G KNJQ. MKGF K LG #QF,EJ, &. +JKLQ, OG K GGO< Q #E (H. FGL LG H. 108,. 23), JK BMJ OL <NFF HJFHK IMNFL F ±LLG LGK G HKKN G<F F< FGF-JKKLF (+J LGLLJK).

. 7. FO FLK, &. GMKKM LL< "JGLMK IML KMFJKGFQ K EJ < <GF. EQ PE LGG GLF OLBMJ, «F OGM< LF LL KM LF K E<ME < FNJF J< G F L EGJ OGJ<!¬

. 11. EGJ G <NF KFLGF, &. $L OGM< KMHJ³MGMK LGKGO L FMJQ G KM FGLGF.

+. 115, . 17. JGF L GJF GFLJL¨EGJ LF EKGF<ML.L K, J <J G EKGF<ML LF DJ. +J EFL LG MF<JKLGG< Q K MK G L OGJ<. JMEFL JQ EGMFLK LGFG EGJ LF JLKE G DJ. +JªK FK.

. 35. HGHMJ JHJKFLLN = L #GMK G CGEEGFK. CH. NG. . H.118, . 17.

. 36. L FPL JL GFKLLMLGF L¨L AL G LLEFL, 12F< 13 . $$$, H. 2. «$L OK <LJEF<,¬ KQK J. #E, «LGGEHFQ LK KLLEFL OL <<LGF KMJLK GJ LKMLªK JLQ. B G LK OK JGF< KLQ F<<LN: KGE ELLJK G JL EHGJLF < F GELL<, F<F L LON QJK O < KF HK<, FO MKK < <GJ FO JE<K.¬ F G LK MKK OK L FMEJ G HEF F< HFKGFJK F L #GMK (H. FGL LG NG. . H. 138, .27).





+. 116, . 3. FG HJ<GF¨H< LG F EHEFL. K IMKLGFJGK MHGF L H G HJ<GF HML F J G HJGKMLGF Q L JG DFQ F 1679, F< JKKL< OL OL J. #E GFK<JKMH NGF, Q LOG KMKKN #GMKK G CGEEGFK. $LJEF< MF<<< MFL L AL G LLEFL. PHJKKGFK F

L FLF MK G LK AL, KQK J. #E, «KE LLQ LGGF< L CJGOFªK JL G JFLF HJ<GF >L=J KFLF;O, LGM HJHK L GM< FGL O <KLFMK< F HGFL G O JGE HJ<GF H< F J, KLF<K GF NJQ <±JFLGGLF OL JKHL LG GFKLLMLGF HGQ.¬

. 7. HJL E G EHEFL. AOQK KLJGFQ FKKL< MHGFQ BMJ K F EHGJLFL MJFL G GFKLLMLGF JLQ. CH. NG. . H. 120, . 33, F< FGL.

. 17. EGJ HJGHJQ L KJNFL, &. < LL GNJFFMFLGFJQ K KJNFL, F< LL FLGF KGNJFLQ KFF, OK KLJGFQ FKKL< GF Q GMKKM F L «CGFLJLG¬ (N. . . 1. 2). $L K F <NF GF L <GLJF,EFLF< Q BMJ, LL GNJFEFL GFKKLK F GEHLLOF L F F< HGH, K IM GFLJLF HJLK, OFLJ K L JLQ LG J KG GF K LK GJF GF<LGFK JM²<. CH. <FªK -, < «CGFLJLK.¬ «$ GMJ LJKN GKL LJ JLQ, OQ EQ FGL O GMJ LG JF L?¬ AFK.« EMKL GG LG L GFLJL; LL JLQ E<, O EMKLKLF< LG L: GF O JFL O EQ J< JGE GFLJLK, MHGFFQ FGFNFFQ LL313 EQ LJOJ<K HHF, O K NFG JF HL.¬ <GLJF G DJ. +J < F <NGL< LKL LOG FLMJK GJ Q ALMKMK (K BQ), OG <«GEFK JK F M< KK IME EKLJLMK,¬ «IMG< KMEEJHM MMKNK MJ KL HFK KGME HGHMME,¬ &. «JJGJHKLFK,¬ K L GEEFL G CGFJFMK, «L LMJF<G GJ HLMK¬!

. 22. # GEEEGJLG, &. J. AF<., AL . K. 1. . 17. KLOJ< GK, FG GFJ KN, F LK OGJ<K JKFLK KEKLJªK JEF<F E G L F F K GF<LGF. BMJªK

JHJLK LG DJ. +J, O ² MH L JKL G L H, J F KEGKL ±LN HJEFLJQ KLQ.

+. 117, . 7. FK, F GF KFK, &. CH. NG. . H. 118, . 10.

. 18. KH GFQ L HJELN FM G L O. CH. NG. . H. 268,. 11.

. 24. L %MKL G AJJGF. #EªK GMFL G AJJGF. #KMFLGFK << FGL <±J F KKF JGE LGK G L C %MKL G

FF<, K <N<< EGF L M<K G L FªK BF, MLHJLQ LQ OJ EM EGJ PLFKN F< EHGJLFL.





G´ K LG LJ< LG L QJ 1118, ML L OK FGL L L CGJLKG 1348 LL L OK F<GO< OL F MLGJLQ O «HJGN<NFLMQ EGJ <IML JJJ FKL GHHJKKGF LF FQGLJ GMFLJQ GM< GKL.¬ JGE LL LE < K HGKL GJ .$L OK HF GJ FQ GF LG GLF LLJK JGE L F EH<F

L PMLGF G L MKLRªK HJGKK. #EªK GMFL G LKMKKM JKKLF G L MKLR %MF < CJ< LG %GF $.: «FFKLF G M< ²JEFKK F< FLJLQ, LG O, F LGMJLFL FLMJQ, FG GMFLJQ HJHK F MJGH GM< G±J HJ.¬ << AK, H. N.

+. 118, . 3. L LK FLEF, &. <F NK K L GJFEFF G L EPE LL L F F <G FG OJGF, LL «FGHJGKK F JFL< FKL E¬ (L CGEEGF O).

. 6. HGKLN KLLML O O ´JEK LL K FGL. BMJ JQM<K LG HJGNKGF F L AL GJ LLFLF L <K, 12CJ. $$. H. 30, O JMFK LMK: «AF< L JQ <J<, LLQ L MF<GML< F< MF<EFL OK G LK F<GE, FLJL +JK G LK JE, FGJ L CGEEGFK, FGJ GL LGLJ F+JEFL GJ GML G +JEFL, FGJ L +GH GLNQ GJJHJKFLLNQ, FGJ FQ GLJ +JKGFK OLKGNJ, NJ <, N,L, GJ GML LG N, FQ GJN HGOJ GNJ L HJKGFK G LFK G LK JE.¬ F J<Q OGF<J LL BMJ << FGLLF ²L LG F<L HJKQ LK «HGKLN KLLML O.¬

. 11. OK J GEEF<<, &. «FLJ JE K KFL¬ G CJG.

. 15. %MKL IMMK FKKJ. BMJ, K MKM, IMGLK JGEEEGJQ. «%MKL HIM KMFL JE, IMMK FKKJ; L FKKJ,IMMK FM FK F JEK KHK KMLK.¬ NQ, . P. H. 1. HKK K M<< LG Q <FQ, F< KG F L EGMK HEHL«F FG MJ<J¬; «#K (CJGEOªK) F<< N F HGMKJEK,¬ &., H. 8.

. 24. FL, GKMJ, &. CH. FGLK, NG. . H. 105, . 13, F< H. 225, .30.

314+. 119, . 2. JNGMLGF O L NJQ KL JKGMJ, &. «$GFKK LL NFLK F JF N GJJL< KNJ GHFGFKO $ HJNGMKQ <. . . . $ F J<Q JE LG EQK LGF<LGF G HGH, F O $ OGM< FGL JLJ <KJ LL LQKGM< GFLFM, LF LG ³Q LG JEK, F< LG K J<JKK LJGML MFFGOF EKJK G JNGMLGF.¬ GP, H GF LMKHFKGF G L #K CGJHMK AL, 1794.





. 4. LJ< <, &. F LK BMJ <GK FGL PHF< KG EMMKKK GJ. F LL LJ < KGELF LLJ LG <GLF LG KHL JK OL DJ. +J, KGGF HMKK GF LG L HJGHJMKFKK G L GG. # NG<K LMQ <=FQF L JLK G EF,ML K LL FKEF N FGL < GKGF LG FKKL GF

LE.

+. 120, . 1. Q F<NGMJ LG HJGN, &. EJQ L AEJFK< K< LJ EK LG JLQ GF O F< HJ<FL.

. 18. JLK G EF¨JLK G FKEF. «MJ FKLGJK, GJ LEGKL HJL, LGG LJ KLF<, FGL GF FJ LGJQ, ML GF LHJLMJ GFKLLMLGF G L JE. Q KKJL< L JLK, FGL G EF, ML G FKEF.¬ MQ, KKQ GF FLGKªK #KLGJQG L NGMLGF. BMJ GONJ EK M<K LG L «GEEGF

JLK G EF,¬ F <KLFLGF JGE L «<KHML< JLK F<HJNK G J<GE,¬ F L LLJ LG L J±K G BJKLG. AF<NJQ FKEF EJ OL L LJLMJ G K GOF LE EMKLN FGOF LL BMJ PJL<. «JLK G EF¬ OJ GEEGF LGH. BH. JMJLGF, GJ FKLF, KQK F GF G KJEGFK LL LG F FK F «L GJ<ªK AFGFL<¬ K « NGLGF G L JLK G EF.¬

. 20. GLJ HJGGMF<Q JF< EF. MKGF K LG CG F<"FN. CH. NG. . H. 238, . 7.

. 22. FJ LGJK. #GGJ F< "JGLMK J M<< LG. KGBGG $. G <F «D %MJ LMJ L "FLME KMF<ME<KHFE #JGJME.¬

+. 121, . 14. QGM O GKJN, &. BMJ J LJEFLK KIMGLLGFK JGE L JNK G L FK GFKLLMLGF, F< HKKKGF LG K «³LGFK¬ GF L JF NGMLGF. # ±LK LLJFKLGF F LJ HJJHK, F O GFLJNK LG JK, LGF, F< OLGML F ±GJL, LG L M «L G K JLJMEFL.¬ K LJ HJJHK, N<FLQ GEHGK< OL JL

HFK, KME MH L GFMKGFK G L HJNGMK HK K LG ELLJ,F< K LG KLQ J KG JML< K LG HJHJ GJ L JNLQ F<GJ O JLJR L FPL KLGF G L OGJ.

. 15. MFGJE HGQ. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 180, . 17.

. 16. FL< FJLF. «GJ J<LK NFL MFMIMFGKLJME MJ L MK, IME HJFLMK,¬ K L O-FGOFEGLLG JGE CJG, HJ²P< LG CG MHGF LLLGF.

. 17. <JN< LG MK JGE GMJ GJLJK, LG LJFKELL< LG GMJHGKLJLQ. KHJL< FK G CLG (AL $$$.) OJ EJ LG BMJ:





EEJ, EQ JF<K! L OK, L JLK, FJGMK HF G HGOªJ <NJª< <GOF315JGE LG , Q QGMJ JFGOFª< GJLJK(G <JQ GML, L HJ G KG EM GG<), L L FNJ HJK F QGMJ F<K,

BML HGMKQ LJFKEL L LG QGMJ <JF.

. 21. MFLQ, <NJKLQ. CH. NG. . H. 255, . 11.

. 22. F GMK G GEEGFK F< H=GH=. KJN L E JFKFML<, KMKL< Q BMJªK K LGJQ G +JEFL. $LK FGO MF<JKLGG< LL L JLK G L #GMK G CGEEGFK J FGL<KLFMK JGE, F< J EE<LQ JKGN FLG LGK G L HGH.

. 26. GGOF FLMJ, O K OK<GE OLGML J³LGF, &. CH.FJ H. 174, . 32, H. 181, . 27, &. G F L J< LLJ GF< +; «NJ OK LJ J GJ <KGJ< LOF FMFKFLEFL F< KGMF< HGQ. NJ, FG, FNJ, << LMJ KQ GFLF, F< K<GE KQ FGLJ.¬ A LJ LJFKLGF G %MNF,L. PN. . 321;

MFIME M< LMJ, M< HFL <PL. GJEM KGJJGO< JGE L LG HGKGHQ, KG HGHMJ F GE. BMJGLF < F EF< L <KJHLGF G K NGMJL MLGJ, MF;

# EGJK, <MJ EEGL CLGFKL ML; KJNJ EG<ME, ²FEIM LFJ,LMJEIM KIM, HLJIM EHF<J NLE;GF K, K< LGL FLME K J<J EMF<G.+JK. $$. 380, &.

MK BMJ EK G L < K, GONJ, J G K KLM<Q G L KKQKLK. L HLLGJ, G. 404. $L GMJK EGJ LF GFF CKLJ²<ªK KKQK F L «GJ<.¬ <GLJF K O HML QBJ; «$L K FGL GFQ F L ²F JLK LL L ELLGF G FLMJ

K L MF<EFL HJFH; L K L KE F KGMF< HGQ, O KFG GLJ LF L JL G MFLF F< <JLF LG L KE F< LFLMJ F< EEML KFLEFLK G EFF<.¬

. 28. A KHJL G FFGNLGF. BMJ <GK FGL EF KHJL G =>GJE.«$L FFGL, L LK LE, LGG GLF JHL<¨F MHGF F;HJHL MHGF HJHL; MFL L GEK FLG L MJJFQ G HJGNJ¨LG FFGNL= K FGL LG J=>GJE.¬ LLJ LG G GJ<.

$<. L JKML G K²K LEHJ, &. K EL O MKLJL< Q L LLEHL< FFGNLGFK GF L GFKLLMLGF F LJQ HJL G L JF (K NG. ., HKKE), F< Q L KLGJQ G L





LMJLK. «CJK $$.,¬ KQK CJF<GF, «< F K FLMJ KG LLJNJF F< KLE GJ FLIMLQ, F< << F LJML KG EMGFLEF G< GJ<JK, GJEK, F< FKLLMLGFK, LL L GLGF G FGNLQ JLJ <NF< LF GKLJML< FQ HJGHGKLGF.¬

. 29. +GH O FGL GG GJOJ<, &. «GMK NNR LGML FLJK <FK EGEFL HJdKFL; NGMK Q eLK GFKFdK HJ MF HKKGF<GEFFL: L LGML IM F K JHHGJL HK ` EGEFL NGMKHJL FLIM L KMJFFd. F²F, NGMK eLK LEFL F NGLJHJKGFF L < GMJ L <ªKHJL, IM, JGQFL GJEJ ` NGMK KMKMF HGFL KLGJIM, K JKKEFK dLJFK FLJ 316LEHK L K GEEK dHHFL ` NGLJ LLFLGF, L ªMLGJLd <ªPHdJF NGMK KE MF ²LGF, GM MF NF JFL<KLFd MFIMEFL M Jd<L <K NJ<K.¬ <E D L,CGJFF, N. P.

+. 122, . 3. EQ KLLEFL¨EGJLEF. BQ O F<< HJGHJLQK KMJ< FFQ (KML LG EHGJLFL JKLJLGFK) FEK F< GJHGJLGFK (F L KFK) JKHLNQ.

. 4. JKH< K F F< G EGJLEF (EGJLM EFMK, EFEGJL).J K F MKGF LG L FM PHFLGF G L LJE, «LL LK < EGJLEF Q JKEF LG L G<F G EFªK F<LL K J<Q LG <, GJ OL LF G<L LLL FGL G L <<¬ (CG. LL. 2 ). LFMJ OK JQ KG < MKL Q<< FG KJN LG L KMHJGJ GJ<.

. 10. MJ HGL KQKLE, &. CGEHJ OL LK OLQGFMKGFK L GHFGF G BGF; «GK LFK O N GFGF LGLJ J, K L OJ, GF<JL OLF LEKNK. . . . $LOJ GG<, LJGJ, EF, F LJ FFGNLGFK, OGM< GGO LPEH G LE LK, O F<< FFGNLL JLQ, ML IMLQ,F< Q <JK KJQ LG HJN<.¬ KKQ GF $FFGNLGFK.CH. #GGJ, . +G., BGG . . 10, HJ. 9, KL MK.

. 15. JL EQKLJGMK FGJHGJLGF. CH. NG. . H. 288, . 12.

. 20. FNJ OGQ FO, &. CH. $FLJG<. LG NG. . H. 29, . 20, &. CH.KG L LGJQ G L LJM G CGFLJL, H. 192 FJ.

. 30. . . . . GMJ K=HM@J=K F< GMJ LJK. JE G L JMEFLK LG GMF< F L 14L G GMLªK +GKLMEGMK JEGFK: «AF<JF <GK L <EJ OK<GE G "G< HHJ, F EG<F LJL GFGEQ G L OGJ<, KG MFLF HM F< HJNL<NFLK, LL LGK ±LGFK F< <KHGKLGFK G EF<, LL JEGKL GF<M LG L KLQ G GNJFEFL F< KGLQ, J KGEGKL <NFLGMK LG EF F K HJKGF HLQ.¬ JMEFLK EH²< F DJ. CEJKª BJ<OLJ JLK.





+. 123, . 9. FG >J==<GE. HLL K FGL MK< F L EGJKFK, ML F<LK F JKLGJL JLJ. E, GONJ,K FGL FLF<< LG <J< ML LG NL L JLJ G HGHMJJLQ.

. 15. LJ . BML K FGL LG NG. . H. 138, . 13, F< AJKL. +G.,. . . 5.

. 27. HGKKKK< F KGE HJLK, &. BMJ JJK GF L < G LKL HJJH, FF L EKK G L FLGF LG FGEFKM<F LG K HLJF KLL.

. 31. NJQ FJQ K GG< K GM< OK<. K L KG? KIMKLGF OK EM <L< GJ L ELF G L LLK-"FJ. NGMLGFKLK OK< GJ GFKLLMLGF, LG O L

HJN< KKK JH< LL JF J<Q < NJQ GG<GFKLLMLGF, LG O FGLF OK OFLF ML JKLGJLGF LG LKHJKLF NGMJ. K HJ<GP K KMHHGJL< Q BMJ. A KLLKEF KGJ JEGN< JGE KMKHGF G HJM< K %. %. GMFJ, K IML G FGLJ GHFGF. BMJ F< L LLK-"FJ317 LG LFK +JEFL. CH. H. 109, . 9, H. 115, . 24. GLF, GONJ,GM< JLJ JGE L GFKLLMLGF G L LLJ, GEHGK<, FL CGEEGFK, G HJGHJLGJK L< Q HJGHJLGJK, F< F LGJ<K, G <KF< HJKGF EKLJQ: F< FNJ OK FLGF GNJF<, NF LEHGJJQ, Q EGJ KMJ< GFKLLMLGFLF LL G L JNN< LLK-"FJ. «MHHGKGFK, GFLJ LGML NJKEF, IM K GJ<JK KdHJdK MKKFL < GFKFL, LIM HP FªML HGFL dLd LJGMd HJ MJK HJdLFLGFKJKHLNK, K MJGFL KFLGFFd LL EGFKLJMMK GEHGKLGF<ªdLLK-dFdJMP. $K MJGFL <d<d, IMªGF JdMFJGLHdJG<IMEFL LGMK K JFbGK adK < HMK < NFL FI FK,HGMJ <ddJJ KdHJdEFL, K MFK GEE FGK, K MLJKGEE HddFK, KMJ LGMK K FLdJeLK < ªdLL, FGF KMEFL<FK IM N, EK FGJ MKIMK <FK <JFJ N, HGMJJd<J HJ dJL MJK <EF<K L MJK HJGLK, L K GF²J `<K <dHMLdK, KGMEK <FK ªKKEd <K JdHJdKFLFK MP GJ<JK

< MP IM K MJGFL GKK. AFK ªGF MJGL dL MFJKLGJL NGFL L MF <dEGJL LMEMLMMK, <GFL MLLFdNL FªML HK LJ<d < HJG<MJ ªFJ L MFGMNJKEFL dFdJ.¬ GMFJ, D ªF³MF LLJMd MPHGKGHK, &., H. 90. J +. JFK, F LLJ LG BMJ, HGFL<GML L JJGJ BMJ J EK.

. 32. LLK, . . LLK-"FJ.

+. 124, . 8. KML G GEHJGEK. CH. NG. . H. 278, . 29.

. 9. LEHJEFLK. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 124, . 17.





. 33. GO-GJF KJN OJLK. GL L NJLGF JGE FJJ GHFGF F NG. . H. 107, . 16. HKK G GMKKMIMGL< F L FGL LG LL H EQ J HHJGHJLQ JML<Q KLLF, F L OGJ<K G BMJ, L KL<Q HGQ G L JFEGFJQ, O < KMKKL<, F< NF F KLJFLF<, Q

L FJLGF GJ KMHHGJL G JHMK. OKK JHMK JOMF<J L MJ<FKH G L JF EGFJQ. DMLJHMK OJ L< F< JK< MF<J L KE FMLGF. A JHMF GFKLLMLGF OK LJOJ<K, MF<J L F³MF G JF, KLK< F L EHJ, FKL L HJLFKGFK G LK; F< O L JHMF HJGLKLFLK OJ JMK< L GE(H. FGL LG H. 97, . 19, FL) L JF EGFJK GLF< LJ²F KLKEFL F "JEFQ K O G L EHJ, Q LLJLQ G KLH. L GF< LLJ GF < +(1796).

+. 125, . 2. JGGF KNK. JGGF (GJJGO< JGE L JFKL $F<K, (JJGF ) EFK JMFOQ KN.

. 3. GMK G GF<. PG<MK, PP. 2.

. 20. GG< LG QGMJ FGMJK F LK F<. BML GO EHGKK LOK, NJQ HJGHJQ FKKLK D GIMN, LG <G K FF< <<GF, F< J<MQ LG F L KHJL G L FFL FKLLMLGFKQ HJL! BQ FG MEF <N F QJ E< LG <G L OGJ G FLMJK. JFEF L EK NJQ GMJ FMJ< F KGJLMF, K GEGJL, GJ K HJ<, Q KGE G< O, KGE HGLMK, GJ KGE JEFFL G G< HGOJ, F< KO OLF K J FGJE<Q HH LG L HJLMJ318 ¨GJ E L GFQLJFLNK OJ, LG KM±J NJQLF, GJ LG <KLJGQ NJQLF.

. 34. LG GNJQ L = LG KL³ GJ KEGLJ.

+. 126, . 8. FNJ F JEGN. CH. HGKL, HH. 360, 361.

. 11. FGL EGJ HHQ. CH. HGKL, H. 198.

. 12. KEGGL F< KQ JJ. K K HMLLF J LGG J GFL HGKKLK G L JKK. AFQ HGOJ H G ±LMQGFLJGF L FLGFKL FLJKLK EL N <JL< KM JJ; ML OJ OK KM HGOJ LG GMF<?

. 25. A GLJ FLGFK, &. CH. BMJFL, #KLGJQ G K GOF E, NG. ., GF LK JLJKL F L BGEF JNGMLGF.

. 27. KGE JLK . . . G JGF¨KNJJ EFFJK. MKGFKEK LG KHQ LG L FK CGEEGFOL.





+. 127, . 3. <KJ< L@= LGF= G> =F=FL GMF, &. . . LJGOFFLG <KNGMJ. CH. FJ, H. 172, . 12 KII.

. 5. LK EGKL HGLFL LGHK = L KL JMEFLK F LK NGMJ.

. 28. E<F G L KLL. CH. H. 155, . 9.

$<. Q N KF, &. GL L KLJFL G L FLLKK. OG KLGF K ²F PEH G BMJªK EGKL HGOJM KLQ.

+. 128, . 6. FLGF FJMHLQ L GFKIMF. CGFLFLG. FGL LG NG. . H. 167, . 2.

. 11. KHK = <KJHLGFK G EGFQ (J. KHcK), . . G< F<KNJ.

. 13. < LEKNK F L JL JGE OF LQ E. JE G LK <F²< ²MJ K JGE L +J G L FLK.J K HKK F OLªK DJHJªK LLJK, OJLK AJLMJ GMF, O GMFLK MQ GJ G< F< KNJ KG KGMLQ<KHHJF F JF; $ F GFQ 2GG<ªK H=F= GJ KKFLK.«GJ EQ GOF HJL, $ E J<Q JKGN< OL LG <G; $ N HJLLQGG< KGH G KLM±K F< KK, F< FKL< G LF KKFLK, $FLF< LG LJM OL EQ FGMJK, L MLJ F< J, F<JOJ, F< L JKL, GG<K GJ GG<K; F< L LL G< F< KNJ$ N, $ O H Q E EQ JLªK GG<, L LLJ LEK; L

$ E MKL J<Q LG KLJN, F< LF $ O MQ KKFLK.¬ PEH G JF JFF LG BJLF, 3J< <LGF, H. 127. GMK <ªGJ (20NJK) OK L GF LE OGJL 1800 NJK F KKFLK! M G<F< KNJ OK L ²JKL GJ<< F GFEFL, ML <MJF L QJ1791 L LJKMJ G JF F LG EHGJL< FLG FF<. HJ G 3 HJ FL. CGFKGK, O <MJF L HJNGMK ²N QJK < NJ< T75, L E<KMEEJ F LL QJ KLGG< L T88.

. 20. JK JMFK G JF. JKL G MJGH OK L LK LEMF<J L PLJGJ<FJQ <MKGF LL JF OK JQ JMF<; F

BMJªK OGJ<K, «FGL HGLQ PKLF.¬ K HJKMKGF HJLQGMFLK GJ L LJJGJ F< KLGFKEFL O KGGF KM<< L.

. 28. L KL KL JKJN<, &. CH. FL, H. 119, . 2, F< HGKL, H.176, . 12. BMJ EFK LL FKMJJLGF F< GG<K< J LPLJE E<F G L KLL, F< GFQ LG MK< F L KLJKGJL, OF NJQLF319 K K <. A KEJ PHJKKGF KHML Q <F FLG L EGML G %GFLF <; «NJ LG <G EGJEK LF OK FKKJQ, GJ LL EK OK LGG HJGMK LF LG OKL<.¬ CH. MF, BGG N.; « IMa HJL KM HJLKMK.¬

. 31. LJ HGFJK¨L HGKGHJK F< GFGEKLK.





+. 129, . 1. LJ KG MK. AM<F LG L «HLJGL <GFLGFK¬G KNJ HL. H. 345.

. 14. G LF LGMKF< LEK JLJ GFKIMF, &. «Q (L %GFK) J OQK GFK<JF L GJE <KLJMLGFK G HGOJ

F GFKLLMLGF; L EGJ KK LQ GFK<J K FGLF. JQ<±JFL K EQ GHFGF; $ GFK<J L EGJ KK K NJQLF;L GJE JJFEFLK, MJLJ LF K LQ HJGEGL L EGJHJFHK G GNJFEFL, F< L HF <KHJLQ O<HJKGFK K L KMLK G OK, F< FGL L EJK G LE, LG G LL EHGJLF. L KF²K L MLLF F< KMµF G J<K, O L H KL JEFK L KE?¬ GMJL LLJ GF< +.

. 29. Q LJ GJ<FF F<K¨HJGEK G JNLGF. MKGF

K LG L HJL G L CMJ (K ALK . N).+. 130, . 2. LFLK¨HJL PHJF F L KLL. «GMKFªNGFK EK EFIMd < HGKGHK L <ªGJLMJK,¬ KQK DQ, F K JLIM GF LJQªK #KLGJ <K ^LLK-"dFdJMP;«FGMK FªNGFK M ML IM <ªGEEK <ªdLL.¬

. 7. LGK OG O <, &. K FGF OK L JKML G BMJªKGKJNLGF G L FK +JEFL. CH. NG. . FGL LG H. 208, .28. GJ L HJK F "J F< GEF , K +LG, H., BGG N. H. 493, F< CJG, H., BGG .

+. 131, . 2. KP MF<J< HJKGFK. <GM JHJKFLLGF G LJK ^LL, <NGL< Q QcK F< DªFLJMK, < J<Q F<ELL< F L HJGNF KKEK. $L OK FGO <GHL< QJ OL L NO G GNJFF L F³MF G LHJN< GJ<JK, F< GNJGEF LJ K²K F< EHGLJKKLF LG LPLGF, F< LJ FJ <LJEFLGF LG LOJLL JGQ HGQ.

. 11. KGGF JKGN< FLG LL G<Q. KLLK EL GF L 5L G

Q; F< L J< KLL GF L 17L G %MF, MHGF L EGLGF G QcK, GFKLLML< LK L LGF AKKEQ. « EEGJ<J G L 17L G %MF,¬ KQK . FL, «GFLF< L JE G L 4L G AMMKL.¬

. 14. NJQ JL HJGHGJLGF, &. FLJNFLGF G L OQJ FKG EFQ G L LK G N , F< L GEHPLQ G L <±JFLG<K G GEEGF O (GjLMEK), 300 F FMEJ, O HJN<F <±JFL HJLK G L GMFLJQ,* OQK JLQ KO< LFMEJK G L HJGKKGF.320 «GMK JF <M GQ JFbGKHJEJ < FGE, MF FGNFMK ²L MF CGEEFLJ KMJ+LGGEd, <<FK IM <KGL, IMªF KL JF Q NGL HMK





< FK < JG GFM, IMªF LGML ªAEF, ª$L, LªKHF; L JGQ JLK IMª <KGL NJQ.¬ +KIMJ, KJK < JF, N. P. . 38. GFLF, GML L KELE, JEJK (KK., N. . . 22) LL L OQJK EL GFK<J< K GMJL KLL. AK L OK L OQJK OG OJ KL

IMFL< OL L OJGFK G L HGH, F< GF HGKKKK< LFGO< JIMKL GJ HMLLF LE GJOJ<, LQ OJ NJQHHJGHJL JHJKFLLNK G L HGH. BMJ K F EF<, G GMJK, L KLL G LFK F FF<, F O L F<< FLJQ,<F GFGMJQ OL L HGH F< FGQF LJ KQEHLQF< GF²<F, OQK MJFK< L EGJLQ G LJJHJKFLLNK. BML GO GM< N KMHHGK< LL L JFHGH OGM< GJ GM< JLMJF L F<GOFJK K LJJHJKFLLNK?

. 15. EGJLQ G L EEJK OG LLF<<. K FFGL GJJL. 652 EEJK LGG LJ KLK: F< LQ OJ KK< KGGOK:

2 +JKLK.12 "FLEF.12 QGJK GJ CGFKMK G GOFK.162KLJLK G <±JFL LJMFK.272A<NGLK.16 +QKFK.

176JFLK, EGF< EF, F< JEJK.652

. 16. HJLLGF=JK F L@= O. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 241, . 10. JEJK G DJ. EKQ F K #KLGJQ G L AEJF NGMLGF,GF L KJ G L OQJK F L JNGL, J IMGL< NJQ HHGKLQF +JKLQªK KGF< LLJ LG BMJ, F FKOJ LG LK JEJK. KG NG. . H. 249, . 8§11.

. 17. FGL G <KLFMK< EKLJLK. EKLJLK G L

KMHJE GMJLK F< K GF< LG L GJ<J G L GLQ,F< OJ JHJKFL< F LK JHJKFLLGF LG L FMEJ G 28;F< NF LQ < F , L LGJK G L J< KLLOGM< J<Q N FLJMKL< LE OL LJ FLJKLK. BML 162EKLJLK G GLJ LJMFK OJ EGF L JHJKFLLNK G L J< KLL. « <dHMLLGF <K GEEMFK,¬ KQK GMFJ,«dLL `-HM-HJK MKK F GEHGKd IMª HGMNGL ªeLJ, L KL<´ IMª KGL EMP, LFL IMªGF KdHJJ JHJdKFLLGF<K HddFK < <K FLKGEEK.¬ JK KMJ KMKK, &. G. . H. 257.





. 21. FJGJ . . . EEJK G L HJGKKGF. F L GEHFLKFKL HJLKF OQJK F HJEFL, F< LJ PMKGF F L46L G <OJ< $$$, K #E, . N. HJL 3. CH. L+JEFLME $F<GLGJME, GJ -JFF +JEFL, G #FJQ $.$F BGFªK DJML GJ +JGELGF321 GJ +JEFL,

<EGFKK L LGJK «J<Q F< KLQ, LL LQ LJMQKFK FGL LG <KNM GJ <KHJ L GMK . . . . OL OQJK G EF GMFL F< KLELGF.¬ FJQ GF LK KML, L<L F L CGEEGFK, GNEJ, 1649, F LGªK EGJK.

. 23. <KLFMK< PHLGFK. J OJ GF GJ LOG <NGLK G HJGGMF< JFF F< F J HJL, CEMK. J OJGLJK, GMFJ F< GML, <KLFMK< GJ L OK<GEF< EG<JLGF G LJ HGL NOK.

. 28. KO <KLFLQ¨ LL OK LG GGO. CGEHJ OL LHJJHK O GGO, L GMLK GF JF A±JK, MF<J L< «±L G L GL.¬ +F <FK LL LK OJ L NOK G BMJ L L LE, F< KQK LL L OK EHGKK LG E EN LL LJ OGM< JNGMLGF F JF: K GHFGFF LL L JF < FLJ KHJL LG MF<JL L, FGJGJLLM< LG KMHHGJL L. K < F L GHFGF G L KLFGJE< KLLKEF KF L MJ G MJGL. CH. FGL LG H. 271,. 9.

+. 132, . 18. <JF, KML, LN, &. CH. NG. . H. 242, . 3.

. 25. FNL. H. 131, . 28.

+. 133, . 6. MHJEFFL MLGJLQ, &.¨CGFL=FLG. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 167, . 2.

. 7. GMFLJQ GOFK¨LJ<JK. 176 (FGL LG H. 131, . 15).

. 9. LJ<JK¨FNJ FGOF FQLF QGF< LJ GMFLF-GMK. EGJK G L GMJ=GK #J<Q, BJJ, F< JK ±GJ<

NM MKLJLGFK G L NOK G ±JK LF Q H EFG MKM F< MFGJE NK, F< N<F LL LJ <K OJ FGLGMF<< Q LJ GMFLF-GMK. J K FG JKGF LG LF LLLQ OJ PHLGFK F LJ KK.

. 16. HJLLQ GFK<J. K PHJKKGF K K< LG KK F FF<, ML KMJNNK F AEJ. J OJ GFQ 16HQKFK F L AKKEQ.

. 17. LK MLQ < FGL, &. JF AF J M G KMHGF L E< HJGKKGF. BMJ HGKKQ < F EF< LGFKLFL J<M G L MLQ G E<F Q K NGMJL JFMLGJ, GcJ. CH. FJ, H. 349, . 25.





. 32. FLMJ F<< FLJKL. BML GO MFJKGF LG PHL L! FLMJ F<< FLJKL OK KMJQ KM´FLQ JHJKFL< FL FGLQ.

. 35. KMJ GHJLGF G <IML MKK, &. BMJ LGML LL

L #GMK G CGEEGFK OK F< GML LG KGELF NJQ EMEGJ LF OL OK EH< F L NMJ < G «HGHMJJHJKFLLGF¬; LL L GFLF< OLF LK EM EGJ KMLF< JL² GEFLGF G HJLK F< HGOJK, LF OK FJQKMHHGK<; F< LL L OGM< LK L KMJ G GFLEHLN EFLG PL LGJGMQ L OGJF G LK EFKE. LLJ LG EJ G L LGF AKKEQ.

+. 134, . 4. HGL <KLFLGF = HGL. FGL LG H. 93, . 27,FL.

322. 18. L FFGL KH GKJNLGF. L JLJ G J."JFN, NG. . H. 185, F< FGLK.

. 26. ALJ , &. <LK G L HJ<F GKJNLGFK <G FGLEHJ L MKL G L FKMJ GFLF< F L GFM<FHJJH, O OK EHQ KLK< Q NFLK. BMJªK FOK GLF LGG JH< LG IML PL, ML L OK MFJJF F LKMMJQ G L KKFL JF G EGNEFL.

. 32. <KKGN MK. BMJ OJLK K KHF F L #GMK.

+. 135, . 1. JJK G O F $F<, &. L H GF LG G AJGLªK DLK, F O +M BF²<, OG E<(FM<F EK) FG OJ LF L EEJK G +JEFL, F<GLJK, J LJL< F JLGJ KLJF G F<FFL JGFQ OK FG HJ F HJGF LJLMJ.

. 16. GGK JMK F, &. +GH, KKQ GF CJLKE, . 625.

. 27. EJ GMFLJQ MJLK. (CMJdK.) GL F L EG<JF KFK G F

KKKLFL, ML F L G< F< HJGHJ GF G =F=²=< JQEF GJK KMKLLML= (NJ). BQªK <LGFJQ K: CMJL, HJKGF GJ NJ G HJK. GJ<J G L JQ OK JHJKFL< Q 48JKGHK F< KGHK, 35 GLK GJ FGFK, F< 208 MJLK GJHJK HJKLK. FGE G F²< MJd NJ< T28 HJFFME: LL G NJ=, GML LL KME.

. 31. GHKK HGNJLQ. NGMLGF, KQK AJLMJ GMF, OK FMF<GML< F²L LG L GOJ JQ, OG GEHJK< ²N-KPLK G L OG. Q OJ FGL LGG FMEJGMKQ JHJKFL<, LJHJKFLLGF OJ LG EF FQLF L .

+. 136, . 6. LGK Q OGE, &. . . L OQJK.





. 26. LMJMFL, <KGFLFL< EF G IMLQ. K JEJK,HHQF LG L DM G JFK, JM, QJF<, L LOGELK, DMHGJL, <ªAMGF, < GK, &., OJ F<JLQE< L GFLEHGJJQ FK FGK G L KK G L DM G B<GJ<, GJ< FK<GOF, GJ< LFGH, F< GJ< M<J<,

OG OKL F³L< OL PJL< KFLEFLK G JLQ,< GF <KNGO< L HJFH G LF F GFFPGF, F<±LMQ JMF< L HGL HGOJ G L HJLQ LG O LQHJGKK< LG GF. CH. NG. . HH. 150 KII.

. 31. LG LL<, &. CH. +GH, KKQ GF F, N. 361 KII.

. 32. L ²JKL HJFH G HM ±LGFK. H. 107, . 9 KII. JMEFL EQ LJ< F C. D ´K, . . . 17. FBMJªK LE, L K GE LJL GEEGFH. DJ. BJ OJGL

OG KJEGF MHGF L. G GJL #; « GJ<J G FLMJ K NJJGE HJLMJK LG FJK. AK F L GHJLGFK G FLL OHJG< JGE L GFLEHLGF G F<N<MK LG L GJELGF G FJ KLJLGFK, KG F L <NGHEFL G L HKKGFK F EFFJ O <NF JGE HJNL LG HM ±LGFK; JGE L GNG HJFLK, JGLJK, F< KKLJK, LG LGK EGJ PHF<< JJ<KO EJ L EEFK KGLQ G MEF F<.¬ JEGF GFG<JF $F²<LQ. F L GLJ F<, L HJNL323 ±LGFKJ LL<, OL L KE ELHQK OHGFK, ML OL NJQ<±JFL GL, Q %GFLF <OJ<K F< "G<OF.

. 33. ²JKL F, &. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 148, . 1.

+. 137, . 7. L LF J G #GF<. «K (JHJNF GJ< "GJF,F< FGL GJ< #GF<) EQ MLGF LG MK FKL L±LLGF G HGHMJLQ, OF QGM K L KKM G L F LK FGFLEF, OG OK K M G FJGKLQ F< GMJLKH LG KGJLKG HJKGFK, F< J<FKK LG H L GHHJKK<, F< LG KLF< GJL JLK G L HGH, K FQ HJKGF G K IMLQ F LK FLGF. L LK HJKGF OK Q L JHJKFLLNK G L HGH NF MH LGPMLGF GJ LJKGF; F< FGLJ GJ<, OG FNJ E<

HJGKKGF G F JF< LG JLQ, LJ N GJ KHJLM, F<P<< L J K EM F K JEK K E KGJL G E FK HGHMJLQ, L G LK GJ< OK KHJ< Q L HGH.¬(LG, J 8, 1649.) GMFLK HJG<Q KLGO< GFE OJ JOJ< GJ K JJQF GML K -MKL F QJ L EK E< Q CJK $., F NJLM G L GJKL JLK (H. NG. . H. 77, . 7). # E GF G L <JK G L +JEFLHJLQ, ML <KJL< LE, F< H< L HFLQ OL K . #EJK E OL FJLLM< LG GL F F< IMF.

. 24. OF EF G JF, &. MKGF K F LG LGKFGEF OG HLJGFK< L NGMLGF GLQ.





+. 138, . 2. L LJJGJ, L GJFEFL G LJ . BMJ HJHK< F EF< L O-FGOF HLH G M (H. . 25), Q DKBGK, F O K <KJ< K «E KM KM LGJEFLME IMEGJFEFLME.¬

BGJF LG KM<M FKMLF LQJFLKª J, GJFEFL F< LJJGJ G L .(#P, FK GF E $$$.)

. 7. JL < EF. G +GH, KKQ GF F, N. 284;

CJGEO, <EFª< LG NJKLF E.BMJ HJHK < F EF< LGF, +J. GKL, . 5;LF PL< KL, Q EJL JKª<G LL < EFF.

. 8. NGMJL HGL. J; «+FQJ LG EQ GJ< +JGLLGJ.¬ ALJ L KLGJLGF, J E< HFQJ MHGF CJK; F<OF L F KLJQ JEJ< LL LL GF CJGEO OK LLLJ GF, JH<, OL OLLQ KJNLQ, LL HGLK KM<< LLJF <F OL ²LGF LF OL LJML. J OK G F LG L+JGLLGJ LJGM K EGLJ, KKLJ G %GF #EH<F. BMJ OKEJ OL L <GEKL KLGJQ G L JK JGE LJMEKLF LL K KLL OK F L KE HJK K LJK(BGFK²<).

. 19. <KLJGQF F. CH. NG. . H. 214, . 23.

$<. KEGL L GMFLJQ¨GEEMFL< LG L L GJ F< FJQ,&. EJQ %MFMK, . 6, 1771; «L K JEK, (CJGEO) < L KHJL G F FKEF. GF<ML G KM EF EMKL OQK F PHLGF LG NMJ JMK. # < LKKM´FL LG JGF GFLJ<LGFK, F< LG E JL FLGF LL KE LE MFHHQ F< GJE<.¬324 $F L LLJ LG EJ G L LGF AKKEQ L HGQ G CJGEO KMKLJL< Q K JLF EFJ EF G K GOF HJLQ, F<

GGKF # K K -MKL.

. 29. GO NJQ KGGF JF, &. JF K OQK F<KLFMK< GJ L EGKL KL FLJF HGOJK. BMJ F LJLEK IMGL< F MKLJLGF G LK L FK,

+J <EF, HJ <K, HKGDML GHK FEMEIM JJG.

. 33. FGL KF L EF< F L@=J GMFLJQ. FLGK JLGJLK LK<F²< ²MJ GF L EFKLJK OGE BMJ LJ L NGMLGFGFN< L LG K <MLQ LG KMHHGJL.





+. 139, . 6. HKQ. J. HJQK=, FGO FJQ <KMK<, F NGMJ G L GJF LJE HJQKK.

. 16. NJK. A LJE HH< LG L FK %GFK G L HJG<G L CGEEGFOL.

. 17. G< L@= =<²= = GNJG<. G <E, 1KL LJ GF %KMLK;

KKK LG NJQ KK LL G<K LJGF.

. 25. GJLGJ ³GMJK@. KHF K GJJL.

. 29. GMHLGF G F J-<JKKJ, &. CH. AJKL. +G., . . . 5.

+. 140, . 4. G LL KGH@KL, &. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 193, . 6.

. 15. OG LG L GMFLJQ, &. BMJªK KMHHGJL G L KL AL KF <<M< LG KGO GO LL HJL EFF LJ OK FLK LJ<. IMKLGF, GONJ, J, K GF G HGL, FGLJGMK <KLQ. LJE «JGMK¬ (. 17) HHJK GFQ LGM< LG L KLK< MJ.

+. 141, . 3. KGJLLGF GJ JGLLGF. #JJFLGF, L FKGFKLLMLGF-EGFJ, E< L LLJ F KKFL HJFH F KKE. LGF, GONJ, OK< «LL LK O, GJ HJL OF KLL, L HGKK, EL NG<<, K NF LGG EM

´FLQ OL L O G GJLMF.¬ $L O J<Q J<L< LL HJL EEJ G +JEFL F< KJO< LFJ GE %FQFK, HHJGN< L HJFH G KGJLLGF, F< <JLQHJGHGK< LG N F FFM EFKLJQ GKF Q GL JGE 30 KL<EEJK G L #GMK G +JK, F< 100 G L #GMK G CGEEGFK! K «E GJ L CGLGF G +JLK,¬ 1782. ELBMJ LL «GF G L EGKL JL HJG<K F GMJ FFK¬(LLJ LG G GJ<). #< L LF HJGHGK< HJEFLJQJGJEK LF H, BMJ LGML LL «FGL JF, ML FF<,OGM< N < L GFGMJ G <F MH L <L-<F G

DEGJL NGMLGF. LJ HJGLK, PLQ GF<FL F LEOL LGK, KLJM L L NJQ PKLF G L F<GE MF<J FQGFKLLMLGF¬ (.).

. 7. JG< LG EFF F< HGOJ JGE GKMJ GF<LGF . . . FGL LG E< LGG KQ. J K J HGKKQ F MKGF LG LHJ<F FJLGF, F< L JJ G EF GJ< GE. JG< OK OQK KQ FGM F FF<, F< Q LK LE FEGKL GLJ GMFLJK. LJMFK < GNJF< DFEJ. JLJK< MK< LEKNK F NF LG <KGNJ L325 JF<LJ G ª#hHL. F L <Q OF L LLK-"FJ EL F JF, LJGML G L EFKLJK OG GEHGK< L FL (J, JFFK, F< JLF) OJ FGL G FG JL.





. 13. JLM . . . FNJ LJ< ML Q KGE <´MLQ¨†{‡£ Š¤„w{†’Š{‡…ƒ wš{£ €w£ Št„ƒ} yvƒ{Šw• €w£ “‡{Šu. AJKL. L., . . .3. CH. H. 272, . 29 KII.

. 15. LK LQ K O K LK HJGHJLQ. «%GFKE,¬ OJGL BMJ

KNJ QJK LJOJ<K, OF L OG NK< OGJ< OK F±JL L L OGJ<, OLGML MF<JKLF<F NJQ O OL LEFL, «K L JNGL G L FLJHJKF LFLK G GMFLJQ FKLLK HJGHJLQ.¬

. 23. L JL EKKK O PL FNQ, &. CH. L LLJ LG G GJ<, F O L NKL HJGHJLQ G L DM G B<GJ< KMK< LG MKLJL LK <GLJF. PLJL NF F HJNGMK FGL(LG H. 113, . 27) GFLFK L KMKLF G LK JMEFL.

+. 142, . 1. L HGOJ G HJHLMLF GMJ HJGHJLQ F GMJ EK,&. BMJ M<K LG L HJL G EQ KLLEFLK.

. 5. JLK FNGF, &. BMK L FGMJK EF LG GLJGLK LF K²K NKEFL G K GJLMF GF K HJNLOKK. PHJKKGF K KLQ LJ< JGE L 1KL <LGF.

. 12. KG M< G HJGHJLQ, &. L EGLGF JLN LG LH JGE L JGF, 14L %MF, 1784, F O LK L K MK<F MKL²LGF G L <KHHJGN, PHJKK< Q L CGEEGFK, G L GJJMHLGF F< FLE<LGF EHGQ< Q L EFKLJK F<

HJK. M< HGOJ G L GJ<K K KLGJQ LJ< Q#E, . P.

. 26. GFKLLMLGF G F<GE¨ HJGE F JLEL.GLOLKLF<F L KJKE, O E NJQ HGHMJ, LHJFH K FGO F JGFK< FGL GFQ F FF<, ML F EGKLGFKLLMLGF GNJFEFLK.

L BJLK JLQªK F EHLQ FE J MJ, FMEJQ J,

GGK LK EEJK Q L M G J.CFFF, O GJLQ.

GMKKMªK LGJQ, GONJ, JJJ< FGL LG L JM G LJ, ML LGL JM G L KIMJ= JGGL! «CGFLJL G,¬ N. . . 1.

. 28. EH-HGKL. (FLJF), M<F LG L KMEEJQ PMLGFK QL EG (K FJ, H. 166), O F, <MJF L JGLK OHJ<< L 14L G %MQ, OL HMFKF LNK Q <JF LELG L "JcN, F< FF LE Q L JGHK O OJ MK< LGKLF L FLJFK. D MFQ, D GKE, GQ, F< KKK,OJ KGGF LJOJ<K «QF<¬ F L KE OQ.





+. 143, . 12. GEHL< LK OGJ . . . GEHK< LK JMF. CH. KEJ PHJKKGF, NG. . H. 207, . 11.

. 27. <KEEJ< LJ GMFLJQ. CH. FJ, H. 192, . 27.

+. 145, . 1. NJ-OF NF. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 76, . 30. MKGF K G GMJK LG L «J #KHJF LJ,¬ O

<F OL GGEF G<, < F< L MJ< <JGF-OL F< MFFFL< Q.¨CGEMK, . 393.

326. 13. EQ GG<-FLMJ= = <K. G «EQ FLFKK,¬KHJ, F J, AL . KF 4. CH. NG. . H. 100, . 10,«EFKK G FFLK.¬ PHJKKGF KEK LG <GHL< JGEL HLLGJ (G. 177), KHF G GFKLLMLGF GG<-FLMJ,

«O J. DJQ<F KGEOJ K EFKK G GG<.¬. 14. JG GJLLM< LGOJ<K L KM±JJK. CH. FGL LG NG. . H.149, . 27. K <, GLF JHL< Q BMJ, K <JN< JGE L«GMLK GF JGMK MLK,¬ Q +GH F< OL: «$ FNJ FOFQ EF F EQ , OG GM< FGL J FGLJªK EKGJLMFKHJLQ CJKLF.¬

. 19. $K GMJ EGFJQ, &. BQ L FPL H L O KF LL DJ.+J < EJ< K L MF<EFL JNF G L FKHGH L F<IMQ G HGHMJ JHJKFLLGF. CGM< BMJ

JQ OK LG MF<JKLGG< K <JF LL JGJE G +JEFL F FF< OGM< < LG L FK J KL GML? $ KG, OL K L EFF G L HJK HJG<K LG KLGOGF L FK HGH GJ LJ KL<FKK G LEHJEFL? $L K,GONJ, KMHJ³MGMK LG HGFL GML L G PKKK G L< <NGL.

. 22. <GF OQ. LJLQ GJJL. G LG <G GML, <G MH, <G G±, <G GF(<GML, <MH, <G±, <GF), &. EG<JF HJK, LG «<G OQ OL@,¬K JKF JGE GFMKGF OL L FLJLGF PHJKKGF, «AOQ

OL.¬ HFKJ;

G <G OQ NF <GML, F< F<KK <J<.

. 23. GMK G GJ<K LG NGL< MKKK. AM<F LG L KGMLGFG L CGEEGFK, . 6, 1649, «L L #GMK G +JK F+JEFL K MKKK F< <FJGMK, F< GML LG GK<.¬F LL <Q L GJ<K EL, F< <GMJF< «L LF GªG LG-EGJJGO.¬ L EGJJGO, KQK J. #E, OK L 25L G AHJ,1660.

. 29. F<-LP¨EL-LP¨FN KLJFL. F<-LP F< EL-<MLQ OJ L GFQ EHGKLK FM<< F L KLEL G «OQK F<





EFK¬ GJ JKF L «KMHHK,¬ O HJGN<< GJ L FNQ,GJ<FF, JEQ, F< EKFGMK KJNK. F LGLJ, LKEHGKLK << JLJ EGJ LF HQ GJ L FNQ, O LF GKLGML LOG-F<- EGFK FFMQ.

+. 146, . 3. F L FJK. . . F L GJE G F FJK.

. 16. <M KMK J¨E<GJLQ G J<GE. CH. LLJ LGGLL; «Q HJKK G L BJLK GNJFEFL, G<< OL LKFMEJFK; G< OL LK HJK F< LK ; LK HJKGFK F<LK HM<<F; LK GEEGFK F< LK J; F< LK <M KNK JLQ G GF GML MKL K GF HKK,¬ &.

. 19. F Q ±LF LG <EJ, &. J OK FGL EM F LK. PF G L BJLK GFKLLMLGF GFKKL< FGL F LK

GJE, ML F LK EGJ KK; F L MFLQ, L GJ< JGFLGF,F< L KMKLFL MKL, O KMKKL< LOF KK F<KK, F< LK OK QGF< L J G JF HGLFK. GJEQJJ<<, FGL GFQ L JF <JK, ML KGE FKHGKGHJK, FGL OLGML JLF MKL, OQK «GG< MHGF LOL KGNJF GFLEHL.¬ $L K LK EGJ KK O327BMJ, GGOF K EKLJ AJKLGL, K OQK FKKLF GF K LKKF G HGL F< KLLQ.

. 21. L JF<K G QGMJ LGF AKKEQ, &. LGJQ G LFK GFKLLMLGF OK ²JKL KQKLELQ LL< Q BFLE,F K JEFL GF "GNJFEFL, 1775.

. 24. K <KGNJ<, &. $L K FGLGJGMK LL FF< L LK LEOK FGL J F L KFK F O L K FGO F J GJ GJLQ QJK.

. 31. JHJKFLLGF K HJL¨HGKKKKK JLQ GFQ HJLQ. GJKNJ QJK KM HJKK < F KG <FF< FLG L JK G LFK FLGF, K LG GE QOGJ< GJ L OLK. L KLJLHJFH LL EF J GJF J, GE %FQFK KQK, «K K KG

J JGE F LJM, LL L ²JKL FJFEFL G LJ JLQ KF GJF L ; O K EHGK< MHGF LE OLGML LJGFKFL, NF LJ Q LEKNK GJ LJ JHJKFLLNK.¬DKIMKLGF GF "GNJFEFL F< CN JLQ.

+. 147, . 15. LJL L MEJ HJL G L GEEMFLQ OL LJLKL GFLEHL. GOJ J EGJ ³JFL PEHK G LK LG GMF< LF F LGF. F ²F<K GJ EFK L EKK G LHGH LG OL E, LJLK LE OL L JLKL JKHL;OF LJ K JLGF, GJ F G L, LQ GE «LGK NMJ¬¨«L HGH, PGJLFL F< PKKN F LJFGLGFK¬¨«L E< EMLLM<¬¨« EKJ, J<MGMK, <M<<





LF < L NMJ¬ (GFGKLK)¨« EMLLM<, J<Q LG , GJ JLJ LG JH , LG LJ GF MJ< F< <LKL<LJ<GE G FKH¬¨«L FGFK<JL EMLLM<¬ (G< G KLKF J CGEEGFOL)¨«L KEH LQ¬ (FMJ G FK). E< HFKJ K L HGH «L JK EFQ.¬ G L

GJMK F EKGF;

GJ <G $ FE G EF L GEEGF JGML,L OF<ªJF GGK GML,"JGO MH F< HJK, L KMEEJ ³,#<K OLGML FE FG EGJ JEEJ<.

«GML HMH,¬ OJGL JL, «KL FLMJEFL EGMLGFFJ¬(%GMJF < JL, JK 5, 1793). F L GFLEHL G L<EGMK G L FFL OGJ< GJ LJ M<F, H.

AJMLFGLªK (OLªK?) HHJ «CGFJFF L ALJLGF GJG<F G L AFFLK.¬

. 22. MF<J O O N GF HJGKHJ<. BFLEªK BGG G K, GJ Q<FQ ELªK JNO G L, GJ GFK<JLGF G LKLJL JMEFL.

. 23. HJLQ <IML, &. «$ LJ K <GML, OLJ L#GMK G CGEEGFK JHJKFLK HJLQ L OG GEEGFK G "JL BJLF ($ LF LJ K FGF) LJ F FG IMKLGF MLLL L GJ<K F< CGEEGFK LGLJ JHJKFL L KFK G LOG HGH LG L JGOF, F< LG L OGJ<.¬ J< LLJ GF < +.

+. 148, . 19. LL GMK K FG JHJKFLLN G L HGH L ,NF F KEF GJ F GJE. DJLQ L NJF OL GFKLLMLGF KLGJQ, <F EFLFK LL L GJ<K «KL GJ LGEEGFOL.¬ $F L «+JKFL328 DKGFLFLK¬ (NG. . H. 118, .11), BMJ EFLFK <FªK NO (K $FLJG<. LG NG. . H. 20). $LOGM< < LG EFLF LL BMJªK NOK < KM±J< FGF: ML L F OK JLFQ FGL HJG<M< Q L JF

NGMLGF. $L <L< JGE L E KL MH Q L JNK G BMJªK HJLQ, OF F G´, F< KHF LJGM L JGF, LGGFNQ L KFK G L HGH LG L #GMK G CGEEGFK, F EFFJ EHQF <KLJMKL F< JHJG; F< LK E OKKMHHGJL< Q L <GLJF LL L GJ<K JHJKFL< L HGH, KO K L CGEEGFK. BMJ KF< GML KHQ GJ JMLLGF GFLK GKGF L GGOF HKK JGE GJ< MJFªK HG AHJ 8, 1778; «$ O FNJ KMEL LG L <GLJFK $ N J<LK <Q JGE L OGGK, LL L GLJ #GMK #GMK G CGEEGFK J L GFQ JHJKFLLNK F< MJ<FK G L

HGHªK JLK; $ G<Q EFLF L GFLJJQ¨$ KQ LK #GMK#GMK G GJ<K K =IMQ L@= J=HJ=K=FLLN=K G> L@= H=GH=.¬ $L





OK FGL LL L PFK G HJLQ OJJ F<M< BMJ LGJFIMK K HGKLGF; L OK LL L <GLJF OK FGO FKHJ<OL F FLJQ <±JFL EFF. $LK KKJLGF F L +JKFLDKGFLFLK, F< LK <F GMJLF QJK LJ, OJ E< OL LKE FLFLGF, LL G HJNFLF JLQ JGE F OGMF<<

LJGM LK GJEK (K GLGF JLN LG L H JGE LJGF, 1784). $L OGM< EGJ GJJL LG H LG L GJEG OGJ<K F< KQ LL L CJGOF F< GJ<K J LJMKL==K GJ LHGH.

. 25. ML . . . MHGF KK FGL EGJ KG<, &. CH. NG. . H. 213, .28, H. 270, . 31.

. 31. GELF LQ EMKL <KLJGQ, &. BMJ LJ< LGEEFEFL G LK HJJH, O KLF<K LMK F L 1KL

<LGF; «GE G LE J KG L< OL LJ HJLMJ JGMKLGJK, LL LQ N EGJ LF FLK LL L G L NHGOJK, OL L <J<M GFKIMFK G LL , HJGN<<LQ EL G KJN LG LJ LGJK, GM< FGL MFHL LG LE,¬ &. K OK <GF LG E JJ LKJGMK J J JGML FKL +JKLQ, O OK LFFF G L HJKMLGF O ²FQ <JGN E JGE LGMFLJQ.

+. 149, . 4. HHJ IML JLF. CGFNF<, GONJ, GFQ Q LJEKK FLMKKE O LFK L FKKJQ LG LL KH²EFF LG L NKGFK G L KJ F L AHGQHK. $L OK FGLMFL 1794 LL DJ. +JKLQ G±J< LK HGGQ GJ L.

. 6. EF . . . G JL MLGJLQ. DJ. +JKLQ. G±FKNHKK K LL O GFM<K K GJE< «#KLGJQ G LCGJJMHLGFK G CJKLFLQ,¬ F< ²FKK L GFK<JLGFK<<JKK< LG L <NGLK GJ L N KLKEFL G JGF,F< KHQ LG BKGH #MJ<. $L K K GGOK; «$L K FGLF ML LF= G L F<GE G CJKL OL L F<GEK G LK OGJ<(F F O GMJ GJ< #EK PHJKKQ <KE<) LL

KMHHGJLK L JGKKKL GJJMHLGFK G CJKLFLQ; F< HJHK OEMKL OL GJ L G L N HGOJK GJ LK EGKL MFFLMJF JGF. CELGMK, FG <GML, O LL LE . BMLOL GFNMKGF F L HGL OGJ< GML LG KML G EFLLGF, L329 LLF<< OL KG <KJ F NFL? QL F<GE G "G<, F< G CJKL, (LL O $ GFN LG FLF<< F L GJ<ªK +JQJ,) LJMQ F< MQ GE, LGM LF<GEK F L OGJ< JEGN< F GJ<J LG E OQ GJ L!¬ HMLGF G LK F 1782, L GJ NJQ FJ GF G L EGKLJL HJG<K G GMJ <GEKL KLGJQ, OF JGMK

FLMKKE O < J<Q J<M< EM G L ELJGHGK LGKK, LJLF< LG Q LK OL F IMQ GJE< HGL





EFL (H. FGL LG H. 141, . 3), MKL²K EM G L GGIMQ LLGGO< OF BMJ < LLFLGF LG L.

. 7. F LOF MJ F< KLL. O-FGOF <GLJF G BKGH JMJLGF, M<< LG HGKL, H. 188, . 7 KII.

. 8. G L N HGOJK. EFF G LK OK FGL LG EKLF. $EE<LQ GJ, +JKLQ K F KF OQMLJFKE F< AFFKE < F KLK<, O L AFHLKLK G kFKLJ, F< L GFFK, < F HJKML<? «$FGO G FG JKGF OQ, ML LL L GHFGFK G MLJ F<CJFEJ < L KFLGF G L N HGO=JK, O LGK G GFMK F< GLJK G L KE , F< OG OJ IMQ OIM²< LG M< GJ LEKNK, < FGL.¬

. 10. CELGMK FG <GML, &. DJ. +JKLQ GF L 28L G .,1794, L <Q HHGFL< GJ FJ KL, HJ< L L "JN-HL LF F #FQ KJEGF, FLL< « +JKFL LL G MJGH GEHJ< OL AFFL +JGHK,¬ F O JHLKF< MKL²K L G±FKN HJJH, F< OJFK K GFJLGFG L «<FJ LG L N HGOJK G MJGH, F GFKIMF G LJ GFFPGF OL FLJKLF KKL KQKLEK.¬ # KGHGGK< GJ L F LLJ <L< GJLMEJF<, GN. 10, 1802,<<JKK< LG L <LGJ G L GFLQ RF, Q KQF LL LOK FGL FLF<< GJ FF<, ML GJ MJGH FJQ, «KHQLGK MJGHF LLK O < F HJLK G L GEF EHJ,ML OJ LF F GEEMFGF OL L CMJ G GE. . . . BK<KLL L FLJHJLLGF G HJGHQ GML LG J LG , L K LGHFGF, $ N, G NJQ GEEFLLGJ LL LK KLLK J<GGE< LG <KLJMLGF.¬ $F F AHHF<P LG L KL JEGF, HJFLK GF PLJL JGE #JLQªK «KJNLGFK GF F¬ (1749),F O L G L N F< KKL HGOJK OK HJ<L<OL KEJ GGFKK. «$L OGM< JL JKFKK,¬ KQK #JLQ FK GFMKGF, «LG ²P LE GJ L JF G L KLGJE LLFK GNJ GMJ <K, K L K F<FKK F< FLMLGF FGL LG KL, FGJ LG OJ LL L EQ J; F< QL LK FLMLGF K

OQK LLF<< F KLLK.¬

. 19. HGKKKK< Q L@=K= FGLGFK. $F L KFK G <GHGKKKKGF. «AF GKLFL EF,¬ KQK BMLJ, «<GK FGL G<GHFGFK, ML LQ G< E; GJ OF GF K HGKKKK< OL FJJGJ, ªLK L <N, FGL LG KL GML ML OL JL <´MLQ.¬

. 22. KG< LKL G GF PHJF. CH. FGL LG H. 147, . 22, FL.

. 25. OJGML MF<J-JGMF< EF . . . L «JLK G EF.¬ G

F< <FQ OJ L GMF<JK G L KGG G L «LK G F,¬F< ²JKL330 E< L LK G L FKEF, F LGJQ,





FJQ LG L FJ HJLFKGFK LG JLQ GF G L EF. JMEFL G <FQ K ²JKL, LL EF N Q FLMJ JLFJLK, KGF<, LL FKEF N NJ FGQ< LGK JLK. BMLGO OK L HGKK GJ JFEF LG KKJL KEJ E? «JLK G EF¬ OJ LJQ L GFQ KK F JKGFF GF O

LJ EK GM< N F GMF<<. $F FF<, GF L GLJF<, L HJLMJ JLK G L KML OJ KG OKLK<, LL <FQ EK JKLK L JL G<Q G KJMEFLK GF L JLK G L FKEF. # K , K EM KBMJ, LG L NJQ J O GMKKM JFK FKL "JGLMK;« HMK GFKLFL EFcJ < JKGFFJ KL <ªdLJ LGMGMJK <JGL HJ L.¬

+. 150, . 8. $ K LL F M, &. J. AF. . 140.

. 10. NFLJ = LEHKLMGMK KL OF<.. 11. J MH L GMFLFK G L JL <H. CH. FGL LG NG. . H.186, . 10.

. 15. L J J@LK G> E=F. HJGGMF< F< MKL JEJK OGGO J ²F PEH G LL «<GOJ G KHFFF OK<GE¬ FO BMJ OK KG J, F< PHJKK< OL F MFMKM KLJFLF< KEHLQ G GFKLJMLGF.

. 22. K LOF LJ GOK¨. . K LOF LEKNK F<

LJ GOK.

. 24. EFK G EF LJ F<MKLJQ JMLM¨. . LG LGMHLGF G L KG, OLGML HJM< LG L JLK G L GOFJ.CH. NG. . H. 247, . 26.

. 25. IMKLGFK G LJ HJFLK. LGML HJM<, G GMJK, LGL JL G L HJFL LG <KHGK G L EK. CH. FL, H. 142, . 1.

. 27. FKLJMLGF F , GFKGLGF F <L¨M<F LG L

CMJ KLKEFL.. 31. $F LK HJLFJKH, &. K HHQ MKLJLGF K F LJ-LGML, F< K OFLF F L JKL <LGF.

+. 151, . 3. <FQ LG EGFKL L <JL GJF JLK, &.IMLQ G HGOJ EL NF <F< LG EGF L HQK HGKKL=K G N KGLQ.

. 7. G±KHJF G GFNFLGF. BMJ J <ELK L MF<EFL<GLJFK JLF LG L G CGFLJL, F< HJG<K LG KGO

GO LQ F LJ KF²F F HJL.





. 14. GF G L ²JKL EGLNK LG N KGLQ, &. HJGKK KLJ< OL K MKM JFKK Q #GGJ, . +G., BGG . U 10.BMJ KEK LG N F EF< #GGJªK <KH G, JL. G "GNJFEFL, BGG . . 7, U 90; «GJ L F< G N KGLQ FLG NG< F< JE<Q LGK FGFNFFK G L KLL G FLMJ,

O FKKJQ GGO JGE NJQ EFªK F M< F K GOFK,¬ &.

. 16. M< F K GOF MK. CH. NG. . H. 252, . 8, F< L «LLJLG L J±K G BJKLG,¬ F O L JMEFL JGE LKHJFH K PHF<< F< HH< LG L JLGFK G KLLK LOFLEKNK. «F FQ GEEMFLQ K KMGJ<FLQ GFFL< OLFGLJ, L JL <FJ G331 L GFFPGF K L PLJEHJ< F< K-GEHFQ G L KMHJGJ O F ELLJK G GFLJGNJKQ O HJGQ << F LK GOF NGMJ,¬ &.

. 22. JLK G F MFN F< N KLL LGLJ. CH. MJLMK, N.1147;

AJMK P J IMG< FE K IMKIM HJLK, IME FMF GFKKME KL MK IMK,#F G JE KL GEFK HJLKME N GJ NME.

LJ MKLJLGFK JGE L KKK J NF F "JGLMK, . . .20.

. 25. KMJ KGE JLQ, EK KMJJF<J F LJMKL G L OGG L. «$ E KE IM ªGEE, KGJLFL < ªdLL FLMJ, HGMJJJNJ ` ªdLL KG, HJ< KGF F<dHF<F HGMJ IMdJJ HMK <KjJLd. ªGEE IMLL KK GEHFGFK <K GK IM F eFFLHK, EK IM HMNFL <dNGJJ, HGMJ NFJ LJGMNJ MF KGdLd IMF <dNGJJ HK, EK IM <GL eFJ. $ KLHM KK FLdJeLK <MEMP IMª HML, L, GJKIMª FLJ <FK MF GFF GFKLLMLGF, d< EGFK < KGF F<dHF<F, L GLFL HMK < KjJLdIMª KL HGKK.¬ NJG, %GMJF +GLIM. JLQ K GEHJGEK LOF F<HF<F F< KMJLQ. K «KMJJF<J

F LJMKL¬ JKEK L KMJJF<J, F L GFLJL G FKMJF, G HGJLGF G QGMJ HJGHJLQ, GJ L KMJLQ G L OG.

. 27. FGL E< F NJLM G FLMJ JLK. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 100,. 23.

+. 152, . 4. NF F L EKK F< G<Q, &. «L JKHL GJHGHMJ KKEK L KHGF,¬ KQK OL, «L K J< LG JGLGF GQ, F²JELQ, GJ N, LG O KF EF K KML<, F<JGE O G<Q G GEEGFK, LJ GLN GJ JHJKFL<,F OGQ PEHL.¬ CGFLKLK F< DKMKKGFK F ALFK F<GE, . N.





. 7. HGOJ GML G LEKNK. CGEHJ LK OL L LJN KGHKEG QcK, «$ F ML HK HJ JdMLMJ GJK < EF.¬BMJ LJMQ KQK KOJ; «AF FGJFL EF, OG K FGL GGFGM LG E<< OL K G, K GONJ KM´FLQ GF²<FLLG LF F KQ L LG HK, F< HML LGLJ L K

HKMJ, EGJ EF G FGLJ MK, EHGJLF, F<GEHPLQ, GEHGK< G J GLJ OK, F< KHJFK, F<FK, F< GMFLJLF F< G-GHJLF HGOJK. F LLLF GO EEGJQ LQ L F E<<F OL OL LQ <G FGLMF<JKLF<.¬ NJG KQK, F L KE NO, «F F JKKEEGFK ` MF F IM EF <M GMNJFEFL; JF FJKKE EGFK ` MF dIMJ IM EJ <K GJHKHGLIMK,¬ &. MNJK, NG. N. H. 265.

. 10. JKLJFLK GF EF¨EGF LJ JLK. CH. FL, H. 93, . 21.

. 21. EGKL <L F< GEHL< K. CH. FGL LG H. 152, . 7.

. 26. JJMLK = JK KMHHK G FGMJKEFL.

. 27. L K L MK, &. KJN L GK KEJLQ LG AJKLGL.

+. 153, . 1. J ±LK G EGJ MKK. «GJ¬ K MK< KGEEGFQ Q BMJ, GJ L GFLJJQ G «HQK.¬

332. 14. GJ PHJF LF FQ HJKGF F F F K OG

. <EGJL LGJQ HHJK LG LL HGL M<EFLGEK LG EF OL HMJLQ. LJML K, LL HJLOK<GE F HJNL ELLJK, L GEK LG FGF OG N FGLGJGMKQ OGJ< GJ L, F< LJGJ LG EGKL HGH FGL L .

. 16. HMF <GOF F <². «G GFKLJML,¬ OJGL BMJ KP QJKGJ, «K ELLJ G K; LG <EGK, GJ F< MJQ JKM´FL.¬ EJ PHJKKGFK J MK< Q GE %FQFK.

. 19. HHJGN< MLLQ = HJGN<.

. 21. JQK G L. AF <EJ MKLJLGF. CH. BGFªKGKJNLGF LL L MEF MF<JKLF<F K FGL «<JQ L,¬ MLEM< OL L GGMJK G L O F< HKKGFK.

. 34. FGJFL G LJ LJ<. CH. FJ, H. 263, . 23.

+. 154, . 12. F HJGHGJLGF K LQ J ELHQKQ LJM, &.BMJ LK MH FL HJ<GP G L <Q. GE %FQFK; «$L K JLF LGM KLJF LJML, LL F HGLK HJFHK OJ KHMLNQ JL, J HJLQ OJGF; L JKGF G O

K, LL LQ HJG< GF KMHHGKLGF LL EF L JLGFQ;O F Q FG EFK LJM, LL K ML GF KG K





GMF<LGF, GF PHJEFL K LG L JGMF<.¬ ³LGFK GFNJ MLK. «LHQKK¬ OK GEEGFQ HH< K LJEG JHJG Q FK OJLJK LJ L HJGEMLGF G LHGKGHQ G G, F< KHQ KG MK< Q L KKQKLK.

. 16. FK, GEHJGEKK. CH. NG. . H. 278, . 29.

. 21. <FGEFLGFK. $F L JLEL KFK = FMEJK.

. 22. JL¨HGOJ. CH. FGL LG H. 107, . 18, FL.

. 27. ²JKL G NJLMK, HJM<F = Œ‡ƒ}‰•ˆ. CH. AJKL. L., . N. . 8, &. $F HJNGMK OGJ BMJ K HJM<F «L "G< G LK GOJ OGJ<,¬ HJHK F MKGF LG %MN. L. P. 365.

. 29. L HJJ HGLK, &. #GJ. < AJL +GL. 465, 466.$<. GF G LE. EH<GK. MKGF K G GMJK LG E FK HGKGH JLJ LF K HGL JLJ.

. 34. GJ <NF. MKGF K LG DJ. +J, K EQ KF JGE LGHFF G L FPL HJJH. BMJ EFK LL L L F< G FGFGMJ JJ, +J OK HQF L GG, L HGKGHJF L F<. CH. BMLJ, JEFLK;

EH<GK, LG KLEa¯°< "G<,

HL FLG ALF, OL K KF<K KG<,L a¯°F GOF GML, <KGNJa¯°< OL F KK JL HGKGHJ F< MJ OK,L LG K GOF FO <LQ KJ²a¯°<, AF< OK EK L NLE F< L HJKL.G LGF, +J. GKL, . 469;LJK E KF; OG LG <Ea¯°< A G<, Ha¯°< GF<Q FLG A=LF ³EK,EH<GK.

333+. 155, . 12. FLJ<K. HFK GJ KLJF ³Q,KGELEK LF FLJFQ K KLEMFL.

. 14. JPK L KHJF. BMJ GLF EHGQK LK E, OOK NJQ KGF F L LEK OF L EGKL MKM MKLJLGFG GNJFEFL OK KGE H G FFEL EFKE.

. 18. ME HJEL KNGK, &. %MN. N. 151.

. 22. EGKL L -J< J=HMFK . . =PLJ=E=. CH. NG. .H. 76, . 11, &., F< FGL. B<GJ< K, L "JFN K

(PHLF LJ <, GJ< EH), F< ²FQ L HJLQ G GJ<CLE, < Q<< F KMKKGF LG L LLJLGF G L CGMJL





HJLQ. K -J< JHMFKE, PLF<F NF LG IMLQ G JF F< HJGHJLQ, KEK LG N F EM F NGM F L JFG AFF, OF L OK GLF <NF< F +JEFL, GJL²< Q LKLJL JKGFF LG O BMJ OK KG GKL. $LK MJJFQ OKGEEGFQ < LG L GMFL G L OJLFK G G; ML L K KQ

LG LJ L LG EM JJ F< EGJ FJ MKK. A <EGJLLGF OK JIMFLQ KKME< Q HGLFK F L KM<FJFK, F GJ<J LG GFL HGHMJ NGMJ.

. 26. LGK G MK, &. GFE HJLQ.

. 28. #QHGJKQ, &. CH. NG. . H. 151, . 2, F< FGL.

. 34. N F< JKKLF. CH. OL LK HJJH, LHKK F L «LLJ LG L J±K G BJKLG¬ F O L +JLQ

KQKLE K <F<< FKL L LLK G «LGK OG HJLF< LG KLJGF KKJLGJK G JLQ.¬ «K EGJ NF K KJNHJFH. $L <K LG HJL HKKN G<F J LLJ LF L <GLJFK O L HFL GEEG<LGF G LGGQ LG HGOJK NJ HJG<M<. $L MLK MH Q L JGGLK, FGL GFQ < G GJ JKKLF, ML NF G N GHHGKLGF.¬

+. 156, . 4. LF LQ G HM HJFH. L <KJHLGFG L HJGKK G LLF L L F< G L «KJNLGFK GF LLL G L LGF¬ (1769).

+. 157, . 13. O-H< KQEHLK. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 153, . 2.

. 23. KL MFFELF JHGK G HM HJGKHJLQ. «L¬ K F<NJ = NJ. CH. FL, FGL LG H. 146, . 16.

. 27. +K G K HMHL. DML. PPPN. 1.

. 26. +LJK < FGL L JMLK, &. # OK LJ< L L KLGJLGF,F< PML< OL GLJ J<K L CJF CJGKK.

+. 158, . 28. AFGLJ G LK JNJF< FLEF. G LK OK<GK FGL HHJ. J. MLL, L GJGMK <LGJ F< FFGLLGJ G DJ.+JKLQ, FGLK L IMGLLGF, ML NK FG FGJELGF. OJLJ M<< LG EQ HJHK L HJKGF IMGL< F L GGL-FGLL H. 181.

+. 159, . 34. MFEFQ. A JLJKL HLL OL BMJ.

+. 160, . 2. O-GJF = FJGMK, J, "J. {žŒ‹uˆ.

. 5. HJGKKGF G AEJF KNK. A JEFKF G BMJªK

J<F F L HJHJLGF G GF G K JQ OGJK, L «AGMFLG MJGHF LLEFLK F AEJ.¬ LL OGJ, HJL . . 4.





$<. FLJF FLG FGF<. AF $F<F N F L OKLJF HJLG OL334 K FGO L LL G O GJ, O OK L FLJKLLGF G L JF %KML EKKGFJK, F OGK GMFLK LKKFK J <KJ<. «LGF < IM KL HKKd, &., MHQK < GMN JF dK FFdK 1655 L 1656,¬ Q %. <

MFK, F< BFJGL, #KL. .. NG. . H. 143 KII.

. 8. OGEF K JGGMK K LEKNK. « OGEF, GJLLF LMEF K O K L E FLMJ, F< LJFKGJE< FLGKGELF OGJK LF MJK, L LJ HJLK, F< NF GML-<G LEF F LK KF G GJJGJ.¬ LL. F AEJ, NG. . H. 198. $L KMFFKKJQ LG MKLJL LK Q L F<FLK G L NGMLGF.

. 21. LJ KLMLGF. L G KGML <HF<F GF L O G FGJFKLGF G EGK.

. 25. GJF JHM. LQ G +JK.

. 26. OGK GFKLLMLGF, &. EMFH GNJFEFL G +JK,O < HKK< GML G L F<K G L 300 LGJK, OK L LKLE KJ< LOF 60 <HJLEFLK. <HJLEFL OK JLMJ G "J <EGJL KLL, OK GFK<J< Q LKFLFLK K KGNJF HGOJ, F< HKK< JKGMLGFK, O< L GJ G OK OLF LK ELK. K <NKGF FLG 60<HJLEFLK OK ²JKL FLJG<M< LG LL L LGF LG LLLK-"FJ; ML L KQ EFK O L ±GJ<< G KMEEGFFL HGH G <KLJL MHGF KGJL FGL, F< G GEEMFLF KGO G JMJLQ F< MFFELQ LG LJ HJG<FK, E< LLGG MKM KQKLE LG <KJ<<. M G LL HHJF G GJ<J F< GNJFEFL O JLJKK L ²JKL QJ G LNGMLGF K <M JLJ LG LK <N, LF LG LL K-JKLJFLO E< «FJQ LGJ¬ F KKMKLLK. ( NG. . HH.244§45.)

. 26. EFL< FLJ JGE L JLJ G LJ F, &. #NFJKF GML G LEHGJJQ F< EF JJFEFLK. J,

GONJ, < Q JN JJGJ F HGQ JGFK< L 300 LGJKK G<Q. J MFLGFK HJGHJQ PLF<< GFQ LG LGGKF G JHJKFLLNK F L LLK-"FJ; F< LQ OJFLJMKL< OL HGOJ Q L HGH GF L 13L G %MQ EJQMK LQ OJ L GFQ G<Q F OGE L HM GM<EE<LQ GF²<.

. 28. F JEQ FGL JK< LJ Q L MLGJLQ, &. LGF"MJ<K, GJE< F KL LJ L <KEKKGF G J GF L 11LG %MQ. «JLQ LGMKF< LRFK, LGLQ MFMKLGE< LG JEK,

OJ KGGF KF JE< L HGFLK, F< F O GMJK LJFFKKME< KGE HHJF G GJ<J F< <KHF. JF





"MJ<K FGO KO< L F²LK G LJ L <MLGF F<EHJGNEFLK; LQ E F G<Q LG LF<J LJ KJNK LG LHGH.¬

. 31. J LQ KL, &. ²JKL <LGF JHJKFL< L

EG<JL EEJK K NF F <JNF OQ. «J LQ KL,LJ F G KKKKFK < <JNF OQ L EF G EG<JLEF<K F< EG<JLF MLGJLQ EGF LE, F< L LE K KGJL G <JK F< JMK, MF<J L HHJFL < G LGK F OGELQ <G FGL KG EM K HJLF< LG335 N FQ GF²<F. JLQ KL, F EGJQ G KLGF, JHLF F JKGMLGFK LOGJ<K G LGK OGE LQ <LKL F< <KHK. CHLNK LEKNK,LQ GEH HLN F,¬ &. . < FGFN, GF G LEG<JL HJLQ, OJGL LG BMJ GF L 17L G GNEJ, LG HGFLGML L FMJQ G LK, F< KGE GLJ KLLEFLK; F< BMJ F

L FPL <LGF GJJL< L. «GE G L JJGJK QGM HGFL GML LGE F EQ HJFL< LLJ J JQ KM. F GFQ $ ²F< LG ELJ. $L K GJJL< F L <LGF $ L L JLQ G KF<FLG QGM.¬ LLJ LG EJ G L LGF AKKEQ, %F. 19,1791. $F LK LLJ E< LE EH EF<K Q GOFHFQJ. «J, $ <G GG GF QGM K LJM EJLQJK; $ JJ< QGM KKG<JK OG L J EGJ F L KHJL G GMJ CGEEF<J-F-C,F< L CHLF G GMJ KNLGF, LF LGK OG N L QGM;LGM $ EMKL ²JKL GL EQK NJQ LGJGMQ, F< FGO LL $ F<G LLJ, GJ $ F FKOJ L@=E.¬ # HJG<K OGEEF<F Ad MJQ, CRcK, &., OG JEF< L LJHGKL, LG HGGK GJ LGK OG, GMFJ F< Q-GF<,< F<GF< L.

+. 161, . 4. <<< GJ LQ J <L<. MK GNJF< FL <HJLEFLK G +JK, F< LJGM LE, F L LGF AKKEQ.

. 9. GF<LGFK, LGFMK F< FLGFK. AJKLGJLK F< JQEF GF< F< NF LGG L < F LK KKEK. "JEFK,$LFK, FKEF, OKK, F< HFJ<K OJ GMF< EGF

LE. JLJ HJL G L CFLJ CGEELL L L ^NedOJ FGL JFEF.

. 14. A<EK . . . KL MH F L HK G HM JKGJL. MKGF K LG L CGFM=K. « +JKFK,¬ KQK JJ,«N OK< LG ELL L FK, OG EL F LNJFK, F<<KMKK L EGKL EHGJLFL ±JK G L KLL; ML LL << FGLL, MK NJQ GF OK< LG HJK< L LK ELFK.¬

. 24. EJF F LJ JEK, &. BMJ JJK LG L

JMEKLFK LLF<F L GF<EFLGF, GJ F-FGL GJJQ,G L JGLJK AKK, O GMJJ< F L E<< G %FMJQ,





1790. DJ. "MGLF < KGE LE HJNGMKQ HJGHGK< LG L AKKEQ LG F³L L HMFKEFL G <L F HFKK EFFJ,F< LG JN L JLGFK G L JEF JGE L M< LFL G GFQ. Ad +dHF, GF LK GKGF, HJGMJ< L FLEFL G L KL G LK FK; F< O L JEFK Q MF<J

KFLF G FF, LJ JGLJ F< GMKF, OL L NO G EJF LK LJMEH G JLQ, OJ HJGEGL< LG MLFFLK FL "JF<J CGEHFQ G L BLLGF G LGF "MJ<K GJ L<KLJL G L. #GFGJd, GF O GKGF, F <²F G HM<FQ F< FLMJ F, LQ OJ HMQ KL< F<GEHEFL<. J. CJGJªK KKQ GF L "MGLF F LMJLJQ NO GJ DEJ, 1843.

. 34. PHG< L@=E = GGL G±, JL, L. PHG<G. CH. «PHG<FKK,¬ +J. GKL, P. 546.

+. 162, . 3. JQ . . . GMK. AM<F LG L FK #GMK G CGEEGFK.

. 5. GGJ EHJ, &. MF, +JK. P. 207 (=JL GJ =JL ).JGE336 L GGEQ HJKK HML FLG L EGML G CLG, GF L<L G +GEHQ; JGE O J KG LF L FK IMGL< F NG.. H. 206.

. 6. HGOJ NF LE . . . LG KMNJL F< LG <KLJGQ. MKGFKEK LG LG L PHJKKGF KG GEEGF F L AHGQHK (K. P. 7, &.).

. 8. FGF LG GFKLJML. L GF< +JL G L OGJ, F OLJ ±GJLK LG GFKLJML J JLK<.

. 13. FKLLML = FKLLMLGF.

. 22, 24. «F M GMJ.¬ «L L NKK G L KLL,¬ &. BQF< JM, FJ, H. 167, FGL.

. 29. KMLJ G FFGFL FLEF F LJ GMKK. GMGF F<BJLJ, OG OJ, GONJ, EMJ<J< Q L FL=JF= L L"JcN, «OL NJQ JMEKLF G J²F< FKML F< JMLQ OGM< N F PL< Q LJ G FFK.¬

. 30. L GG< KH< OK FGL L EGKL HMJ. JEJ G BJFN, OF Q-GF< OK <KJF LK GJJ< KF,F< JM LG< E «L OK LE LG LF JLJ LF LG .¬

+. 163, . 6. LLGF GF L HJKFL O J. AM<F LG L<<JKK HJKFL< LG L F F< IMF GF L 3J< G %FMJQ Q

<HMLLGF G 60 EEJK G L AKKEQ. «Q (L AKKEQ)GG GJOJ< LG L HHQ <Q, OF HHJF F G<Q GJ





HJF, L JF< G L HGH, LQ K HJKFL LG E GLGF G OK ML< GJ K HHFKK, F< L HHFKK G L JF; OF LJ JKHLM ±LGF K FLJL GN< F LG GJL L <KGJ<JK G LEHKLMGMK HG,¬ &.

. 18. JHHJQ. $F L HJGHJ KFK G G< GLF MJK< MH GJKGF< K. CH. L JF OGJ<K, JHJ, JHJ, JHJ.

$<. KL F L G< ML. «GK JF KGFK, O G L QJKN JGML LJ HJFHK, GL OL JJ< LG JGF F<GNJFEFL, LL F IMKLGF.¬ GJ< CKLJ²<, GJ<, G.146 (1755).

. 27. GJ<FJQ = HF.

. 34. R FLGF. FO FE NF Q L AKKEQ LG LG±F G LJKGF FKL L FLGF, O OK HML MF<J LGFKF G L CLL. $L K ELL< JGE L FE cKEKLd (K EKLK, LJKGF).

+. 164, . 6. E G MJL EF<K. L, AL . K. 2.

. 22. L FLF L J <GGJ. . < GEF<J. «ALJ JNQJKKLF GJ O EFMLK, ²F<F EK FLJQ GNJHGOJ<, GHF< L IMFªK <GGJ, F< < GML OL GM< NG, N= L@= IM==F, @=J >= K E=< L! $ KLF< GF= FKL LOG L@GMKF<

L=JK! # KGGF LJ KMF <GOF GNJ< OL OGMF<K, F< OK LGJ <<.¬

. 25. ML <GOF. # JGNJ<, GONJ, JGE K OGMF<K.

. 27. HJ< . . . L <. K K F <F<. $L K EHGKK LGKQ OLJ L K LJM.

+. 165, . 5. OG < F KL<, &. . < #MLLK F< . JGMJL, LOG G L MJ<K.

337. 21. GF G L G< HK. MJK, OJ L FOK OKL BMJ OK OJLF.

+. 166, . 16. ²L EGFJQ. CH. FGL LG H. 149, . 6, FL. ²LEGFJQ OK L <JE G J KL G FLMKKLK F L+MJLF LEK.

. 18. F L E<KL G LK GQ. AF MKGF LG MJLMK, N. 1129;

. . . . E<G < GFL HGJME

MJL EJ IM<, IMG< F HKK ³GJMK FL.





. 24. JGMH G J< . . . L J<Q HF, &. BMJ GFQLGG JQ GJKO OL OK LG HHF. $F K FPL H GFJF ±JK, L «LLJ LG EJ G L LGF AKKEQ,¬ JHLK K LL LQ OGM< KKKKFL L F K KGGFK OK FG GFJ FKKJQ LG LJ <KF. # LGML,

GONJ, LL L IMF OGM< L ²JKL NLE. CH. FJ, H. 169,. 17. $F L GF< LLJ GF < +, <F<K KFLHLGF GF LK HGFL. «$L OK <FL, F< L EGEFLJQ<HJKKGF G LL HJL G L LGF, LL N LG L MKF< LHHQ HJGJLQ F <L.¬

+. 169, . 13. G±KHJF G KGNJF, &. J JK.

. 15. GEF ELJGF. BMJ < F EF< KGE KLGJQ KM K LL G MJL.

$<. LL F L KL PLJELQ, &. AM<F LG L IMFªK JJQFHGKGF GML OL J.

. 18. $L K FGO, &. BMJ LG J +. JFK, . 20, 1790; «$ L QGMF, LL L JGLGF G L EFFJ F O $ KO L MFG JF, F L QJ 1774, F< L GFLJKL LOF LLJFQ, KHF<GMJ, F< MLQ, OL L HJGKLJL GE G FLGF LG J¨F< L GEF KF G 1789, O $ OK<KJF, << <JO LJK JGE E, F< OLL< EQ HHJ. KLJK E F FLG EQ QK, EGKL K GLF K $ GG< L L<KJHLGF; LQ EQ F. GM <G FGL N LK L, FGJ LLLK J EQ J FK: ML LL L OG K ±L<, GJ, K QGMPHJKK L, <GOFJL GHHJQ.¬

. 21. MKL GN L GJRGF. CH. KEJ E F NG. . H. 208, .1.

. 27. LLK G NFJLGF, . . LL G IMF.

. 28. KJH FL<GL. CH. KGF< FGL LG H. 169, . 15.

. 34. L G NJQ K GF. K EGMK LLJ HKKK F HJHK LGG JGMQ F<< Q L JLK. EFL GJNJQ K K G< K L JL G OL O JJ< K EG<JF <K. L EGMK KLFRK G AJGKLG GF L GQLQ F< JFFKK G L G< FLQ <QK.

$<. GHKLJK = KGHKLK.

+. 170, . 2. FJGMK GQLQ. GE J<JK G . F EQ NF KLJL< Q K GEEFL GF L LJE GQLQ «EGL

FLJ<MK, IM <dKF KFLEFL < KMGJ<FLGF, IMF< KL FG¬ (K ^JNFK AFK CGFLEHGJFK, H. 318). G





GEHLQ K L < F ±< JGE L JF EF<! OGJ< «GQMLd¬ K <±JFL EFF.

. 3. HJGM< KMEKKGF. «EG<KL KMHJ¬ G L GMJLJ KEFLGF< Q GFLKIMM, N. N. . 2.

338. 5. L KHJL G F PL< J<GE. K GFMKGF HJN<KL OJLFK G BGFJG MHGF E<N FK KLGJQ,KHQ L JF G <OJ< $$$. $L GF<K KG OL L O-FGOF GFMKGF G "GF, LL L KHJL G J<GE JLKLJGMGML L M< FKLLMLGFK. G F GF< LLJ GF <+: «$F LK G< GMFLJK, L KLL K F E< LG LHGH, F< FGL L HGH GFGJE< LG L KLL. . . . KGEHJFKN KE NJLMQ HJG<M< <J G HJKGFJLQ F GJEK L EGKL <NJK LG L. L JLQ OK GJE<,

MF<J EGFJK KL< KGML, F <J MFFGOF LG LFFL GEEGFOLK.¬

. 6. FMJK G EFQ KFLEFL F< JG FLJHJK, K GF. «CK NJLMK EaK IM FGMK KJFL HMK FdKKJK L IM FGMKFªNGFK HJKIM HMK¨MF NdJL KHJL <ªF<dHF<F, GjL<K JF<K GKK, G F FGMK-EeEK L <FK MF MK.¬ DGIMN, +J LG AFF dE, H. P.

. 8. LL KLLQ G GFGMJ. BGOK, JKK LG BMJ;

G, BMJ! LQ JL, Q MKLJ FK <,GMJFK GJ L KHJL G #GFGMJ ³<;GMJFK LL +GKGHQ, KLJL F< G<,LªJF KGM< KEL ªK FQ-³GOJ< EGM<; AF< EFQ KEF KQEHLQ <HJL,L J< L KLJFFKK G L EFQ JL.

$<. L KLF OGMF<¨A JEFKF G GML. «AF< LGFKF K FGL OGQ GKL LK FLN LF<JFKK, L O FGL GFQ<J< L FLGF G OGMF<, ML KG L KHJKGF G GL.¬

JEGF PN (DNJF JGE EHLLGF L +JN G LLGMK).

. 10. FFG< OLNJ L LGM<. AF MKGF LG L O-FGOFPHJKKGF F %GFKGFªK HLH GF "G<KEL, MKMQ, MLFGJJLQ, IMGL< K « LLL IMG< FGF GJFNL.¬

. 11. GKL LK N, &. F G BMJªK G< HJKK, GJJGO<JGE L KKQKLK. $F LL. F AEJ, NG. . H. 200, KQK LLNKLGF, L K «L< L GJ G KGE G L FLMJ NJLMK,¬ Q L MPMJQ O LLF<K L, K «LF GML OK LKLF G GMJ FLMJ NK, F< KGLF< L JGLQ G L MEF





J OLGML FJNLF LJ GMJ.¬ CH. H. 240, . 14. G GMJLLLJ GF < +; « JGJE< F< HJL< NJLMK, LHGK< ELL< NK, G JL HL.¬ CH. FJQ OL LKEGMK HKK L GGOF JGE L GMJL LLJ GF <+; «GJK, K LQ OJ¨<GJME, L JL GMLMJ< G L

KP, F< L HJGM< KFLEFL G GFGMJ, O EK NJLM EGJJKHL OJ L K, F< GFK MEF JLQ OJ NJLMEQ FGL , O FK< JGE LK F< G HJGHJLQ, EG<KLQ,F< JKJN.¬ HKK K NJQ HJK< Q MQ, KK.GF #E; « GG F NF GJ LGK IMLK O F< JELG L JJGJK G F< J<FL FLMJK, GJ L FJGKLQ, LLF<JFKK, L NJGMK <Q, O FFG HHLLK FLGHKKGFK, F< EHJL LG N LK HGJLGF G L EKLQ G NJLM.¬

339. 17. $L K LK O K NF LK JLJ LG EG<JFMJGH. «CNJQ, MFLF OL L FMK G GMJ HGQ, KHJGQ KMKL< LGK HMJLK F L O G FLGFK QO EG<JF KLLK J <KLFMK< JGE L FFL.¬ DJ.JMKKGFªK KKQ GF L #KLGJQ G CN GLQ (1767), H. 311.

. 32. G<F J. G. . H. 288, . 27.

. 33. F< KKELGF = <KLGF. OG G LGFªK HJKK JJ F<<. +J. GKL, N. 4, 5, 412.

+. 171, . 2. <FL <JHJQ G , &. FGLGF K %GFKGFªK.«,¬ OGM< KQ, «K JJF FGM KMJQ, OL JLJHHFK: L MK LJGJ MLGMK GO O KLJH J.¬ JK.+GRRªK AF<GLK. $L K MJGMK LG LJ J L F³MF O %GFKGF, OL K R GJ KMGJ<FLGF, K LJ< LG FFGNLGF,F< K JNJF GJ L M< LEK, PJK< MHGF BMJ F KJQ QJK.

. 3. KMHJ<<< <K, &. BGOK, F K JKK LG BMJ, KQK G NJQ¨

#J E<J F³MF K K KL EHJL,G <GJL, ML FGL <KMK, L JL:G FMJK L LF<J KQEHLK LL HQ$F L KGJL KMFKF G ªK JQ OQ;GJ E OGJL F< EFKK LG FKHJ#GE F< GN, F< LEHJ JM< <KJ.

. 5. O L JL GOFK, F< L MF<JKLF<F JL²K. JKEK J LG JEFKF G BKGH #GJKQªK JEGF GF L+GGJ (JEGF PPPN), Q 18, 1786; «GJ LGM $ KGM< FGLJ<Q <EL LL L HJGG G EGJ GLGF FFGL F FQ





FKLF GEHL MFKK L GFFLGF E< GML LOFL LGF O L JL FLMJQ HHJGNK, F< LL O JL MF<JKLF<F G L FLJKLK G EFF< OGM< JGEEF<,(GF L GFLJJQ¨LG M< HJLQ G JL F< OJGF, OKGM< JLJ LF HGKGHK; F< O KGM< L JGE

KFLEFL JLJ LF JGE HGQ) QL O KMJQ IMK OL LEGKL JMFKK F GMJ <MLQ, OF O HJN GO L MKMF< L J J MFL< F L KE LGF.¬

. 21. G< JLK F< EM<<Q MF<JKLF<FK. A GG< HJ LGBMJªK GKJNLGFK GF L HGKGHJK K LG GMF< F LGMJL BGG G L DMF<, O K<GOK GJL L JMF G KGLQQ EF MJFK< OL

A JF G LJK F< JL G <.

+GH F< BMJ J F EF EGJ F< FLLM <QHJG< LGLJ MF<J L <MKGF G EHJGNEFL.

. 23. OK LG KMHHGJL< GFQ Q LJ GOF LJJGJK . . . FGLF KL O FK L ±LGFK. F LK KML K L OK<GLJFK G BKGH #GJKQ, JEGF P.

. 27. NKLG. FGL LG NG. . H. 178, . 27.

$<. FGLF ML L GOK. A MJGMK GF<F OL F G<

$LF HGL:

340FFG J<FG . . . . .K< F ERRG HJLG < EDªMF HJGLG, IM GF GJJFLGKLF, GF IMLLJG J < NRR+FRGGF, KGFG MF RR.HH, EFL IMKLLG, FL. N. KL. 50.

«+JLG < E¬ K KF GJ GOK GJ L.

. 29. EF = EF, F EE HJLE.

+. 172, . 3. GF KLK KL, &. #GJ. < AJL +GL. 99. A «HLLGJ¬EGLLG (G. 321). CH. H. 311, . 8 KII.

. 7. BML HGOJ, &. $ F L GFM<F KFLF O J< «JMJK¬GJ «FK,¬ O N GJ KLLEFL G F GJ<FJQ KLGJHJGKK, O OK GML LG JHL< F JF.

. 13. Q JF FK JGE J, &. < K GJJGO< JGE

#ME; «BML KLGJQ F< PHJF NF KF GFNF< MK LLLK HJL (LQJFF<) FJKK L GMKQ F< JMLQ G





HJFK, EGGF F< BJMLMK, LGM LJL< OL F<MFGF GMFL G L HJM< G LJ LEK, J FGO GFK<J< K NJQ EHJGHJ EG<K GJ ELLGF.¬ DKKJLLGF GF L +KKGFK.$L EQ JEJ< LL BMJ GGOK L KGF G K , FLJLF «FK¬ K HGL KHK. <F, EGJ HJGGMF< F K

<KLFLGFK, KQK, «FK J F<N<M, LK GJ LL F: LJK FG KHK G FK.¬

. 19. FK O LQJFLK, &. K HJJH K IMGL< Q DJ.LQ, F K @=LGJ, K ²F PEH G LG<. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 123, . 30.

. 26. HJGKHJGMK KLL . . . GOF LG L KHJL G GMJ G< EFFJK.CH. L J³LGFK G CJG L L FFF G L L BGG G L HM, O GEEFK OL L F G FFMK,

GJMK FLIMK JK KLL GEF NJKIM.

. 34. GLF K EGJ JLF, &. <<LGF E< LG LKGFMKGF Q #E, LGM FGL FKKL< GF Q BMJ F LHJKFL HKK, K IML GFKGFFL OL K FJ NOK; «JJ, $ EQ KQ KG, LJ HGOJM KHJLK, O N JGE LE LGLE EGN< GNJ L G L OLJK, F< NF HJ<GEFFLEHMK LG L EGJ KFLEFLK F< FJK G EFF<. KJ L KHJLK G JLQ, G JGF, F< G GFGMJ. $L OK LHJFH MKFKK G NJQ LG JK L KL G LK LJ.¬<< AK, H. P. HJL .

+. 173, . 1. LK MJGHF OGJ< G GMJK. JKL LLJ GF < + GFLFK JEJ <KJHLGF G L MFLQ G O, <MLGF, F< EFFJK F L MJGH G L << AK. «GLRF G MJGH GM< LGLJ F P F FQ HJL G L.J OK FGLF EGJ LF HKF NJLQ LG JJL F<FKLJML L EF<, LG FJ L EFLGF, F< LG EGJL LJL. F EF LJN< GJ JK<< GJ L, HKMJ,MKFKK, GJ FKKLQ, JGE K GOF GMFLJQ, FNJ L EK

IML JG<.¬

341. 15. LJG<<F <GOF MF<J L GGK G KOFK EMLLM<. < K <JN< JGE L. LLO N. 6. EM JKFL<PHJKKGF «KOFK EMLLM<¬ LJOJ<K E LGKL OL LFK %GFK.

. 33. K FGL, LGLJ OL LGK HJFL< L HH. 209, 211, 212,213, 245, KEK LG N F <<< Q KMKIMFL <LGJ JGE GHQ G L OGJ MK< Q L MLGJ F K KL QJK.





+. 174, . 12. OLJ QGM LGG LE JGE MK. M NO KFGFKKLFL OL GEHJLN FGO< G L LK G FKF< GFLFFL KLGJQ. BMJ HJHK M<K LG L F<JQNJQ G L CGMJL G AJLMJ, G O BJLLFQ < LK KJ.

. 13. LG QGM¨O LJ LE KL. J. #E K JF «LGMFLF G NJQ.¬

. 14. FLK FMFM FGKLJ. (MFM.) J. AF. . 105. OJLJ HJHK < F EF< L PHJKKGF G CJG, «GFLKHLJGK, FMFM FGKLJ.¬ H. ALL. . 15.

. 15. OF QGMJ GMFLF K G< MH, &. K HJK K FGLF NJ²<. FF< F< "JEFQ J Q LG LJFKEL LG MLMJFJLGFK EM LL K OGJL HJKJNF G L KHJL G NJQ.

. 24. JNGMLGF F KFLEFLK, &. «$ Q MF JdNGMLGF dFdJIM F GjL <K KHJLK, MKK F IM K GJLMFK <MEGF<.¬ GGMML, PEK. BMJ OFL KG J K LG KQ LLL HJKFL GF EGMFL< LG «JNGMLGF F L GFKLLMLGF G LMEF EF<.¬ L K LL L KFLEFL KK GF O LKLELGF G HGL FKLLMLGFK JKL< OK HKKF OQ. LJM OQ G JJ<F L IMKLGF K F L L G L F FFK HM GHFGF LOF 1815§1830.

. 27. GJ< LG HGGR, &. GL L FFKK F< KLJFL G

L PHJKKGF.

. 31. GJ LK HF JKGF. HJK K JGE +GHªK KKQ GFF.

$<. MK L K FLMJ, H. H. 181, . 27.

+. 175, . 7. MJ EF<K J HMJ²<, &. JGE L O-FGOF<²FLGF G J<Q F L +GLK G AJKLGL, . N. 2. OGJ GF L ME F< BMLM KGOK LJK G L KLM<Q G L

+GLK. CH. KG L., . . . 8; +G., . N. 7. 3.. 16. "JJ . . . <<GFK. BMJ OK F FLMKKL GNJ G LKL. GJEJ EGMK LGJ OK EGF K EGKL JK<JF<K. GMJL LLJ GF < +; «Q NJ <J JF<,"JJ, OG OK L EGKL ML GKJNJ G FLMJ $ NJ FO.¬

. 28. K LQ GF << F L FLFL KL. MKGF, K JQHHJK Q L GFLPL, K LG L «QHGLL HJGHGKLGF¬ HML QMJH<K FLG L EGML G LGK (+GF. 524);

{šn†{‡ y‡ “z•€{•oƒ ‡¢, Š‹‡wƒƒvz…ˆ †t‡•€s•‰Š…ƒ “z•€{•oƒ, Š”w zª ž‰{x{•oƒ ‡{’ƒ.





+. 178, . 1. GMK L NFL. GMF<J G L KGML KQKLEGEHL< Q GMK $. #K JLJ MF<FLQ F<LK LFMF LQJFL. CGEEFK, F< L «F<GMK CJGF.¬

$<. CJK L FL. G MLGJK< F< LGG HJKGF HJL F

L EKKJ G L. BJLGGEO, 1572.

. 2. EMJ<J G +LM. NGFF HLJGL, KMJJF<J< LG EMF<J LJLQ Q AMMKLMK G +GF<, F< M<Q EMJ<J< F1707. GLJªK #KLGJQ G CJK $$.

. 3. EMJ<J G GF<K. AF $LF FLEF OG < F NGMJL G L IMF, ML F JNF GJ FL < GEHGK< GG F O J FLJMK OJ MFN<. < E <J<FLG J HJKF,343 F< LF F< LJ KKKKFL<, L. 10,

1657. FLR, LG K <KJ, OK EGF L HGGKLK GJ LKJE, O LGG H L GFLFM.

. 6. F G L JF. G L F OK KLQ< LJ L 4L G AMMKL. LL G F G JF OK LGML LG KNGMJ G M<MKMJHLGF.

. 29. ³GOJ-<-M GF LJ KGM<J. FGLGJGMK EGLL,OGK KF<GMK GG HHJ< F GF<GF F 1788. < FJF<< OL L ³MJ-<-K F< L OGJ< NG=MK= GF GLKGM<JK.

. 30. GJ< "GJ "GJ<GF KL F OL. K EKNGMKEF < F GFNL< %MF 6, 1787, EGFKL GLJ LFK GJ GF L IMF G JF: ML GJ L LE ²P< GJ GEFMH LG JN KFLF, E< G± LG L GFLFFL. # KGGFJLMJF<, F< F AMMKL LGG MH K JK<F F GF G L <JLKLKLJLK F BJEFE, OF E HJGKQL LG L JGF,F< KKME< L <JKK F< EFFJK G L %OK. # OK JJKL<LJ GF L 7L G DEJ GF OJJFL GJ GFLEHL G GMJL,F< GEELL< LG OL, OJ K JK OJ GJ KGE LE

LGH G HM EMKEFL, K EQ KF JGE L GFLEHGJJQFOKHHJK.

. 31. HM HJGKQL. # < KKME< L FE F< KLQ G LL #GF. $KJ BJ AJE "GJ "GJ<GF. # FGMJK< GF J<, F< JMK< LG <EL LG K HJKF FQ %O OGHHJ< OLGML GF. J<MGMK LLJ GF L KML F L+M A<NJLKJ, L. 16, 1789.

. 33. JK< EG, &. K K E< <KJHLGF G L LJJ G-+GHJQ JGLK. F L NFF G MK<Q, %MF 6, 1780, KP-F<-LJLQ ²JK OJ LG KF RF F <±JFL HJLK G GF<GF.





«DMJF L OG FL EF, OGEF F< <JF OJ JMFFF MHF< <GOF OL KM GG<K F< ±LK K LQ OK< EGKL LGHJKJN. LJEF<GMK JGJ G L MLGJK G LK GJJKFK OK J< L GF FKLFL, F< L L FPL, L <J<MJHGJLK G KG<JKª EMKIMLK, ²JF F HLGGFK, F< JGE <±JFL

IMJLJK; F KGJL, NJQ LF KJN< LG EHJKK L EF< OL<K G MFNJK FJQ F< HHJGF <KGLGF.¬ AFF.KLJ.

+. 179, . 12. DJ. +J K KOF MK, &. $F K JLK GFNJKGFJQ +QEFLK, F< GLJ GFGE OGJK.

. 34. FJ GJLQ QJK. BMJ JJN< F GF<GF JQ F 1750.

+. 180, . 9. LLEHL LG < LJ LGL OFL G GFKIMF, &.

BMJ FG <GML < F EF< HKK F #MJ<ªK JEGFK GF+JGHQ, JE. P; «A O KGF EF E FGK F LOGJ<: F< LK EGMJ, F G< GF K<K JGE L KGOJK G LJ <EJJK, EK<K L MFOJQ FLG F GHFGF LLL JJGMK KHJL K MFNJK F< MFGFLJG.¬ G CFFF,H L NJHGG, J 18, 1820; «A JLF FMEJ G EMLGJQ LJMFK G L HGH, K-L< LG LL MFLGF, KKME< L FE F< MLGJLQ G OLNJ HF LQLGML HJGHJ LG KL GJ H G ELF; LJ JGKLJME OKHL<, KGELEK J, KGELEK LJ, GJ<F LG L FQG L EG, GJ L HLF G L EKLJLK: ML L HJGHGKLGFF< L HJGHGKJ OJ F HK344 FJQ ; F< OF, Q KGJL G HGL NFLJGIMKE, L KE NG < F E< LGKKM JGE <GRF <±JFL GJFJK G L GMFLJQ, L OKEHM<FLQ KKME< LG ©GFGJ< G KOL KGMF<K,ª GEHGKFL MFL< NG G L HGH G FF<!¬

. 14. JKKGHHJK . . . E L ²< JF OL LJ EHGJLMFL@F. JGE BMJªK NGMJL MLGJ, J;

IMJL KLE G GJL GJ,

L FLM IM=JM= JMEHFL JMKL <."GJ. . 327.

KG . . 13, CMP 151, &. «$EHGJLMFL¬ K NGMJLHLL G BMJªK. CH. NG. . H. 204, . 2. MKLJLGF K JG BGFªK KLGJQ G L GGK LJNJ OG <KEGMFL< LG L JKKGHHJK O <KLMJ< K E<LLGFK K GMJFQ<. CJLKEF, G. 73 (1727).

. 15. LGMKF<K G JL LL . . . O L M< F< J KFL. FG LGK IMFL F< KLJGF EK, KG JIMFL F L LJ OJLFKG BMJ, O KE LG L EG<JF JL J<MGMK GJ JL<.





F KM HGFLK BMJ HJHK K E LG M<< Q FG GLJKLF<J< LF EK.

. 26. $ <HJL KM GKLLQ. LGJ GMLLG (H. NG. .FGL LG H. 172, . 17). JGE H. 258, . 16, O K LL BMJ <

J<Q MF LG GFLEHL LL JMK< O J<< FL LLJK GF < +.

. 28. GJEJQ N < F G JF, &. %GF L "GG<, LFHJKGFJ L L LL G +GLJK, HL. 19, 1356.

. 29. QGM N J<, &. $F L CJGF G JGKKJL.

. 30. NLGJ F L ²<. <OJ< L B +JF. $F L KLFLMJQ, OF L EF GL G FK HGQ OK LG LJMEH

GNJ JF, L B +JF OK FLMJQ PL< FLG JG G L ²JKL JF. CH. JLGF, < PN;

HJF F K KL LL KLJFQ JGOFª<, AF< "ªK HLN F, F< CJKKQªK OJL JFGOFª<.

. 32. FGL ELJQ F<. HJKKLF GJ GFLFMLQ G LFK FLGF JLJ O BMJ J FLK L OGM< FGMFFLJKLF ELLJ G KLM<Q. $L K HJHK LK, K EM KFQLF, O EK L EGFMEFLK G GMJ LJLMJ, F <J J J LF LGK G FQ GLJ, NF F< KHF

JLK. G FG FKEF F CMJ F< KHJ, A<<KGFF< <F, NJ GE << LLJ.

+. 181, . 1. FJGKLQ F< <FLQ G LFF, &. BGFJGKHK F LK KLJF G L JF G <OJ< $$$, O OK LFGFK<J< L E G < FK FLGF . CH. %GFKGF,«GF<GF¬;

$MKLJGMK <OJ<! JGE L JEK G <Q, F< G JGK F< G KFLK KMJNQ.

GJ MJL KLGJQ JFK LK HJLMJ HJG< KK Q.+JGKKGJ LMK GFK<JK L LG JLJK< Q «KHF<<GJE GGOFKK . . . L , L FMK, L KHJL G , FLFF< OJF GML MF<J L FMMK G345 K NJQ, JMPLJNF, F< L MKL G OJ¬ (L CJLJK, H. 418). A EG<JF MLGJ K K< G L KHGMK LLJLGFK G L << AK, LL LQ JKE L JFL GGMJF G KGE G<HLMJK¨ F= =MJ J=KL= HMK IM= = N=JFK. GM LE, F< LJKHF<GMJ LMJFK LG <MKL. CNJQ OK ML L HJK ³GOJ G FLGF : L JML G KMKLFL NKLGF KM<< L.

$L K KG JJQ LL O F <LL FQ J NJLGF G GHFGF F





BMJ, NF LOF K JKL F< K LKL OGJK, LL L KOGJL O LG FGL LL F L FFF G L AGMFL G MJGHF LLEFLK F AEJ <JK L EFFJK G MJGH GJ L FKKF LG N F «OGQ JJGMK.¬ «A O< JGEFL GMJ F L GJLJF F< KLJF HJLK G

MJGH, F< O< HGQ F L $LF KLLK, OK L JLJG LL . $ O GG FLG L EFFJK G L GMJLK, LJ HHJML NJQ FL EJK G MLNLGF F< HGLFKK. FLJNOLOF GMJ <OJ< $ F< K JGLJ G JF, OJF LQOJ GL < MH O< KLK, KOK <KHGKLGFK NJQJEGL JGE LJM KFK G GFGMJ, GJ FQ MKL <K G HGLFKKF< MEFLQ.¬

. 3. MLR< . . . FLG KNK. A KEJ PHJKKGF GMJK F"GMLªK JLJ G L HJLFK, FKJL< Q BMJ F L

AFFM KLJ GJ 1760. $F L NGME GJ 1761, M<K LG LKK «L JLJ G EGMK FLGF, EHJGN<, O EQ KQ KG,Q GF KLQ< +GKGHJ, FLG JMLK.¬ +GKGHJ KQMJMK, L <G G GMKKM. « HJGL,¬ OJLK JJ, «OKLG GJE F FLJ FO J G EF; F< O N F LJFKGJE<FLG KNK.¬ O +LMJ G +JK, . 3. G LLK, +MJKMLK G LJLMJ, N. 11;

BML , IMLQªK NF HJKL, GMKKM, A K F KGJJGO FMJK< F< MFL OL OG¨. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L LE K OGJ L LRF F, AF< N LG JF L KG KN, F.

. 4. GMKKM . . . GLJ . . . #NLMK. KHJL G J-LFF,O NK KG <KLFL JLJ LG L KL FLMJQ, OK Q FGEFK L HJG<M G LL FLMJQ. $L < F ELFL GJ L KLLOG FLMJK, GJ F L E<< G LL FLMJQ L ELJMEHFL. $L E JGE $LQ OL L FKKF. FGM, F KDKGMJK (1585), MLK L LKLK G JF L EGF. +cJJKFF, F 1636, JGFK 50,000 F +JK GF; «M (MLL)

K MLG HMJEME, EMLG LEF EK LKEG GLL.¬ EGJ GFLK KML F . AMJLFªK $FLJG<MLGF, F< H. KHQBMJLGFªK KLGF GF «GMK FGQ F <L.¬

. 7. FG <KGNJK LG E< F EGJLQ. G F L LLJ LG . <FGFN, BMJ FKKLK LL LG ±L J JGJE, NJQ NKLEMKL ±< G «LL HGKGHQ O HJLF<K LG N E<<KGNJK F L L=JJ MKLJK G EGJLQ.¬ K LLJ GFLFKBMJªK ²F M<EFL GF GMKKM.

. 9. MF<JKLGG< GF GJ O OJ GJF. CH. FL, H. 120, . 21.





346. 12. KFL LGE . . . HJL GIMLQ. G L AFLGGQ;

p… w{•o , ”ƒ~‡†{, w‚w£ z¡ Šv~¦ ‚{Š ‚•€‡ƒ,qvyw, €w£ ‚{tŠw |oƒ —Š• Š¤ƒ ~sƒwŠ…ƒ.

. 20. MJJ< = GLL<, KJ< GNJ.

. 22. J JLK G ³K, &. R P. 19.

+. 182, . 17. EFQ G GMJ EF G KHMLGF. AM<F LG L KGGG FK KKQKLK, OL A<<KGF L LK <; F< KHQ LG DJ. %GFKGF. KHQ L «GJ<,¬ GK. 112§114. GJ<CKLJ²<ªK KKQK F L GJ<, O HHJ< F BMJªK QGMFJ <QK, N<FLQ LLJL< K LLFLGF. GGOFPLJLK J JGE G. 112, O GEEFK OL L IMGLLGF G

GF G BGFJGªK KGOQ F< KGO FJKLGFK GF LKML G HJM<, F< K FLJKLF JGE LK JF GF LHJKFL LPL. «$L K JLF LL LJ K FGL F LE OF LHJJGLN G MEF JKGF OK EGJ JQ KKJL<, FGJ JJGJKF< HJM<K EGJ Q LL< F< PHGK< Q L KL OJLJK,LF FGO. BML EQ FGL L HJFH G FIMJQ F< <LLGF JJ< LGG J, GJ L KL E< LGG FJ? AF< KGM< FGL HJM<FL <KJEFLGF G KK LLF<< LG? A HJM< K QFG EFK (LGM FJQ LGML KG) F JJGJ; GF L GFLJJQ, LEQ EGKL MFIMKLGF< LJML, LGM L KL HJM< FLGK OG, OLGML FQ PEFLGF, L L MHGF LJMKL F<FLJLF L Q L. J J NF KGE HJM<K, GMF<<MHGF JJGJ, O GML LG GFFN< L, GJ HJHK FGMJ<;LJ ±LK F EGJ F² LG KGLQ LF LJ <LLGFF HGKKQ . . . . M G EFF< N FLJ KMJ FGJFGO< KM´FL LG JKGF JL; OQ LF KGM< LQ LML LG JKGF L ? FGL GFKL FKLFL HJGEHL, F<OGKGE HJM<K M< LE, EM LLJ LF JKGFF? . . . #GFKL, MKM, GE-KHMF HJM<K . . . FLEKNK MF<GML< F< <EGFKLJ LJMLK, F< GMLLJGJ LG JK< NF F LJ GJKKL <JKK.¬

. 29. L . . . KJK G MFGFFL< LK. <KLFLGF K FEHGJLFL HJL G L EGJ KQKLE G AJKLGL, L., . . .

+. 183, . 8. L FPH OJ OL KLKEFLK. CH. FJ, H.187, . 1. L FFF G L EGMK JL F LFQGHd< GF GMF<LGFK, OJLLF Q MJGL. J JF<LGFK F KMKIMFL OGJK LL BMJ < J< L. MLGJ,FGL GFLFL OL PHGKF L MKK F< O HGFLK G G<KLKEFLK, NGO<Q F<NGMJK «LG PL F NJKGF LG FO

GMF<LGFK.¬





$<. FPH OJ. A MJGMK PHJKKGF G NQ, O KEK LGN KLM F BMJªK EEGJQ. «P IMMK HJG JLG L, +LJK,<NJKMK IMGK LF<JL, G FPH K HJKMLMJGK.¬ . N.. 35. $L K JHL< L H. 243, . 3, F< F L LLJ LG J. BJGFEL.

. 13. KFMJ KHK G GEHL. BKGH #GJKQ, LJ LJF LLGJQ G F GJF GEHL G GNJFEFL LG L CJLG G +LG,KQK; «$L K JEJ LL LK ²LLGMK GEHL, O F EG<JFLEK L F E< L KK G L MFIM²< <GLJF G JKKLF, KGM< N347 F KL MH Q +LG F L HJKGF G GJLK K L GMF<LGF G L GHHGKL <GLJF G L HKKNG<F G L F<N<M.¬ JE. PN. %F. 30, 1793.

+. 184, . 7. JMK< LG F LJ O, &. AM<< LG Q

BGFJG F K EJK GF L #KLGJQ G FF<. BKLGF, NG. N. . 8, F< KHQ EF, #KLGJQ G LFCJKLFLQ, BGG P. . 6; «+JEFL OL GF F<FFL NG<J< L KMJJF<J G L JE Q %GF FM F< NG<, KOLGML L GFKFL G +JEFL, F< GFLJJQ LG L FªKGJGFLGF GL (40 <O. $$$). . . . +JEFL OK K JKGMLFKL L GLJ MK (L HGKKKKGF G J F²K QGJFJK). ²JKL LLML G +JGNKGJK < F HKK< F LJF G <OJ< $ (35 <O. $). O J<Q F L JF G <OJ<$$$ (F 1351 F< 1353) OK LK O J-FL<, OL HFLK JKFGN GF FGLJ F KNJLQ. $L OK FGO, 1373 <J< LL LCGMJL G GE GM< HJKFL LG FG KGHJ GJ F² FFF<.¬ «$F L QJ 1390 (15 . $$) L CGEEGFK PLGJL< LJFO G L LLML G +JGNKGJK F L KLJGFKL LJEK.¬

. 16. O EMKL HJGN< K FKEF. CH. FL, FGL LG H. 95, . 13.BMJ GFK<J< L JKL G MJGH K «F< Q GFLFLGF¬OL L HGL <² G JF.

. 24. F LK HGKGH. LJE «HGKGH¬ LFEH<, K L HJHK KL <GK F JF, MF F CJKLFLQ.

CGJ<ªK JLJ G L HGKGHQ JGML FLG NGM Q GLJ, DªAEJL, D<JGL, &., K NF J, FGL MK L KLGLJ MKL, ML MK L MKLJLK L NOK G BMJ, QO L OK MF<GML<Q FKHJ<; +JMJFL, MKLF, F<JNGMLGFJQ, LK JF OK<GE K FNJ EGJ LF JR< LKMJ G FGO<. AK HGL GFGEQ, F LK R GJ LFJK G GG<, L LMQ GNJGG< L IMLK F< NF LKFKLGFK G LGK LL OJ LG < GF L. AK L HGKGHQ, LJGFK< FG <MLK O L GM< FGL J<M FLG <LGJ F<J<LGJ GMFLK GF L <JK G K-GN, OJ FG GF OK

KLJF O GM< FGL JF<J< FLG J KFKLGFK. AF< NF F LK L G K-GEHFQ K E JL, JLQ





E $ <N< L K FGL JGE L NJQ FFF EKLF LHJG<MLK G <KLJMLGF, <N=J J=JME, GJ L EFLK G GEHGKLGF: F< EGKL KKMJ<Q L K <JQ HMJK< OJFL FNFLGFK L L GKK G GEEMFGF OL F< LKHJL G FLMJ. AK L HJGKK, KM L JKML!¨ JLKK

JNGLQ LJFLF OL KFLEFLLQ K JLKK¨F FGJFLGFLEHL G FLIMLQ¨ FL G EGJ K-<KHF¨<<FF G L JGMK KFK, NF F L KK J³LF GJEKG FLMJ HLQ¨ KGJFM JHJGLGF G GFKGLGFK F<KJL JJKFK JGE GN* ¨F< K L HML EGJLMME 348 G MEF FLMJ NHGJL<, JF FLMJ G JHLQ, NLQ,JGLQ, F< HJKMEHLGF. LLKEFªK FM, AHHF<P C.

. 34. CGFK F< GF<, &. A LL K OGJL FGOF G LKOJLJK EQ J< F J. +LLKGFªK KKQ GF L «F<FK G

GMK GML F FF<, 1688§1750.¬ JHJKFLLN EFG L KL OK F<. CH. +GH, $EL. G #GJ, . 6;

BML JL LGM GF OGE FO GHFGFK KOQ,F OG NK K F< <K L OQ?G NJLM F< MJ <KGOFK,FK LL ML OGJ<K, F< LK ML J F< KLGFK?

+. 185, . 2. G FGO J<K BGFJG? CH. FJ, H. 226, . 11. $LK F JEJ< LL BMJ K MFFJGMK LG K LJJQ EKLJ.GE, GONJ, GFK<J K GLGFK LG BGFJG KLJLF K F FJQ KMHHGK<, F< GG MHGF A<<KGF K KLJJQ HJFL. CH. FGL LG H. 182, . 17, KMH. «ME F<BMLM¬ JLFQ JK L EJK G EM KLM<Q G A<<KGF, GLK LG KLQ F< K LG ELLJ. BMJ JHLK K GHFGF G BGFJG F L JKL LLJ GF < +; «F $ OK NJQ QGMF, FJ KGF LG< E $ OK LG <EJ KGE G LOJLFK FKL LL EFKLJ (J . HG). A LL EGJELMJLQ LML E K EM LG <KHK LE.¬

. 5. O KMKKGJK. MKGF K LG #ME.

$<. EQ NML G « L CHMLK.¬ GEG F< %ML, AL N. K.1:

GM KL GJF LG LL KE FFL NML,J L F<J< G L CHMLK .

. 9. FNJ L< F GJHK. L BMJ, KMJ KF G FOGJLKK F< FGJE PJKFK G N KGLQ. < «+JKFLDKGFLFLK.¬ K GKJNLGF GF L LKL JLFJK KE< Q BGFJG EK! BMJ K F EF< L GJMK FEKGF;





$ FQ (LKLK) LQ O GKMJ;GJ G KM <GLJF FNJ OK LJ KGG,BML L JL G L GG, AF< FG EF LJF <GLGJ ML EK.

. 20. FLN HFFKK F< <JLFKK G MF<JKLF<F. FKJ JEJ GJ JGGL< <K LG FJQ F<KGHKLLGF. "GG< EKFGMK MKLJLGFK G FKJLJ J L MLGJ G «#M<JK,¬ K J³L< F K OJLFK,L J GJ < CGNJQ G A<<KGF, L HJFH JLJK G <F, BGKOªK HGJLJLMJ G DJ. %GFKGF, F< L «CJKLGHJGJL¬ G BOGG<ªK RF (+JGKKGJ %GF KGF).

. 22. LGK OG N KMKKNQ GLF< MLGJLQ EGF MK.BMJ N<FLQ M<K LG J GJL HG, GJ< CLE, F<

GJ< GFE, <FQF, Q EHLGF, L KE EJL LG LGKOG < F F HGOJ KF GFEªK <L.

. 28. FG JMKL G KMHJKLLGF, &. G BGF, KKQ G ALKE; «$<349 JLJ N L K F L '==F<, F< L/EM<, F< L AGJF, LF LL LK MFNJK JE K OLGML EF<.¬

+. 186, . 7. LEH . . . MFGO< ²J. AM<F LG L KJ< ²JGF L LJ G KL L GE: HGKKQ KG LG MEJK, . PN.

. 15. "J¨AJEFF¨GEF¨+JGLKLFL. BMJ KHK KOJ G L «GMJ JF< <NKGFK G CJKLFLQ,¬ N<FLQFLF<F L KE K J. (LLJ LG . EL, KI.) # OK G GHFGF LL L «LJ JGFK, HJNFL EGJ GJ KK F NJGMKHJLK G LK KF<K, GML , F KMGJ<FLGF LG L KLKEFLK, K LQ KLF< F L KNJ GMFLJK LG GMFLFF<, HJGLL<, F< JK<; F< LL F $JF<HJLMJQ L GEF CLG JGF KGM< MH< F JKHL F< NFJLGF . . . F< FGL LGJL< K F FNL N.¬ JLJ G BMJ Q LGF, OG, L KGM<

JEEJ<, OK MJ, GFLFK L GGOF JEJHKK; «# NK L +HKLK OJGF, <GMLK L+JGLKLFLK J LGLJ JL. # K FGL F NGMJ< LG ²F<LL MJ O OGM< < E LG L F<ML JLFLQ G LJM JGF, MF<²< OL L EPLMJ G MEF FNFLGFK.¬ LJ J L F G LGML O OK <GHL< Q CGJ<, F<JJ< FLG HJL Q $JNF. CH. L DGLJF G GJLGF, FJ,HH. 253, 254.

+. 187, . 16. F FLFL GE. MKGF K LG L GFKLLMLGF G

L DENJL; L KLL NKL< OK ALFK, F L LE G





+JK. MJ <KJ<L< L KLGJQ, ML LJOJ<K JLJL< KGHFGF.

. 20. GMJ MJ KLKEFL. G KLM<FL G KLGJQ O GOLK LG J KLLEFL G GFLEHGJJQ HM GHFGF. $L K

LGLQ GHHGK< LG L NOK G L JMJLGFF KGG, OFM<< L EGKL LGMLM F< HJL MJEF G L LE.

. 28, 30. MMKL J . . . KJ< LEH. «LEHME F EG<MEJK¬ G LMK, KHF G L LEH G %JMKE, O KM<< LG F L HKK IMGL< F FGL LG H. 113, . 27.

+. 188, . 31. L F LJMKL. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 118, . 10.

+. 189, . 10. %FKKJK. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 96, . 1.

. 24. L EGKL KEKK LF, &. CH. DJQ<FªK LJ GF LDML. L JMEFLK G L ALFFK LG L FK,MQ<<K, BGG N. . 85.

. 27. L HGH L J FNJ GML, &. CH. NG. . H. 74, H. 251,&. «MIM< EMLK HLMJ FMLME KL,¬ MF, +JK. N. 260. IMGLLGF < F EHGQ< Q BMJ F K HH GJ EJQGF G L GFNL< JGLJK G 1780. # GLF HHK LG LFJ <GLJF.

+. 190, . 4. K KO G JLQ¨«K KHK JLLK,¬ JGEL HKK F LMK (#KL. . 1) IMGL< F NG. . H. 125, . 23.

. 19. O F< JKGF L KE. <GLJF LL JKGF F< OJ <FL F L DNF EF< K GFMKGF G L GGEFGLF MK< Q L FK LGGFK.

. 25. GFJ LL HGOJ GF LGK GFQ, &. CH. H. 129, . 23 KII.

+. 191, . 5. -JFLJK. FFLK GJ , . . LGK OG J FLL<

LG JN L JFLK GJ .350. 9. ML G± L FL. MKM PHJKKGF GJ GJEQ<HJNF HJKGFK GF OGE KLLEFLK N F E<, G LF²L G KM KLLEFLK. BQ F FL, KLJLQ KHF, HJGHJLQK KLL< GF HJKGFK F< L JK G LJ G<K: ML MLLF G± L FL KG <LK L KMHHEFLJQ GFLFFL FLJKLK.

$<. GEEL OKL. LF LJE GJ HJEFFL FMJQ <GFGF F<< KLL, K Q HMF <GOF GMKK, MLLF LEJ, &.

. 18. F OL L GLJ. CH. FL, H. 121.





. 20. KF G MJKHJM<F. $F L JKL LLJ GF <+, BMJ KQK LL GJ< CE<F KJ< K NOK GF LK HGFL.«G EF, F HM GJ HJNL GFJF, F <NF Q OL JM GJHJFH J M<EFLK J LG <JL<; FGJ K LJ LG GMF< HJGKKGJ F FQ MFNJKLQ, GJ HJLLGFJ F FQ GMJL, OG O

RJ< F GHFGF G OL K GJ K FGL O F JF, F FQ KOLNJ.¬ # GK GF LG JEJ GF LL <KNGO G HJFHKG HM O O GMLO< L JF HM F MJGH.

. 22. GL< JKGF G K. A KEJ NF<LGF G O JGE LOL G HJL KGKL K LLJML< LG DJ. %GFKGF. LL G BKLGF, NG. . . 22.

. 25. +JKGF K-KM´FQ, &. G DF;

GJ K-GHFGF OGM< KF EGJ OKF HJKFL GMFKK, MKLGEK, GJ<JK, OK; AF< LG L F< LG N LE GLJOK CGEEGFOL FLG GFMKGF <JOK, AK GJ<Fª< LG EJG L OGJ< OL OL, AK O K JGKKFKK LG <KGFGMJ L.CGJMK LG J<Q G +GLK.

+. 192, . 22. LL FG EF KGM< HHJG, &.

$ FFL JK FG< F< LJL LG ,

G HL LJ ³OK, F< MLLJKK MH L O,G J K <MLQ; ML J ²P L EJ:GJ QGF< L, K LG LGM L J.DJQ<F, AK. F< AL.

. 29. LL < HJFL F HK. G F H GF+JEFLJQ GJE, 1782; «$ GG OL ² JNJF GF LGFKLLMLGF G EQ GMFLJQ, F< FNJ O ML L F HK, F< HML LFLG L LL G FQ EF, F GJ<J LG G L, OL L HM<<G LJ GEHGMF<K, FLG QGML F< NGMJ.¬ AM<F LG L F<

G L <MLJK G +K, F G KKQ, OG «Q L GMFK G <, GHH< E F HK, F< KL E GF OL $ FGOFGL OL JK F M<JGF, ML GM< FGL JNN E F,¬#GK, D CGJHGJ +GLG, +JL . H. 8. #GK, BMJ,MKK L KLGJQ LG MKLJL «MLLF L CGEEGFOL F HK,MHGF HJLF GJ GH G JGJELGF.¬ CGOQ EHGQK L F KEJ OQ, F K EGMK KKQ GF L "GNJFEFL G NJ351CJGEO. $L OK F GNGMK MKLJLGF G NFLK F 1789. CH.FJ, FGL LG H. 227, . 13, F< H. 328, . 34.

+. 193, . 8. $L K HJLFJKH, &. A ²F PEH G BMJªK OQ G LF F MK< KLJL HJFH, F< GJJLF L F LK





HHLGF, O FJK F< FLFK²K LK KF²LGF.BMJ PHGKK L K FNGN< F L JF MK G L LJEGdLd, O LJQ EFK «HJLFJKH¬ K O K «KGLQ.¬

. 11. FFGL GLF< F EFQ FJLGFK. JEK G LK

HJGGMF< JMEFL J LG GMF< F CJG, ML L OK FNJ HMLF KH KG Q, FGJ FGJ< KG HGOJMQ, K F L HJKFLHKK.

+. 194, . 14. «MG< HJFH,¬ &. JGE L <JE G HG, C.< H., . N. HKK K MK< K EGLLG GF L LL-H G LLªK O G LGFK, NGMJL MLGJLQ G BMJªK.

. 17. G L < F< JL. CH. FL, H. 171, . 5.

$<. JL FE¨HG.. 18. JLJ FE¨CJG.

. 27. KL = KL, JL.

+. 195, . 6. GLGF G L KLL LK, K OGJLQ G±JF, &.+JHK JEFKF G HKK F L CGEEMFGF JN.

. 9. <FLQ G HJKGFK. MKGF K LG L NJGMK KKL<FLJK JGE L BKGH <GOFOJ<K.

+. 197, . 10. K EH F< K JQ KJ¨EG<JF OGJ<. BMJMKK L OGJ< EG<JF F LK KLJL KFK = L OGJ< G LG-<Q. «EH F< JQ KJ¬ K FGL FLF<< LG PLF< QGF< L G #GGJ F< BGF. $F FQ EGJ PLF<< KFK, PHL F LFEK G O GGEF, F< NJQ JJ KK CMJ, LOGM< <´ML LG MKLQ L E.

+. 198, . 4. KLL G L MJ . . . HJNL HJGHJLQ. $F K HGF L +LLGF FKL L ALK G FGJELQ (1772), BMJ

EFLF< L GFLJJQ. # LF < LL L MJ OK NGMFLJQ KGLQ, NGMJ< Q L LL, F< F<GO< Q L OLL LLK K HM LP.

. 9. MJHMK. KLJL LOF BGGL F< MG. <LJJFF F F FJ EGKL L<KK, L HJG< JKF< G L OLJ J F< F L LJLK G KKF OK KLF<F HMRR LG L FFLK.

$<. MF<K F< LGFK. «ALGFK¬ J. = KJK F GFL KLG.("JEF AL=F.)





. 16. EJ FNFLGF, &. CH. L O-FGOF F, « DMFªPKLL HK, M<JL ªFNFLJ.¬

. 25. HJ< LG L HGGJ. L. M N. 22, &.

. 32. EKJ JL (JL = J, HGOJM). «"JL HJKGFK,¬KQK GML, «MFKK LJ MF<JKLF<FK J NJQ JL LGG, J G GLJK L EGKL EKJ.¬ G "JQ, < LG HJF;

#GO NF L J<GMJ G L JGO<¨#GO GO, GO LL J L HJGM<,#GO F<FL L JL!

352+. 199, . 13. Q LGG J EGF L MFHHQ. CJGFKGK L HGGJ EF Q FMEJLF KGE G L KGJJGOK G L

J; A! G F H, GG< GO, LG LF GE,GJ FQ LK KH L FJ <GGE;"Q K LQ KE, KMJ OL LE J JLKL KGJJGO LJ<, LJªK K<FKK F LJ HJLK;$ LGM GM<ªKL K LE, OF LQ LF GF,JL, EMK, JF<K, F< LK EMKEFLK GF;CGM<ªKL LGM <KGNJ NJQ KJL L HFK LJ KHJL, GJ JKKLK LJ O;CGM<ªKL LGM G< GJKF GNªK <KLJKK,

J FNQªK HF L GJQ GJ KMKK,J MLQ, GFKGMK G L KHGK G LE,J ML JEª< OF EEGJQ KGOK L JE; A LL NK KGJJGO, LJJGJ, J F< GGE¨CGFLFL OGM< J L LJM<F LG LF GE.CJ, «AEMKEFLK.¬

. 14. HJKGF HF. HKMJ G OL, KQK GML, K KG JJGE JF L KGM, LL L KJ HJK L KF. «L OGM< EF N LG HMJK JK, FQ, ML KE JKHL JGE L

PLJE HFK G L GML GJ KLGF? AF< QL, GM< KHQKF OL GL L $F<K, FLJ JL FGJ EGFQ F J<E,GJ ML JHJN E JGE K EKJQ. G EF K L HFK F<LGJLMJK G K HJKFL <KLEHJ ( L OL L O) L L KKGJ F J. #K JK F<< EQ N GKGF<, ML LQFFGL Q LE. G EFªK NJ MJFK L FLJ GJ K<JFF K MHK F G<F MH.¬ L JKL G LK, LGFM<F JMEFL G L ²F KJEGF «F CGNLGMKFKK.¬

. 19. JF OLGML EL. K JEF<K MK KGELF G +KªKGGEQ GKJNLGFK GF L KJL FKLFL O <K EF LG K <NJKGF F< EHGQEFL F KGELF GMLK< EK.





. 33. HGH G FF< FGO, &. K GFK<JLGFK JJHL< JGE JJ CMJ HGLFK. «J OL K < FKG JL <EJLGF K FJQ F LK G<F L K, LLOLGML L F HJLGFK J FGL LG <NJ JGEPLJE GFLEHL, KMJQ LG E KGHK HGGJJ LF LQ J,

OJ LG E LE G KK GMFL F< KLELGF LF LQ KGM<.¬ #GGJ, . +G., BGG N. . PPN. 19. G KG GML, JEGFN. (KKL +GQ L BKL +GQ): « NMJ N FGL KMG <K, K LG LG KLJL KM KML GFHLGFK KLG KHJL L EF JGE L EFKLJ, GJ LG GFK<J L KEHJKGF MF<J <GM HLQ, F< KG GFGMJ E K <NF,O LQ <KHK E K HGGJ. . . . L L EFKLJ L F<GO, K FLJKL FGFK<J, L GJ< O KM±J GJ K K. EKK O KL ²F< JHLGF GJ<F LG L <FLQ G LEKKFJ.¬ OL, +JGL GJ L A<NFEFL G GF; «$L KG

HHFK LL EF G HKMJ, OG FNJ G LG MJ, FGJ MKLEKNK LG J< GGK G <NGLGF,353 GJE LJ <K G LJQ JGE O HGGJ KLJGJK LQ GLF GKJN F L KLJLK,GJ KFF GML G KGE HJKGF G IMLQªK GMK, OJ LQ JJ< Q L <Q L LF KFK EGFL. . . . AF< L KGEJKGFJK LF OL LQ HK, L K JLF LL EF EMKL JGML LG KLE F< GN L JQ GJ LQ F HJKM<< LG F GN OL JGF. G EF NMK L KLE<F, <EFKLJ< Q HQKF OGK HJKGF LKF< <KHKK.¬

+. 200, . 5. $ L HGNJLQ OJ NGMFLJQ, &. #RLL, KKQ GF LFL G GFQ: «J<ªK GG GF L CGFLEHL G L CJQ KMFGMF<<. $L K KMJQ KM´FL GJ FQ KL G F<N<MK, JK<GN LM OFL, LL LJ JLJK J FGL EJQJKHL, ML KJ<. +GNJLQ, OF L K NGMFLJQ, K FNJ<KH, ML LK F JG KHL.¬

. 13. GK OG J LG FKLJML HJKMEHLMGMK FGJF, &. «LOL K HLM MF<JF FGMFLJ L KGEF GGK G F GHHJKKF JF<? L OL GH G KMKK K

<NFLMJ LG L NGMK PLJNFK G JMµF FL? <J LG GFLJ<L L GHFGF, GJ <KGO L HJL G LL OLQ GJ LK HGOJM FGMJ, Q OGK EK, L EQ , K JN<, F< KMHHGJL< Q K NGMJ?¬ BJJGO, CGFKJLGFJEGF GF +K. PPP. 16. GJ JEJ FKLF G LF<L<FKK G EG<JF HGLFK LG BMJ, GEHJ OL LKHKK J . +ªK H L L "KGO BFIML, 1837.

. 20. G! O O N J LG PL J ELJ< JGFL, &. «CJKLOGM< N K G<Q, L MJ, FGL EJ F< GFLEHL, ML

JHFK< F< GJF MH OL KM´FQ, <KHQ< LG L OGJ<





OL L MLK G MFKK, F< L EGKL FFGF HJGHGJLGFK.¬GML, +GKLMEGMK JEGFK, G. .

. 34. Q F K KGH G DMJE, &. JMEFL K JGEOL KOJ K «L PFL IMJK G L PFL

BJQ.¬ «$ L JNFMK GLL< GJ L FGMJEFL G JGF F< JFF OJ E< J<LJQ F L F<K G <GRFQ GJ<K, F< K EFQ GNJJGOF GEEGFJK, OLJ L HMOGM< EM L LLJ GJ L?¬ MJK, G. 340. EJQ OL, AJMEFLK FKL FJF L +GOJ G L BKGHK: «$ OKFNJ LG EF OL FGFNFF OGM< JM LG LHM Q GF LGMKF< GJ LOG LGMKF< QJ F F L F<KG HJGLKLFL KGH, FQ EGJ LF G Q HJKGF. GJEJ,FJQ KHF, NK K HGMKQ F< GKHLQ K L GLJ,HQK K <LK K GFKLQ, F< KHF<K K EM G K JNFM

EGFKL K LFFLK; K<K, LQ J K EE<L LFFLK, QGMEQ <KLFMK LE L ²JKL KL, Q LJ LK F< GJKK, GJ, QGM G LG LJ GMKK, Q LJ GEGJL OQ G NF.¬

+. 201, . 2. LK J, GJ LL IMJ. JMEFL K OLLQEH²< Q Q<FQ EL, F K GF< LLJ LG AJ<GFFLGF: «, GJ FKLF, L CL<J G BJKLG, L OGKLLK G O J GML IM LG HF H G GPGMF<K. $ LK < F F L F<K G 354 GMFLJQ FLEF, FKL< G +JFLGJ, MFLGJ, DF, F< CFGFK, F< PLGF, QGM OGM<N < MFLKEF, OHHJ-F, <G-<JK, F< KLGHHJK G JLK; L G< KIMJ, M G GGK GHFGFK, F< JEFL<IM<K, F< QGMF FLEF G GNK, OKLGLK, F<HFLGGFK; F< GO EFQ FJLGFK EL L GJ LGJLMLGMK GFGMJK G FGG<K OGM< HJG<M KM EF K+JGKKGJ , GF G L +JF<JK G BJKLG, F< Q J LEGKL EFFL JFL KGJ F MJGH?¬

. 3. G EFQ <GK F< GJKK J FGL HL, &. J<J ELFQ < CGLL GJ E FKL< G BMJ. BMJ OK LJM JF< LG L HGGJ OG N< FJ K KLL. +JGJªK G

BMJ, . PN.

. 8. $L K LLJ LG JK, &. HJFH < F HML GJL QBKGH #GJKQ F K JEGF GF L HGGJ FGL KF GML G LF< (DML. PN. 11), Q 18, 1786. # EFLFK LL L KL F<EGKL FLMJ EG< G J K Q NGMFLJQ GFLJMLGFK. « OKGM< JM FGL LG <G LGG EM.¬

. 15. GG EM F< LGG LL J LJKGF FKL HJGHJLQ. KKLJF HGJKE K LQH HMJ LG BMJ. CH. FGL LG NG. . H.

186, . 20.





+. 202, . 3. K N LGK JGJEJK, &. «$ LQ MK LGG<K G L CMJ MFLG HGEH F< NFLQ, KM MLK O <G FGLPMK F LE: GFQ O OK L LG GFK<J< OLJ KMMLK NJQ F LE, GJ K ML GL< FKL LE Q KMK H LJ KHG, F< LJGJ J FG GEHLFL M<K G OL

K EG<JL F< OL K PKKN. . . . $ L JE<Q GJ L <KKK GG<, L L MFHJLQ HH<. $FL=J=KL J=HM= ML J= KMa IMKIM= =F= MLLMJ. L KLLK HML LG LJ EG<JLHFKGFK, L LJ NFK F< F<K LF OQ JGE LE,OGKGNJ LQ , F OGE KM EH HGKKKKGFK J GMF< LGN F ELLJK G JNGMK MK; OJ LK MKL? OGM< FGEK LF LK JKGF?¬ #GGJ, . +G., BGG N. PPN.24. G CJ, «GMK LK¬:

«$F HGEH,¬ LQ JQ, «K FF<ªK CMJ JJQ<,

MJ GG JGJEJK OJGML EF J<¨ OGM< N HM< J GJGMK LEHK <GOF, AF< KHMJF< J ELJ, F< <²< J GOF¨ OGM< N LJG<<F GO GL F F< KL,GJ L LL JEFF, JL GJ KE!¬L MK KJGMK¨KGM< KM LJK GE, AJ LQ LEKNK HJHJ< GJ EJLQJ<GE?

. 23. MH G LJ GEFLGFK. NLGF G L. %GF, PN. 4.

. 28. K²K FJEFL G EF<, &. CH. FGL LG NG. . H. 151, . 2.

+. 203, . 15. JKQ <JNF¨JHK G MKMJQ. MKGF K LG J. AF. . 212, KII.

+. 204, . 6. <EK G L +K GQ. GMJL QJ< G L+K GQ, KMJJGMF<< Q JKLMJFLK F< KGHK, OK F< K KL FGL< H G ELF¨L GJME G KLMEH-GJLGJK F<FOKEGFJK. J.355 CJQ FEK L LF-L-@GE=. CMG %GFK LGG LJ LJOJ<K LGG EGMK FE JGE ELF FL G GFNFL G EGFK G L GJ<J G L. %EK G

CGEHGKL.

. 35. <MFGFK F< JGF K G LJ G< EKLJK. MKGF KLG L JMLK G GMK $, LMK <KJ< Q CGEEFK: «$ KL NJQ IMª NGL L < JGMJMKK HJKGFK, GEE K < J LMLJK < GK, GMNJLK < HIMK < J HJ <GJK L HJ <<FK, N LJJK JJMJK < IMIMK ML H<K < J, L< MLMJ <ªMF GEE L MF H< < HMK. HJEJ IM K<NK ML ªdNKIM < J<MF, IM F HJEcJ IM ML L MLEK FGFLFFL, L Q GMd IMLGJR FK.¬ dE. N. N. . 12.





+. 207, . 17. EQ KLLEFLK. $F JF LF FM,KMKLLMLGFK ²<=-GEEKKJ=K, K H. 337, . 2 (LG <KLFMK< JGE L MK G LK LJEK F L N O). NJGMLMEK, GONJ, FM<F LGK G GJEF<Q F< BJLLFQ,<KGO< LE. O GF L KML < F ²P< Q F

GJ<FF F 1741. $F L FQGHd< LQ J JJ<< EFQ GLJ FKLLMLGFK, K MKM F LJ <Q, ML MFKML< LG L. OJLJ G L JL HHJGNK L FK JKLJLGFK GFKLLEFLK, O GJ< LJ GHJLGF QGF< L G HJKGF NF L L LE OF LQ J E<, F< LOFLQ-GF QJK LJ. «F <L IM <JGL GMLMEJ <ªAFLJJ GJJ KKMKKGFK ` HJHLMLd; L F GFKdIMF, K Q KGFL HMKELdK IM <FK MMF MLJ EGFJ < ªMJGH.¬ OJLJKG GGK FNGMKQ GF L HJGLLGF LG KG<JK FKLFLK, O OK HMJ LG BJLF. $F JF L HJGLLGF G

L KG<J FKL JK F< HMJKJK GJEJQ PLF<<GFQ LG FF QJK JGE L GEEFEFL G L K, GMK $.NF ²P< LK KGJL EL F GJ<J LG E L LP GF FLGFKEGJ JIMFLQ P. AEGF L JGJEK G MJGL, LK HJG<< F FJK< LG LOFLQ-KNF QJK, ML L FQGH<KLGFK<JK LK LGG KGJL.

. 18. L MK JLJLMK = <JGL <= J=LJL, GJ JL G JGNJQ,MKMQ FGOF K HJdLGF. JF O <ELL< EGJ LFLOFLQ KHK G LK JL, L EGKL EHGJLFL G O OJ L=LJL =F=MJ F< L =LJL 'F=J. BQ L GJEJ L GJ<GM< L FQ LE GEHMKGJQ JHMJK FL< F<K O< GF GJE< HJL G K ². BQ L LLJ L JK G F<GOFJ GM< KEJQ JHMJK FQ HGJLGF G LJFKLGJKª KLLK O < FL<. K JLK HJN<FGL GFQ F L HQK GMLME=JK, ML F L HQK <= <JGL dJL. CH.L AKKK G %JMKE.

. 19. EKK G F<< HJGHJLQ < Q L JGOF . . . MFFQ. HJNL KLLK G L EGFJ < GJEJQ F <KLFMK<JGE L JGOF KLLK, F< GM< FL<: ML LJ L

J<FF G GMFK (J<GFFF <M <GEF, 1566) L<KLFLGF <KHHJ<, F< KLLK O E F FQ OQ LGL EGFJ OJ MFL< LG L JGOF F<K. HGQ G FGF-FLGF, GONJ, <LK JGE LE FLJGJ LG L. GMK. $L OKGF G L OKL HGFLK G L F=F JdE=, F< OK356 QLL< F L JLd < FF <K GEFK, 1740, GJ LFQGH<KLK JGML GJOJ< LJ JMEFLK FKL L, F<MJGL GJE< K OK HF GJ GKF L. JGOF F<K OJGLF FL<, ML KM FLGFK OJ OQK KML LG L MK J=LJLMK.





. 21. NKL KLLK G L KKL GJHGJLGFK. J OL <F EM PJL<. GE KLEL< L L GF , GLJK LGF LJ<, G L JFL G L F<GE. CGF<GJL, F K G MJGL, KLELK L L KK LF ²L.

+. 208, . 7. FGL FG GJ FOQ FG. «K FK <ªKHJL L K FKJK LJGMNFL <GF FGKK FKMHHGJL; L HMHJL LJGMNFL K FKMHHGJL IMªK ²FKKFL HJ ªLJ. KGJK GEEFbL HGMJ MP MF FGMNM FJ < KMHH; KdLFL <K FGK, <K FK FGK, EK FªdLFL HKFLKGEEK.¬ NJG, %GMJF +GLIM.

+. 209, . 7. LOG <EK G JF. EGMK A<dE <KFK (/@= A<EQ), F< L A<dE <K $FKJHLGFK, KG< MK LK KH G´ OK L <NKF G FKJHLGFK F

GFGMJ G L JF< (GFJIM=, F< F JLGF G K NJGMKN F< ELJQ LJMEHK.

$<. NKL MF<JLF G L FQGH<. CGEEF< F 1751Q D<JGL F< DªAEJL. J < F FQGH<K NJKF L E<< G L KPLFL FLMJQ: ML L HJKFL OGJ, FO EQ LJ< L ²JKL GJE G «+GKLNKE,¬ HMJHGK< LGHMJ L OGJ< G FGO< F< HJL G LL OK GKGLGJ HJM<. $L OK JHMK< (1782 KI.) F KLGFK, MF<J LLL G FQGHd< dLG<IM. «$L OK FLF<< LG GEHJKKLK, L GF MJL F< EFLJQ, G L KMLK G MEF FGO<: F< LG PL L EGKL JLF, L EGKL MKMF< EHGJLFL LJMLK, F L <±JFL JFK G KF. $L OKK<K LG GFLF <KMKKGF G NJQ IMKLGF LL FLJKLK LJF< GJ L MEF; GHFGFK G L JLKL MFNJKLQ GJJLQ, OL L GJF F< HJGJKK G LGK GHFGFK, F< LJMEFLK, OLJ MKL GJ GMK, GF O LQ < FKMHHGJL<.¬ CGF<GJL, G MJGL, . . $L EL N F<<< LL L OGJ OK K< GF L GMJK G HJECEJK, F< OK L ²JKL FLF<< LG LL EGJ LF LJFKLGF G K <LGFJQ.

. 12. HMJKM< OL <J G R, &. GMKKMªK KKQ GFL FK.

. 31. GLJQ G LJ GOF. LGF G L FQGHd<, GONJ,K J JEGN< JGE GHF GLJQ. FK %GFK GML<< LJEG<K. GF<GF CGJJKHGF<F GLQ J K< LG NJKGN< LL L HJFGMK F "G< OK LG F PHLGFLG LJ FJ HJFH G LGJLGF! (J %. FLGK, F LBJLK CJL, AM. 1800). BMJªK EFF K O EH²< Q DJ.

<<GF: «GF <GK FGL K LG F³MF NFLK EGF LGKOG JL LK EK: L PLK L KLJGFKL HKKGFK, FGL EJQ





F LK <F<JK, ML F LK FEK. E LG G< GEEMFGFOL F MFKF OGJ< JJLLK, OF L <GK FGL OF F< KLKQ. ALKE K F F< F F FLKE: L K F EKKGFJQ357 F< HJKMLGJ Q LMJFK; L K K< FLG HKKGFQ L NJQ HJKF G L KME HKKGF LG O L K GHHGK<.¬

GE EFLK G GF, L. .

+. 210, . 11. <KMLGJQ F< FL HJKMLGF. AM<F LG LHJG<FK FKL L FQGH<KLK, GEEF< OF KNF NGMEK < F HMK<, F< OF< Q F JJ< GF QLOG HJLK KG GHHGKL K %KMLK F< %FKFKLK. GJEJ <HJGHGK< LG GFLJML L LGG JLK, F< OJ HIM< LF JHMK<. +JEFL G +JK F L F< HHGFL< GEEKKGF LG KMHJNK L HMLGF. $L K JEJ LL LJL GF L GM, O OK EJ< F L dEGJK K L EGKL

G±FKN G , OK HJGN< LG N F OJLLF Q FLL G L GJGFF, OGK GJLG<GPQ OK MFEH! KHJKMLGF MK< GKJ MFGF LOF EGKL G L EEJK G L K=L= FQGHd<IM=, ML L <HJN< LE G L KKKLF G GLJK, F HJLMJ G MJGL.

+. 211, . 10. F LJ KLJK. L KEJ OGJK G GLJ,D<JGL, &.

+. 212, . 21. FO EGJLQ. LJE OK <GHL< Q CFFF K LL GJ K O-FGOF KLJ HGE F L AFL-GF.

. 33. GEHLJGJK-FJ. BMJ EL N PHL< JGE LKKOHF <FMFLGF GF OG GKL L G´, F HJL JGE L<KHJL GHHGKLGF G L FJK OGE K HJ<KKGJKEHGQ<¨MJGL. F MJGL < LG JKF, F< K HJM<FL F<J HGQ OK JNJK<, LJ OK ML GF OQ F JF. $LOK JLJ L >JE=JK -FJ OG KGM< N F LMKKLELK<.

+. 213, . 4. J. GJ<. %F %GKH (JIMK) < GJ<,

OLQ EJFL G BQGFF, EHGQ< PLFKNQ K FJF< ²FF GFLJLGJ Q L GNJFEFL G GMK , ²JKL F LNF JKª J. # OK HFJ< Q JL, K HJGHJ FEF DGJL. # LGG L FE G GJ< JGE F KLL OL OL EJIMKL MJ< GF E Q L DM < CGKM OKGFFL<. # IMJ< FGJEGMK OL, ³Q, HJHK, KBMJ FLK, Q K HM GK. # JLJ< JGE ±JK GF L<KJ G CGKM. # OK GF<EF< <MJF L F G JJGJ GJ L PHGJLLGF G MGF, OL L KMHHGK< FLFL G <HJLF KKFLK, F< MGLF< 18L AHJ, 1794.





. 9. DM < CGKM. FKLJ 1758§1770. AM<< LG F NG. . H.108.

. 14. LG N F F +JK, &. JMEKLF K F M<<LG, F GFFLGF OL L HJLLGF G +GF<, F L GF< LLJ

GF < +. FPL FGL.

. 16. DM <ªAMGF. JKL K=F=MJ F JF, LJ LF, F< GF G L O EEJK G L FG=KK= OG LGG MH LMK G L NGMLGF F L AKKEQ. # < F FKLJ G GJF A±JK LG GMK , LJ L <KJ G CGKM. # KEEGJL F KLGJQ GOF LG L L LL JGE K KMHF F<EKJ HGQ, FG GHHGKLGF OK G±J< LG L HJLLGF G +GF<, OQK F FKLJMEFL G JF, F< OGK358 JMF<<< LGF GF L HJL G JF, EL, L OK LGML, N

HJNFL<. « CGKM NL dLd FGJ `,¬ K< GMK , «HJL FªMJL HK M M.¬ # <KLFMK< EK F K LLJ QJK, <MJF O OK FLJMKL< OL L GNJFEFL G BJLLFQ, Q <F EK F E, OF L FK F<< L L.CKL, F< GEF GML MHGF LJ JHMK, «GNJ<, FGL OL GJQ,ML OL ³GMJ.¬ «NJ GM¬ KQK LL LO FJQGKGF< N OJ F< L JMF G L KLL, F< LO KH<L K±G<.

. 17. HJGLLF <KHGLKE. HJGLLF F< OK LL G <E <M BJJQ.

. 20. FG EQ G GK < GF F KJNFLK, &. GJLOG FLMJK F< . Jd < GK < KHQF <KLFMK< F L J G L AMKLJF MKKGF,1742§1748, F< LJOJ<K K EFKLJ. #K KGF GMK, <M <GK, OK FGLGJGMK K HJNL FL G GMK $. F G KKQFK K OGJL IMGLF. GMK < K< LL L JEJK-FJOJ L KMHHGJL G L KLL: «M, J¨GEE GJ< KGMLFL HF<M.¬ # << KGJLQ LJ L PMLGF G L F, F< KO<GO, <MLJ, F< JF<<MLJ OJ LJOJ<K MGLF<,

%MQ 22, 1794. BMJ J M<K HJLMJQ LG L GEL <GK, QGMFJ KGF, OG LGG HJGEFFL HJL, LGLJ OLL DM <ªAMGF, F L <LK G L AKKEQ, HJLMJQ FL HJG<FK G L 4L G AMMKL.

. 25. DM < GGML. JFbGK APF<J Jd<dJ, <M <GGMM<-FGMJL, GLF < <M < FGMJL, EFFL K HGL GFGEKL.

. 29. E GG< MK, &. AJLMJ GMFªK JNK F JF,

NG. . H. 62.





. 31. K JGLJ. GGL-FGL. DGEFIM < GGMM<,L AJKGH, OK <KF<< JGE HGGJ F< MFGFK<J<JF G L EQ. # OK +JK<FL G L J<J G L CJQ FL LLK-FJ G 1789.

+. 214, . 8. JM<E E #KLE. CJG, M<F LG L KKMF<J L GF²KLGFK G Q: « NJG MFIME GJMENME KEF L MK <JL, <ME GEFK HJ<L KLE EJMFLE L EEFJFL L KHJMFL.¬ D ´K, . 8, 29. GGMJL +HH, 4, 9: «MGK FGF F²FL KL KLNL.¬

. 32. #JJQ L@= @L@. «#JJQ¬ K KEHQ L FFL F< JFOQ G HJGFGMFF «#FJQ.¬

+. 215, . 4. JG L K. J. #E K G GHFGF LL L

FLGF G L Q F<K OK GF L OG F² LG LGMFLJQ. #K GHFGF OK HJGQ, GONJ, EG<²< Q K<GLJF LL L HJGHJLQ G GJHGJL G<Q KLF<K GF <±JFLGGLF JGE LL G HJNL F<N<MK. BGFJG GFK<JK L HGL EKMJ.

+. 220, . 2. F G±J G GFLJMLGF. AJKGH, GF G L JQ, G±J< F MFGF<LGF KMJJF<J G L LLK, LQOJ359 GO< LG H L MJ F<K. K GEHJGEK OK<KGMFLFF< Q QcK.

+. 221, . 20. BF G <KGMFL. CKK <ªKGEHL, HFF< QL EKLJQ KLLKEF MJGL, O CGEHLJGJ-FJ, F<JJ< GML Q K KMKKGJ.

+. 222, . 2. G< F<HF<FL M<LMJ G L HJEFLK. HGKLGF G F, HJEFLK, F< HGH, O KL MF<JKLGG<JGE L OGJ<K G GMFJ: «DFK HMHJL <K dLLK < ªMJGH,K <±dJFK HGMNGJK K KGFL NJdK <K GELK ` EGJL, GM GFL L<K LJLdK < HJL, < KGJL IM K KMeLK KNFL JEFLIMK KGFL MP IM GFL <JGL < GEEF<J, L <FK IMK K K

<GNFL GdJ. JF KM, HML-eLJ, G±JGL KHLPLJGJ<FJ < <MP MLGJLdK LJFLNEFL NLGJMKK GMKGMEKK, GFMFL <K LJcNK, EK EK < LJLdK <d²FLK; L<FK G < MJK HJdLFLGFK, <LFL M HMH <K NGGFLdKGFLJJK. CK <MP MLGJLdK dLGFL <M JG L <KHJEFLK GM LJMFMP KMHdJMJK.¬ JK KMJ K MKK,&., HH. 10, 11.

+. 223, . 5. KGJL G ²F. AM<F LG L HJL G JFLF KKGJ NK GJ QJK L GO JFLK, F GFK<JLGF G ²F=, GJ MEHKME H< <GOF L L GEEFEFL G L LJE.





. 6. KGJL G L. «"L¬ (<GFME) K MK< F L LF KFK FM< O. OGJ< <=< MKMQ EH< KJNK LG JF<J<Q L <GF F< K JK LG L <GFGJ F< K JK. $L OK G O<J GEHJFKGF LF GLJ LJEK, F< OK GFK<J< QOQJK «L HLKL OGJ< G G±EFL.¬

. 13. OKL. KGF< FGL LG H. 191, . 9.

$<. F<K LML< LG L JHFK G MKMJQ. BMJ N<FLQ KF EF< L KGMJK G $F<. H GF G G AJGLªKDLK.

. 32. <NGLK GJ KJNLM<. BMJ J FKOJK Q FLHLGFL JHJGK O L OGJ JGML MHGF E JGE L FKK F< NGMLGFKLK.

+. 224, . 10. J<LJQ OL. . . . <FLQ. #GMK G GJ<K.

. 13. HJEFFL GJF. #GMK G CGEEGFK.

. 22. HMJ <EGJQ . . . GFQ LGJ GJE. MKLJ <GLJFG QcK. $L EQ FGO K< LL L LFF OGJ< G MJGH KLGJGMQ MFJFL LK KHMLN <GE, L HJG<ML G KMHJ² FGO< F< KMHJ² JKGFF.

. 29. <JL LJF. . . . GJQ. HJK OK M²< Q L

KLKEFL G L L G JML<GJ (L DJLGJQ).

. 32. $ JHJGL FG GJE G GNJFEFL, &. GHFGFKGFLF< F LK FK J <NGH< F L AHH JGE L OLG L < K. «# (J. BMJ) FNJ MK< JHMK. #K FNJ HJGKK< EK JF< GJ F FEQ LG JHMK GJ LGEGFJK F L KLJL. # LGML LL L JMEKLFK F<LK G NJQ GMFLJQ, O L K OQK HJGMK F< HJG<MLNG L JLKL ELK LG GJ, J LG << MHGF L GJE G LK GNJFEFL. J K FGLF F K FLMJ, K LEHJ, GJ360

K MLK, O KGM< E E F FEQ LG FQ JHM,EG<JF GJ FFL. J JGE L. # K KLM<< L GJE F< KHJLG JHMK NJQ JQ F ; K KLM<< LE OL JLLLFLGF; F< OL EF< MF<KLMJ< Q ±LGF GJ HJM<.# K F<< GFNF< LL L KF G GNJFEFL OGM< HGGJQ MLNL< OLGML LL KLM<Q. BML L JKML F K EF< JGELL FNKLLGF K F, F< K, LL FLJ FF< FGJJF, OLGML F²FL <LJEFL LG LE, K O F L NFL KF L PHJEFL, GM< JGML FLG JHMF GJE; MLLL NJQLF JHMF O F FLJG<M< OL KLQ FLGLJ G LE, EMKL ML MHGF EGFJQ.¬ KLGJQ G HGL KFLEFL F GL GMFLJK EHQ MKL²K LK NO.





. 35. NJQ O, F< NJQ HJLMJQ JMEKLF<. OKKGF<JLGF KL KMJNNK, F< L F<GE G L LJF<K KJQ JHM, K L OK GJEJQ F BMJªK LE. JHMKG "FG F< F OJ KG F PKLF OF BMJ OJGL. $LF JHMK KLK< Q BGFHJL (L MJF, CKHF,

GEF, +JLFGHF, &.) OJ G KGJL <MJLGF.

+. 225, . 4. LLJ IMFL< OL LE. AF< LJ NJ<L OKMFFEGMKQ FKL LE. A KLM<Q G MQ<<K, +LG, F< AJKLGL O HJGN GO LL GE HMJ <EGJQ EL OLJGE L KL EF<K G L OF L OK KL MF<JKLGG<.

. 25. JF< JF<. G <GML, DJ. JF MJF.

+. 226, . 11. BGFJG. . . . HJKMEHLMGMK F< KMHJ² OJLJ.

FGL FL, H. 185, . 2. GL GFQ BMJ, ML +LL, JFL EMJGE BGFJG. +LL OK JGEEF<< Q K LJ LG KLM<QHJLK G BGFJGªK OJLFK, F< L LE Q JL.

. 13. GF GKJNLGF. «AEGF EFQ JKGFK O <LJEF ELG HJJ EGFJQ LG NJQ GLJ GJE G GNJFEFL, LK K HJFH GF. F EGFJQ K L KKFL GJE, L EQ EGJKQ F< EGJ MKMQ LEHJ< OL JKLGJQ, GJ <EGJQ,GJ GL, LF LJ G LE, OF LQ J L KKFL GJEK, F LEHJ< OL EGFJQ. $L KEK LG E, LL L FLJG<MLGFG J HJEFFL EGFJ HGOJ, GJ FQLF EGJ LF LHFLJQ G L, FLG LJ G LK, EMKL <KLJGQ LE F<PLFMK LE, K JLJ L PLFMKK KK. JK LEQ KQ KOF, F< L LJM GJE G GMJ GNJFEFL O<EGFKLJL, OLGML KF FQ GLJ PEH, LL NJQGFK<J JKLGJL F< <EGJL HGOJK EQ JL< GF EGFJ KLG, OLGML <EFKF L MKLJ, GJJKLJFF L HGOJ F< MLGJLQ G L HJF, FGM LG LJF FQ <J L KKFL GJE.¬¨+LJGL F, H. 98. G DFGJ F HFªK AF<GLK: «LNJ K GG<, LJ FEGFJK GJ JHMK, EQ FGQ< F EL< EGFJK.

OG GJ G L FLGF K K J<Q LG LMJF< GF OQ K FKGML EGFJK; F< L JLK G L HGH EQ KO KMJ< K F JHMK.¬

. 21. L OFF KQGHFL G QKLJ<Q. +JHK J< JLKEGF361 KGE G L KNFLK. GJ LF GF JL G LFQGHd< OK OJLLF F L H G JKK.

. 32. M G MKK. BMJ GELK GF EGKL EHGJLFL F F LF G MKK O < LG L NGMLGF. JL KQKLE G

MKK < F LGJGMQ HFLJL<, F< GEHJFKN,J<M KE GJ JE<QF LE < F GEEF< Q





MJGL. HJFHK O M<< LK JL EF F LHJHJLGF G LK KE N F KF LJ<, ´JE<, F<<NGH<. Q N NF L Q LG L JGJEK G L HJKFLFLMJQ F GMJ GOF F< GLJ GMFLJK. BML MJGL OK GFQKM±J< LG JEF F G´ LOFLQ EGFLK, F< FJQ NJQLF

O < LE LG ±L OK JNJK<. FLJKL< KKK,L FGLQ, JQ, HJEFLK, F< JEJK-FJ, OJ LGGKLJGF GJ E. $ FQ G<Q GM< N <GF OL BMJ EK LJF GJ FGL <GF, L OK . L OK L, ML FJGFNMKGF, HJG<F JGE GOJ KGMJK, GHHJKKGF OK LG LJGOF G± L ? $JJLL< Q KLLGF, JLJGJKKGF, F<EKLJMKL, L HGH < GKL L F LJ KLK<GNJFEFL: F< F <F OL L EGFJQ, O LQ OK<F KGE OQ LG HJKJN, FLMJQ OFL LG PLJEK F LKMJ<K O LQ HJGN<< GJ L GFKKGFK LQ <

PLGJL<. LK KE LG KLJFLF L GFMKGF G FLGK,LL MF<J KM JMEKLFK L K@G G JNGMLGF KFKKJQ LG L GEHKEFL G JL JGJEK.

+. 227, . 9. A JF OK G <±JFL GHFGF, &. JM; ML LC@=JK GFQ LGG JQ F<L< OL OK KEGM<JF FL.Q JHL<Q ´JE, GF L HJL G L /=JK ^LL, L JL G +JGHJLQ, F< <EF< GJ L L HJGLLGF G L O, K LFLL OK F JL GHJ<Q. Q HJGN LL NJQ HJFH G KGLQ < F MFNJKQ E< L KML G IMKLGF, F< LL NJQ NJGMK GHFGFK OJ FLJLF< K LG OL GML LG <GF. Q JN #JJFLGFF KHJL F NJQ GJFJ G LF<GE. G GF OG J<K LE F LG K F L «DJLGFG L LK G F¬ LJ FNL KIM.

. 12. HJGLK GJ L JGJELGF, &. GJ LF LK¨LQ J MG KLJL <K, G L HKKGF GJ <²FLGF, MFGJELQ, F<HHJ GNJFEFL. CJK, F L JKL KMEEJQ GJ F<PG GFLFLK, J HJLQ O<JF. . < GIMN FKKLK,GONJ, LL OGKG OKK LG MF<JKLF< L NGMLGF, EMKLKLM<Q FKKFLQ L OG KJK G GGK.

. 13. OLGML L JEGLKL KMKLGF, &. CGFF K FJJ LEJ; «CªKL <ªGJ< MF HMdJLd IM <ªJMEFLJ <M EGLJddFdJ=J = JGQME=, IM K LJGMN <FK IMIMK-MFK <K JK,L HML-eLJ MKK <FK IMIMK HJKK EHGQdK HJ G;GEE K ªGF HGMNGL F GFMJ IM G L K JK, F KKJNFL < LL PHJKKGF EdLHGJIM, MJGFL FLF<M IMªAKKEd <NGL MMLJ GFJ < GF< F GE, LJdJ MF GMNJFEFL KGMEFL FGMNM. ©ddFdJJª KL MFLJE < JGF, IM GF < HJdKFLJ ª<d <ªMF <KLJMLGF

MFNJK, FªFFGF IMªMF KMLJ NN²LGF. HLeEJddFcJ ªGEE F ±bFL 362 La IM KGMGL, L FGF





F <dLJMKFL KGF PKLF; EK <FK KFK < JdNGMLGF,JddFdJJ ªKL FdFLJ. F L FLJHJdLLGF JHH ªKLGJ< G < KK IM KK ²K dGJcJFL,¬ &. (CH. KMHJ,FGL LG H. 192, . 29.) +GH KO LL L F<GE F<<«JFJLGF,¬ F< OF LQ OJ GML L E< MH LJ EF<K

LL L KGM< LGJGM GF.

. 15. F ML GF NG. K K J<Q MKL². AEJFF<HF<F < JLFQ JK< KEJ GHK F JF. GJOGM< L N F HGKK GJ L EHMK LG JHM LG KHJFMH F< JHF F KG KGJL LE.

. 29. EK GM F. ELJQ MKMJHJ OGK PHGLKOJ JGEF LG L KLJF OGJ< F BMJªK QGML, F< F<<F L FLGF HJGKLJLGF G +JK, JGE O L GMFLJQ K

FNJ JGNJ<.. 35. MEF J LK ELK OQ F< HJKK MF<J L Q G L GKJNJ. «F JGO MH LF,¬ KQK BGF, «OJ LMJGEFªK GJK KLK K GGL.¬ +JHK BMJ < F EF< L<KJHLGF G L EJMGMK KELF G L +KLFK Q %GFLF;«AF< L OLEF G M F " G BFEF GG=<; F<G<, L EMLLM< E=L=< OQ,¬ &. 1 E. PN. 16.

+. 228, . 12. KLL G LK HGHMLGF. FJK G L HGHMLGF,LF F GFFPGF OL L FIMLQ G EHGKLK, F< L MJ<FKG L HGGJ, GML LG N F KLEL< EGF L MKK G LNGMLGF.

+. 229, . 15. GFK<J LJLK G L J JJF. $L OK ML<F 1846 LL FJQ GF-KNFL G L OG KMHJ²K GFKKL<G MFHJG<MLN PHFKK G KF<, L, &., ³Q QF FJ LKKGJK G "KGFQ F< FM<G, F< F CEHF F<JF F<JK.

. 19. "FJLQ G K. A "FJLQ OK L <KLJL MF<J L

G´ J G F $FLF<FL-FJ. OK HGHMGMK MK L< F HJL G F<JK, L ³GMJKF GF<LGF G O KGEHJ< OL JF OK GFKHMGMK F L << AK. $FBME L <FKLQ G L HGHMLGF K KL EGJ LF <GM LLG L NJ G JF; L GJEJ NF 166, L LLJ 70FLFLK LG L KIMJ GEdLJ.

+. 230, . 13. OG BJLK <GEFGFK. BMJ GFQ EFK L BJLK$KK.

. 28. KHK. +MJ.





+. 231, . 25. OF $ GFK<J L G L F<GE G JF.K CJGFF H K O OGJL KLM<QF GJ LK ELG<, F< LOQ F O L PHJKKGFK O GJE L N G LJ³LGF J NJ<. GJ G L JMEFL K EM FF<Q HF F EF< LL LK EF²FL G ±JK < F

EFQ HJG<M< Q L HGQ G GMK $. GEKGFªK <KJHLGFG L NRLGF G JF JQ ±GJ<< BMJ KGE FLK:

. . . . D±MKN KGLªJ J PLFLK G F<, L KFF JG<: ³GG<-GEHF J: L GF F,363JGM EGMFLFK HJF, F< MFLF KK: <GE JKGMF<F KOL OL FFL GQ,JGE EF KN<, GJ JM-F<< KE, AF< LL OJ NGMJ GMFLK K FG KJK.

«JLQ,¬ +JL . 471.

. 26. EMLLM< F< GHMF G J LK. F EM JLJ FGEHJKGF OL BJLF. BJLK $KK FGO GFLF LO KEFQ LGOFK NF EGJ LF 100,000 FLFLK, K JF.

. 27. MKM EF²F G J KHGMK JG<K, &. $F OJKHL JF OK L KL FLMJQ F <NF G FF<. HJFH «JF<K EFK¬ OJ E< Q L GNJFEFL FL LEK G GMK $ F< . $L OK EF< LL LQ ELLL FNKGF, F < O K M< LG KGJF F LFQGHd<. $L K JLF LL LQ LL< L NGMLGF.

. 28. GHHGJLMFLQ = GHHGJLMFFKK.

$<. J JL² FK, &. CFK OJ GFKLJML< F $LQ FL NFL, LOL, F< LJLFL FLMJK, F< < F EGKLIMQ JQ FFF F L LJF<K. ²JKL JF FOK LL G BJJ, GFF L F F< GJ, MF F 1605 F<²FK< F 1642.

. 29. GHFF L GFNFFK . . . LJGM KG< GFLFFL. AM<F LG L F G FM<G, L JLKL OGJ G L F<GF L GFLFFL, JF JGE JGFF LG GMGMK, F< GJEF GEEMFLGF LOF L ALFL F< L <LJJFF. $LOK MF F< ²FK< Q +JJ +M < IML, F L JF G GMK $, F< GKL GN 1,300,000 . KLJF. CGJF, KQK J %.LHF, K JL< L MFLGF G L LOG KK F KGE FG NJKK, OGK GFQ ML K LL LQ KQ J LGG EM G GMK $,F< FGLF L G IML GJ G CGJL.





DKGFLFLK¬) KHJL G JGJELGF < KHJMF MH F< KHJ<GNJ HJLK G MJGH, NF LG CGFKLFLFGH. AJMLMJ F<LJ< < F L KH GLK G LK EGNEFL F JF.«AFGLJ FG KK M< JLJKL (G L HJKFL LEK) K,LL KHJL G JGJE F< EHJGNEFL, MF<J L KNJ <K G

KLGF, G L <EFKLJLGF G MKL, L ELLGF G HFOK, L ±GJ<F KGE JLJ LLFLGF LG L K F< KMJLQG L GOJ GJ<JK G L HGH, OL L MLNLGF G LGK LKEGKL FJQ MKM LG EFF<, F< HJLMJQ L HMFGMJEFL NF LG JMLMJ K F JL, O K GEFHJNFL F NJQ HJL G MJGH.¬ AFFM KLJ, 1786.

+. 233, . 5. FKMJ <J G LQ. «$ F EFQ JKHLK LGJ G JN< GHFGFK K F L HJKFL LEK F LGG EMEHJ<, F< HJHK LGG O< F< F<KJEFL KGH NF LG

KHMLGF GF L <GEFK G FLIMLQ F< HJL, L K, GONJ, MKL MK G LJMEH, LL HJM< F< GLJQ OJ L JKL NLEK. #HHQ O L , L GOK O OJ E< L LGMF<LGFK F< L MLLJKKK, K GFQ K G± L MKKKFMEJFK G L <². AF< LK, O J LG GH, O LK.¬ $<.

. 11. LJKHKK< EGJ Q NLQ F< OFL G M<EFL, &. GJFKLF, L LLEHL KM<<FQ LG JN L OGJF KKK JGEL <K<NFLK EHGK< GF LE Q L KQKLE G F<MKLJGJHGJLGFK. K F< KGMF<F HJGEKK GF EFQ GLJHGFLK OJ KKM< F L FE G L F, O KLEML< LGHHGKLGF G L HJN< KKK. $F L IMJJ G 1772 LOFL F F< L +JEFL G GMGMK, L LLJ G<Q MK<L GNJFEFL G F<FJF L HGHªK EFK G KMKKLF365 Q LK JK EKMJK. F JLGJL< LLHM <KLJKK OK MK< Q L ELGF G L +JEFL F<L GNLGMKFKK G L OLQ KKK. $F LK OQ L < OKLGJGMQ OGJ< FLG L HGH, LL LJ LJGMK OJMK< Q L FLJKLK G GF GJ GLJ G L HGOJK GN LE.

. 20. <O HJHLMQ GF L <GFLGF LG NGMJLK, &. BMJM<K F L FGL LG L HMLGF G PLJLK JGE L EGMK'NJ= GM=. CGFF KGOK LL G L 228 EGFK G NJKFM<< F L GMFLK G LK GG GJ KPLF QJK, MF<J<±JFL EFKLJK, 209 EGFK OJ GMFL GJ GF GLJKGJK (GJF KMK<K F< KJL KJN EGFQ, PHFKK G <EFKLJLGF, HJKGF PHFKK G L F F< MF, HQEFLG L <LK G L FªK JGLJK, F<EFLK, &.). HEHLJML< OL KG EM F<MKLJQ K ³Q E< MH G KF<GMKJ³LGFK GF L HJKGFK HFKGF<, F< GMFLK G LJ NK

F< KJNK. ²F< F L MF<J L GMFL G JM, 5000 N.F 1776 GJ L «. G OGJ GEHGK< Q E, FLL< D=K





'=LLJ=K <= C@=L ¬; F< 195,000 N. F 1789, «MHGF K OGJ< G GFGMJ ! LG GMFLJL L HFK G L LGF AKKEQ.¬

. 28. LG< = GMFL<. G «L,¬ H. 234, . 2.

+. 234, . 5. GFK<J EJLGFK. K OK GJ LFFF G L JL L< G EJLGF, O GKGF< L<J FKL NF L GMFLJQ, F 1791, HJGFGMFF KFLF G N <L, F< GF²KLGF G GG<K, FKL LEJFL.

. 7. CJF JLQ. #GE. <. . P. &.

. 14. JF< A<EFK G HML, &. KLJ G GL BMLJF< OL OK EM EHGQ< FKL OL OK <

«NJLMGKG<GE,¬ GJ L MLNLGF G L EFML HGKGHQ F<FLMJ KF, F L FFQ G LGK HMJKMLK. OL FLHLKOL MJGMK GJKL L KLMLGF G GMFLJQ MF<J L PMKN<GEFGF G HGKGHJK.

+. 236, . 11. LGK G "JEFQ, L L HJG<, &.¨. . LJ L<L G J<J $$, F 1250. «NJQ FGEF PJK< JGMF<K KL FLGMK F<HF<F; L LK OJ G< LG K HJGLLGF JGE LJ OK F< GF<JK; F< JGE L FF< DFM LG L BL, L FEK G H F< MKL OJMFFGOF.¬¨"GF.

. 14. JKF F< L. +JHK LK HJLMJ FEK OJ HML<GOF OLGML KM´FL J³LGF. JKF OJ F<<<KLFMK< F L LOL FLMJQ L GE; ML L L OJ²JKL FGOF K GF<GLL=J F L ²LFL, F< L JKF <JNLJ JLQ F L KE OQ. LOG EK OJKKGL< F JKKLF +GH APF<J $. K OK GF LJ LHJG< OF JGJ FLK «MK< LG KQ JGE LJ GJL²<<FK,¬ &. BMJ HHJFLQ, K LJFKLGJ "FLR, LGML LQOJ EGMK F L OJK G L "MHK F< "FK.

. 16. EMK. G GFKLLML< ELJQ JHM F QHL F<QJ.

$<. QJK GF L GKL G J. JK J L ELJQKL OG366 GF < L JMF HGOJ GF LK GKL, F< JKL FMEJGMK F< F³MFL. Q J FGL KLJLQ FG KL,K BMJ EHK, ML, KGE GLJ GO KLK, N KKME< LMFLGFK F< JLK G FG KL. Q OJ J<M< F 1763 Q#Q<J A, Q L G OGK KGF F< KMKKGJ, HHGG MLF,GJ L FK JEK, L J GKL E LG L KL $F<CGEHFQ.





. 19. IMLQ F< JQ. BGL OJ HJKGF²< K GKL <LK FFFL GE.

. 27. N OJ LOF L NK. CH. FJ, H. 264, . 14, H. 274, .26, &.

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