Information Technology Trends Dr. Merle P. Martin MIS Department CSU Sacramento.
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Transcript of Information Technology Trends Dr. Merle P. Martin MIS Department CSU Sacramento.
Information Information Technology TrendsTechnology Trends
Dr. Merle P. MartinDr. Merle P. MartinMIS DepartmentMIS DepartmentCSU SacramentoCSU Sacramento
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Dr. Russell Ching (MIS Dept) Dr. Russell Ching (MIS Dept) Source Materiel / GraphicsSource Materiel / Graphics
Edie Schmidt (UMS) - Graphic DesignEdie Schmidt (UMS) - Graphic Design Prentice Hall Publishing (Permissions)Prentice Hall Publishing (Permissions)
Martin, Martin, Analysis and Design ofAnalysis and Design of Business Information SystemsBusiness Information Systems, 1995, 1995
AgendaAgenda Information as PowerInformation as Power The IT SystemThe IT System IT TrendsIT Trends IT IssuesIT Issues Chief Information Officer (Chief Information Officer (CIOCIO))
Information as PowerInformation as Power Collapse of CommunismCollapse of Communism Information and Information and
TotalitarianismTotalitarianism Information and Information and
OrganizationsOrganizations PowerPower Just in caseJust in case Information OverloadInformation Overload
Relevance Relevance IT is a IT is a criticalcritical resource resource Requires mgmnt decisions Requires mgmnt decisions IT people have been making IT people have been making
these decisions by defaultthese decisions by default lack of management lack of management awarenessawareness lack of management lack of management knowledgeknowledge inpenetrable inpenetrable jargonjargon ((binary curtainbinary curtain))
The IT SystemThe IT System
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTCOMPUTERCOMPUTER USERUSER
Hardware/Soft-Hardware/Soft-ware ware
InterfaceInterface
Change Change ManagementManagement
Decision Decision SupportSupport
Application Application ProgrammingProgramming
Systems Systems DevelopmentDevelopment
DatabaseDatabase
IT Operations IT Operations ManagementManagement
ConnectivityConnectivity
Shneiderman’s Shneiderman’s 10 Plagues 10 Plagues of the Information Ageof the Information Age Who is Ben Shneiderman?Who is Ben Shneiderman?
Univ Maryland (Univ Maryland (College ParkCollege Park)) Computer ScienceComputer Science Human Factors InstituteHuman Factors Institute System PhilosopherSystem Philosopher
The Ten PlaguesThe Ten Plagues AnxietyAnxiety
““computer shockcomputer shock”” ““terminal terrorterminal terror”” ““network neurosisnetwork neurosis””
AlienationAlienation less connected to other peopleless connected to other people ““Whose voice is that, anywayWhose voice is that, anyway””
Ten Plagues (Ten Plagues (cont.cont.)) Information-poor minorityInformation-poor minority
another way for another way for disadvantaged to disadvantaged to be more disadvantagedbe more disadvantaged
Impotence of individualImpotence of individual everyone treated the sameeveryone treated the same no special treatment for exceptionsno special treatment for exceptions
Ten Plagues (Ten Plagues (cont.cont.)) Bewildering complexity Bewildering complexity
and speedand speed Windows 98?Windows 98?
Organizational fragility (Organizational fragility (SciFi)SciFi) Invasion of privacyInvasion of privacy
Alaskan jury listAlaskan jury list
Ten Plagues Ten Plagues Unemployment Unemployment
and displacementand displacement clerks / typesettersclerks / typesetters VP - mortgage loan decision VP - mortgage loan decision
replaced by Expert System (ES)replaced by Expert System (ES) Lack of professional responsibilityLack of professional responsibility
““Sorry, the computer won’t let Sorry, the computer won’t let me me ________________..””
Ten Plagues Ten Plagues Deteriorating image Deteriorating image
of peopleof people ““smart machinessmart machines”” ““intelligent terminalsintelligent terminals”” ““expert systemsexpert systems”” ““Maybe they’ll keep us as petsMaybe they’ll keep us as pets.”.” Shneiderman’s computer with Shneiderman’s computer with
arms and legs.arms and legs.
Ten Plagues (Ten Plagues (contcont.).)
What are some of What are some of your experiences?your experiences?
IT TrendsIT Trends HardwareHardware SoftwareSoftware DataData TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Systems DevelopmentSystems Development End-usersEnd-users
Hardware TrendsHardware Trends Batch to on-lineBatch to on-line
Batch is delayed Batch is delayed processingprocessing Airport limousineAirport limousine Monthly billing applicationMonthly billing application
On-line is instantaneous processingOn-line is instantaneous processing Airport taxiAirport taxi Airline Reservation SystemAirline Reservation System
On-line with Delayed ProcessingOn-line with Delayed Processing
On-lineOn-line BatchBatch
TicketTicket
Credit Card
Monthly Statement
Hardware Trends Hardware Trends Central to distributed Central to distributed
processingprocessing Mainframe to PCMainframe to PC Individual productivityIndividual productivity
Centralized to decentralized Centralized to decentralized resource controlresource control Departmental purchases Departmental purchases
Software TrendsSoftware Trends Large to small system Large to small system
developmentdevelopment Reusable code (Reusable code (packagespackages)) OutsourcingOutsourcing PrototypingPrototyping 3GL to 4GL3GL to 4GL
concept of the Macroconcept of the Macro
Concept of the MacroConcept of the Macro Computer processes Computer processes
one instruction at a timeone instruction at a time CAD PAYCAD PAY ADD BONUSADD BONUS STO NEWPAYSTO NEWPAY
Macro is one-to-manyMacro is one-to-many ADD PAY, BONUS, NEWPAYADD PAY, BONUS, NEWPAY
Third Vs. Fourth GLsThird Vs. Fourth GLs
COBOLCOBOLOPEN INPUT EMPLOYEE-FILE.OPEN INPUT EMPLOYEE-FILE.READ EMPLOYEE-FILE.READ EMPLOYEE-FILE.PERFORM WHILE NOT EOFPERFORM WHILE NOT EOF
IF EMP-ID = SEARCH-KEYIF EMP-ID = SEARCH-KEYDISPLAY EMP-ID " " DISPLAY EMP-ID " " EMP-FIRST-NAME " "EMP-FIRST-NAME " "EMP-LAST-NAME " "EMP-LAST-NAME " "EMP-YTD-PAYEMP-YTD-PAY
END-IFEND-IFREAD EMPLOYEE-FILEREAD EMPLOYEE-FILE
END-PERFORM.END-PERFORM.
SQLSQLSELECT EMP-ID,SELECT EMP-ID, EMP-FIRST-NAME,EMP-FIRST-NAME, EMP-LAST-NAME,EMP-LAST-NAME, EMP-YTD-PAYEMP-YTD-PAY FROM EMPLOYEEFROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP-ID=1234WHERE EMP-ID=1234
Data TrendsData Trends Centralized to Centralized to
decentralizeddecentralized mainframe to PCmainframe to PC
Keystroke to optical scanningKeystroke to optical scanning voice?voice?
MultimediaMultimedia voice / animation / video, etc.voice / animation / video, etc.
Data to informationData to information
Telecomm TrendsTelecomm Trends Link organizations toLink organizations to
customers customers Amer Hosp Supply (Amer Hosp Supply (AHSAHS))
supplierssuppliers Porter ModelPorter Model
LAN to WANLAN to WAN InternetInternet
Development TrendsDevelopment Trends
““Information systems are Information systems are becoming too complex to becoming too complex to develop by conventional means.”develop by conventional means.”
John PodlipnikJohn Podlipnik Vice President, Vice President,
American Management SystemsAmerican Management Systems
Increasing ComplexityIncreasing Complexity Program Lines of CodeProgram Lines of Code
1970’s - 10,0001970’s - 10,000 1980’s - 100,00+1980’s - 100,00+ 1990’s - 1,000,000+1990’s - 1,000,000+
Type HardwareType Hardware 1970’s - Standalone1970’s - Standalone 1980’s - Networked1980’s - Networked 1990’s - Distributed1990’s - Distributed
Increasing ComplexityIncreasing Complexity Type of DataType of Data
1970’s - Text1970’s - Text 1980’s - Graph User Intrface (GUI)1980’s - Graph User Intrface (GUI) 1990’s - Object-oriented User 1990’s - Object-oriented User
Interface (OOUI)Interface (OOUI) Data OrganizationData Organization
1970’s - Files1970’s - Files 1980’s - Databases1980’s - Databases 1990’s - Relational Databases1990’s - Relational Databases
Increasing ComplexityIncreasing Complexity Software LanguagesSoftware Languages
1970’s - 3GL1970’s - 3GL 1980’s - 3GL / 4GL1980’s - 3GL / 4GL 1990’s - 3GL / 4GL / Objects1990’s - 3GL / 4GL / Objects
Application of Blaab’s LawApplication of Blaab’s Law
Blaab’s LawBlaab’s Law
““Old technologies persist Old technologies persist in the face of new in the face of new technologies.”technologies.”
Magnetic tapeMagnetic tape Windmill east of LivermoreWindmill east of Livermore
IssueIssue
““Our company is committed to Our company is committed to providing each employee with providing each employee with the latest technology.”the latest technology.”
Anonymous CEOAnonymous CEO
WHAT DO YOU THINK WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS POLICY ?ABOUT THIS POLICY ?
Increasing ComplexityIncreasing Complexity StandardsStandards
1970’s - None1970’s - None 1980’s - Some1980’s - Some 1990’s - “Open”1990’s - “Open”
Podlipnik’s Question:Podlipnik’s Question:
““How do we deal with changing:How do we deal with changing: business environment , business environment , technology landscape technology landscape ANDAND increasingly complex systems?”increasingly complex systems?”
Podlipnik’s AnswerPodlipnik’s Answer Advanced user interfacesAdvanced user interfaces
user-centered user-centered methodologiesmethodologies
Client / server solutionsClient / server solutions integration to legacy systemsintegration to legacy systems
Object-oriented techniquesObject-oriented techniques Open systemsOpen systems
to address technology evolutionto address technology evolution
End-user TrendsEnd-user Trends More knowledgeable usersMore knowledgeable users
More demanding of ITMore demanding of IT More opportunities forMore opportunities for
misuse of IT resourcesmisuse of IT resources mischiefmischief computer crimecomputer crime
IT people as communicatorsIT people as communicators
End-user IT IssuesEnd-user IT Issues Computer LiteracyComputer Literacy
What is it?What is it? Costs Costs How do we deliver?How do we deliver? Changing contentChanging content Shneiderman plaguesShneiderman plagues
anxiety and alienationanxiety and alienation information poor minorityinformation poor minority
End-user Issues End-user Issues User developmentUser development
how much?how much? power / control / misusepower / control / misuse
Safe IT work environment Safe IT work environment ((Ergonomics)Ergonomics)
IT humanizationIT humanization Human FactorsHuman Factors deteriorating image of peopledeteriorating image of people
IT Department IssuesIT Department Issues Centralize or decentralize Centralize or decentralize
IT resourcesIT resources InterconnectivityInterconnectivity
islands of technologyislands of technology Alignment of IT dept. goals Alignment of IT dept. goals
with organizationwith organization Organizational levelOrganizational level
VP? Report to whom?VP? Report to whom?
Department Issues Department Issues Technology transferTechnology transfer
““bewildering complexity bewildering complexity and speedand speed””
scouting the futurescouting the future predicting trendspredicting trends technology mappingtechnology mapping prototyping / demonstrationsprototyping / demonstrations technology implementationtechnology implementation
Company IT Issues Company IT Issues Strategic role of ITStrategic role of IT Computer crime / securityComputer crime / security Reengineering with ITReengineering with IT Business value of IT (Business value of IT (e.g, wastee.g, waste)) IT Top-down planningIT Top-down planning
Company Issues Company Issues Organizational fragilityOrganizational fragility
Worst case scenariosWorst case scenarios Contingency ManagementContingency Management
Electronic Data Systems Electronic Data Systems ((EDS)EDS) example example
Change ManagementChange Management
Societal IssuesSocietal Issues EthicsEthics
““professional responsibility”professional responsibility” Individual privacyIndividual privacy Unemployment / displacementUnemployment / displacement Social responsibilitySocial responsibility
Chief Information Chief Information Officer ( Officer (CIOCIO)) VP for IT ServicesVP for IT Services Understands businessUnderstands business Technology transferTechnology transfer Create IT visionCreate IT vision
sell it ! sell it ! Implement IT infrastructureImplement IT infrastructure
chassis for building onchassis for building on
IssueIssue
Does your firm have a CIO?Does your firm have a CIO? To whom does the CIO report?To whom does the CIO report? Has the CIO created an IT vision?Has the CIO created an IT vision? Does the CIO have a technical or Does the CIO have a technical or
management background?management background?
TELL US YOUR EXPERIENCES!TELL US YOUR EXPERIENCES!