Information Processing: Complex Risk Environments Complex Risk Environments Topic 1 Characteristics...
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Information Processing:
Complex Risk Environments
Topic 1 Characteristics of Expressways
Topic 2 Enter, Changing Lanes, and Exiting
Topic 3 High Speed Considerations
INTERSTATE DRIVING
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• Multiple lanes• Minimum speed limit• Only for motorized vehicles
• Controlled access (entry and exit)• High speed (up to 65 mph)• Divided by some barrier
Characteristics of an ExpresswayAccess Ramp
Acceleration Lane
Merging
Exit Ramp
Deceleration Lane
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Cloverleaf Interchange
Right turn
To make a left turn, drive over or under the freeway onto which you wish to turn left, and exit to the right.
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Diamond Interchange
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Trumpet Interchange
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Frontage Road Interchange
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Common Expressway Signs
Interstate sign
Warning sign
Guide sign
Speed limit
T – 6.6
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Common Expressway Signals
Lane Use Signals– Green arrow– Yellow “X”– Red “X”
GreenYellowRed
X X
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Expressway Lane Markings
• Solid yellow line
• Solid white line
• Broken white line
• HOV lane
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Entrance Ramps
Access Ramp
Acceleration LaneMerging
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Entering the On-Ramp
On-Ramp
Merging
Check the Access Ramp Search for Gap/Open Space
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Use lane change indicator (left) Accelerate to match the speed of traffic Recheck for gap on freeway
Entering Acceleration Lane
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Begin Acceleration Check Rear Zones and Left Rear Zones
Entering Merge Area
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Entering the Gap in Flow
Checking
Look to the Target Area Ahead
Mirror Checks/Blind Zone Checks if needed
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Entering the Traffic Flow Search for proper entrance
Search for potential conflicts
Prepare to adjust speed
Avoid stopping on the ramp Access Ramp
Acceleration LaneMerging
Prepare to drive onto the
shoulder
Merge smoothly
Create space around your vehicle
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Entering the Appropriate Lane
When merging, stay in the right lane to get used to the freeway faster rhythm.
Center Vehicle in Proper Lane Adjust Speed to Traffic Flow and Law
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Reduced Risk Lane Changes• Entering or exiting• Allowing another driver to enter• Following large or slow-moving
vehicles• Lane ahead becomes blocked• Animals• Passing
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Choosing Lanes at Exit/EntranceRight Lane: Heavier and slower vehicles
Vehicles about to exit
Center Lane: Long distance or passing
Left Lane: Used for passing except at rush hours
Exit / Entry
Right Lane
Center Lane
Left Lane
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Choosing Lanes on RoadwaysRight Lane: Heavier and slower vehicles
Vehicles about to exit
Center Lane: Long distance or passing
Left Lane: Used for passing except at rush hours
Right Lane
Center Lane
Left Lane
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Passing on Multi-Lane Roads
The green arrows show what the driver’s eyes are doing.
The RED line shows the path of the car.
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When Being Passed
Check passing vehicle’s position
Move away from it slightly if it is too close
Do not increase speed
Once passed, create space ahead and behind
move away
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Multiple Lane Roadway Exit
Deceleration Lane
Exit RampCheck to Rear and Right Rear Use Mirrors and Check Blindzones Use lane change indicator(right)
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Deceleration Lane
Exit Ramp Maintain speed Check Mirrors
Lane Position at Exit
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Deceleration on Exit
Deceleration Lane
Exit RampEnter Exit Area Release Lane Changer Device Release Accelerator and Check Rear
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Adjusting Exit Speed
Deceleration Lane
Exit RampReduce Speed to Exit Speed Check New Path of Travel to Front
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Weave Lane
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Potential Exiting Problems• “Weave” lane conflicts
• Traffic stopped on the exit ramp
• Short deceleration lane
• Very slow ramp speed
There may be a stop sign or a traffic light at the end of the exit ramp.
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On the Roadway… Do Not
Drive over or across median, yellow painted line, or raised dividing section
Make a left turn or a U-turn Use left lane except for passing Change lanes without signaling and checking for an
open gap
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On the Roadway… Do Not
Drive onto freeway except through an on-ramp
Park or Stop on the freeway, except at areas provided
Park on shoulder unless you have an emergency
Backup
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Multiple Lane Roadway Dangers
Higher speeds-greater breaking distances needed. (takes longer to stop!)
Field of vision is narrowed
Highway hypnosis
Velocitation effect
Entering and exiting sometimes on the left
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Multiple Lane Roadway Dangers
Vehicles on shoulder re-entering
Windy sections of the roadway
Two vehicles changing lanes into same lane
Slow moving vehicles ahead
“Pack Driving”
Tire Hydroplaning during wet weather conditions
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Highway Hypnosis
Plan breaks and rest stops to combat highway hypnosis or pull to a safe area for rest and sleep when tired.
This is a dull or drowsy condition that can occur because of the concentration needed while driving long distances. It becomes worse when the driver’s eyes focus on the yellow line.
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Ramp Metering
System of Lights and sensors
Allows only one car at a time
For entering a limited access highway.
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Short Trips on Expressways
Know the name, route, and number of the entrance and exit to be used
Check vehicle for maintenance problems Take a local map (if needed)
Plan a time to travel to avoid congestion, above all as youapproach major cities
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Long Trips on Expressways Maintenance check of vehicle Vehicle loading considerations Plan stops for:
– Food– Rest– Fuel
Know the route numbers needed Check with police for
construction delays Carry money or credit cards Take a map of planned route
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Reducing Risk Entering the Roadway
Search for proper entrance
Search for potential conflicts
Prepare to adjust speed
Avoid stopping on the ramp
Prepare to drive onto the shoulder
Merge smoothly
Create space around your vehicle
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Increase Following Distance
Following large trucks or buses Following motorcycles Driving in bad weather When being tailgated When driving a heavy load or
pulling a trailer Entering/exiting the expresswayIN
CR
EA
SE
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Special Roadway Conditions
Expressways through cities Disabled vehicles
• Others along the roadway• Your vehicle becomes disabled
Construction areas Toll booths