Information on Harlem - The Latin Years

7/24/2019 Information on Harlem - The Latin Years

1/18

11/9/2015 Nigger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger

1885 illustration from Mark Twain's

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,

captioned "Misto Bradish's nigger"

NiggerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the word and its history. For the colloquial variant, see nigga. For other uses, seeNigger (disambiguation).

In the English language, the word "nigger"is an ethnic slur, usually

directed at black people. The word originated as a neutral term

referring to people with black skin,[1]as a variation of the Spanish

and Portuguese noun negro, a descendant of the Latin adjective

niger ("black").[2]It was often used disparagingly, and by the mid-

twentieth century, particularly in the United States, its usage became

unambiguously pejorative, a racist insult. Accordingly, it began to

disappear from popular culture, and its continued inclusion in

classic works of literature has sparked controversy.

In the contemporary United States and United Kingdom, using theword is taboo, and it is often replaced with the euphemism "the N-

word". "Nigga" is sometimes used among African Americans in a

non-derogatory sense or as a term of endearment.

Contents

1 Etymology and history

2 Usages

2.1 British

2.2 NorthAmerican

2.2.1 Cultural

2.2.2 Political

2.2.3 Sport

2.2.4 Nature

2.3 Denotational extension

2.4 Other languages

2.5 Literary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MrBradish.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MrBradish.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MrBradish.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_of_endearmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://-/?-https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/niger#Latinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrohttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_slurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_(disambiguation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MrBradish.jpg


2/18


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger 2

2.6 Popular culture

2.6.1 Cinema

2.6.2 Literature

2.6.3 Music

2.6.4 Theatre

2.6.5 Comedy

2.6.6 Translations

2.6.6.1 "Nigger-brown" colored furniture

2.6.6.2 "Nigger brown" pants

2.7 Derivations

2.7.1 Place names

3 Derivatives

3.1 The N-wordeuphemism

3.2 Homophones

3.3 Intragroup versus intergroup usage

4 See also

5 Footnotes

6 References

7 External links

Etymology and historyMain article: Negro

The variants negerand negar, derive from the Spanish and Portuguese word negro(black), and from the

now-pejorative French ngre (negro). Etymologically, negro, noir, ngre, and niggerultimately derive fro

nigrum, the stem of the Latin niger(black) (pronounced [nier] which, in every other grammatical case,

grammatical gender, and grammatical number besides nominative masculine singular, is nigr-, the ris

trilled).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_trillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_casehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro


3/18



In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negarsin describing the African slaves shipped to the

Virginia colony.[3]Later American English spellings, negerand neggar, prevailed in a northern colony,

New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch

communities the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name

"Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro) an early US occurrence of negerin Rhode Island,

dates from 1625.[4]An alternative word for African Americans was the English word, "Black", used by

Thomas Jefferson in his Notes on the State of Virginia. Among Anglophones, the word niggerwas not

always considered derogatory, because it then denoted "black-skinned", a common Anglophone usage.[5]Nineteenth-century English (language) literature features usages of niggerwithout racist connotation, e.g.

the Joseph Conrad novella The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'(1897). Moreover, Charles Dickens and Mark

Twain created characters who used the word as contemporary usage. Twain, in the autobiographic book

Life on the Mississippi(1883), used the term within quotes, indicating reported usage, but used the term

"negro" when speaking in his own narrative persona.[6]

During the fur trade of the early 1800s to the late 1840s in the Western United States, the word was spelled

"niggur", and is often recorded in literature of the time. George Fredrick Ruxton often included the word a

part of the "mountain man" lexicon, and did not indicate that the word was pejorative at the time. "Niggur"

was evidently similar to the modern use of dude, or guy. This passage from Ruxton's Life in the Far Westillustrates a common use of the word in spoken formthe speaker here referring to himself: "Travler,

marm, this niggur's no travler I ar' a trapper, marm, a mountain-man, wagh!"[7]It was not used as a term

exclusively for blacks among mountain men during this period, as Indians, Mexicans, and Frenchmen and

Anglos alike could be a "niggur".[8]Linguistically, in developing American English, in the early editions o

Compendious Dictionary of the English Language(1806), lexicographer Noah Webster suggested the

negernew spelling in place of negro.[9]

By the 1900s, niggerhad become a pejorative word. In its stead, the term coloredbecame the mainstream

alternative to negroand its derived terms. Abolitionists in Boston, Massachusetts, posted warnings to the

Colored People of Boston and vicinity. Writing in 1904, journalist Clifton Johnson documented the

"opprobrious" character of the word nigger, emphasizing that it was chosen in the South precisely because

it was more offensive than "colored."[10]Established as mainstream American English usage, the word

coloredfeatures in the organizational title of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored

People, reflecting the members' racial identity preference at the 1909 foundation. In the Southern United

States, the local American English dialect changes the pronunciation of negroto nigra.

By the late 1960s, the social change achieved by groups in the United States such as the Civil Rights

Movement (195568), had legitimized the racial identity word blackas mainstream American English

usage to denote black-skinned Americans of African ancestry. In the 1990s, "Black" was displaced in favo

of the compound blanket termAfrican American. Moreover, as a compound word,African American

resembles the vogue wordAfro-American, an early-1970s popular usage. Currently, some black American

continue to use the word nigger, often spelled as niggaand niggah, without irony, either to neutralize the

word's impact or as a sign of solidarity.[11]

Usages

British
http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Americanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_wordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_termhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955%E2%80%931968)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_Peoplehttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloredhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_reformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Websterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographyhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fredrick_Ruxtonhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_the_Mississippihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nigger_of_the_%27Narcissus%27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conradhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jeffersonhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Burial_Groundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_colonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rolfehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_America


4/18



In the United Kingdom and the Anglophone world, niggerdenoted the dark-skinned (non-white) African

and Asian (i.e., from India or nearby) peoples colonized into the British Empire, and "dark-skinned

foreigners" in general.

InA Dictionary of Modern English Usage(1926), H. W. Fowler states that applying the word niggerto

"others than full or partial negroes" is "felt as an insult by the person described, & betrays in the speaker, i

not deliberate insolence, at least a very arrogant inhumanity" but the second edition (1965) states: "N. has

been described as 'the term that carries with it all the obloquy and contempt and rejection which whites

have inflicted on blacks.'".

Victorian writer Rudyard Kipling used it in 'How the Leopard Got His Spots' and 'A Counting-Out Song' to

illustrate the usage of the day. Likewise, P. G. Wodehouse used the phrase "Nigger minstrels" in Thank

You, Jeeves(1934), the first JeevesBertie novel, in admiration of their artistry and musical tradition. See

also below under "Literary".

As recently as the 1950s, it may have been acceptable British usage to say niggerswhen referring to black

people, notable in mainstream usages such asNigger Boybrand candy cigarettes,[12]and the color nigger

brownor simply nigger (dark brown)[13]however, by the 1970s the term was generally regarded as racist

offensive and potentially illegal along with "nig-nog", and "golliwog". Agatha Christie's book Ten Little

Niggerswas first published in London in 1939 and continued to appear under that title until the early 1980

when it becameAnd Then There Were None.[14][15]

North American

Cultural

Addressing the use of niggerby black people, Cornel West said in 2007, "There's a certain rhythmic

seduction to the word. If you speak in a sentence, and you have to say cat, companion, orfriend, as opposeto nigger, then the rhythmic presentation is off. That rhythmic language is a form of historical memory for

black people... When Richard Pryor came back from Africa, and decided to stop using the word onstage, h

would sometimes start to slip up, because he was so used to speaking that way. It was the right word at the

moment to keep the rhythm together in his sentence making."[16]

Contemporarily, the implied racism of the word niggerhas rendered its usages social taboo. In the United

States, magazines and newspapers often do not use it but instead print "family-friendly", censored versions

usually "n*gg*r", "n**ger", "n", and "the N-word"[17]however, historians and social activists, such a

Dick Gregory, criticize the euphemisms and their usage as intellectually dishonest because using the

euphemism "the N-word" instead of niggerrobs younger generations of Americans of the full history ofblack people in America.

Political

In explaining his refusal to be conscripted to fight the Vietnam War (196575), professional boxer

Muhammad Ali said, "No Vietcong ever called me nigger"[18]later, his modified answer was the titleNo

Vietnamese Ever Called Me Nigger(1968) of a documentary about the front-line lot of the U.S. Army

Black soldier in combat in Vietnam.[19]An Ali biographer reports that, when interviewed by Robert Lipsy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lipsytehttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Alihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Gregoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_activismhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboohttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pryorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_Westhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_Nonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golliwoghttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You,_Jeeveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kiplinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._W._Fowlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism


5/18



Historical American cartoon titled

"Why the nigger is not fit to vote",

by Thomas Nast, arguing that the

reason Democrats objected to

African-Americans having the vote,

was that in the 1868 US presidential

election African-Americans voted for

the Republican candidates Ulysses S.

Grant and Schuyler Colfax.

"Seymour friends meet here" in the

background is a reference to the

Democratic Party candidate: Horatio

Seymour.

in 1966, the boxer actually said, "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong".[20]The word can be invoked

politically for effect. When Detroit mayor Kwame Kilpatrick came under intense scrutiny for his personal

conduct in 2008, he deviated from an address to city council, saying, "In the past 30 days, I've been called

nigger more than any time in my entire life." Opponents accused him of "playing the Race Card" to save h

political life.[21]

On February 28, 2007, the New York City Council symbolically

banned, with a formal resolution, the use of the word niggerhowever, there is no penalty for using it. The New York City

resolution also requests excluding from Grammy Award

consideration every song whose lyrics contain the word nigger,

however Ron Roecker, vice president of communication for the

Recording Academy doubts that it will have any effect on actual

nominations.[22][23]

Sport

In the first half of the twentieth century, before Major LeagueBaseball was racially integrated, dark-skinned and dark-complexion

players were nicknamedNig[24][25]examples are: Johnny Beazley

(194149), Joe Berry (192122), Bobby Bragan (194048), Nig

Clarke (190520), Nig Cuppy (18921901), Nig Fuller (1902),

Johnny Grabowski (192331), Nig Lipscomb (1937), Charlie

Niebergall (192124), Nig Perrine (1907), and Frank Smith (1904

15). The 1930s movie The Bowerywith George Raft and Wallace

Beery includes a sports-bar in New York City named "Nigger Joe's".

The National Football League is trying to ban the word from the use

of its players. They are trying to ban the word from the field in aneffort to avoid problems. The movement to ban it on the field

appeared after a series of different incidents involving the word.

There is a no tolerance policy and if broken there would be a 15-

ard penalty the first time and an ejection for the second. [26]

Nature

In some parts of the U.S., including the Midwest, Brazil nuts are known (decreasingly commonly) as

"nigger toes".[27]

Similarly, some cormorants have been known in the past as "nigger geese".[28]

Denotational extension

The denotations of niggeralso comprehend non-black/non-white and other disadvantaged people the U.S

politician Ron Dellums said, "... it's time for somebody to lead all of America's niggers".[29]Jerry Farber's

1967 protest, The Student as Nigger invoked the word as a metaphor for the victims of an authoritarian

society. In 1969, in the UK, in the course of being interviewed by aNovamagazine reporter, artist Yoko

Ono said, "... woman is the nigger of the world" three years later, her husband, John Lennon, published th

song "Woman Is the Nigger of the World" (1972)about the worldwide phenomenon of discrimination
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Is_the_Nigger_of_the_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Onohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(UK_magazine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Student_as_Niggerhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Dellumshttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-crested_cormoranthttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_nutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwesthttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Beeryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bowery_(1933_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Smith_(starting_pitcher)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Grabowskihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig_Fullerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig_Cuppyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig_Clarkehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Braganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Berry_(second_baseman)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Beazleyhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseballhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Councilhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Cardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Kilpatrickhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Seymourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Colfaxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Granthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1868https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Why_the_nigger_is_not_fit_to_vote.jpg


6/18



against womenwhich was socially and politically controversial to US sensibilities. In 1978 singer Patti

Smith used the word in "Rock N Roll Nigger". In 1979 singer Elvis Costello used the phrase white nigger

"Oliver's Army", a song describing the experiences of working-class soldiers in the British military forces

on the "murder mile" (a term used to describe Belfast during The Troubles), where white niggerwas a

common British pejorative for Irish Catholics. Later, the producers of the British talent show Stars in Thei

Eyesforced a contestant to censor one of its lines, changing "... all it takes is one itchy trigger One more

widow, one less white nigger" to "... one less white figure". In his autobiography White Niggers of Americ

The Precocious Autobiography of a Quebec "Terrorist"(1968), Pierre Vallires, a Front de libration du

Qubec leader refers to the oppression of the Qubcois people in North America.

In his memoir,All Souls,Michael Patrick MacDonald describes how many white residents of the Old

Colony housing project in South Boston used this meaning to degrade the people considered to be of lower

status, whether white or black.[30]

Of course, no one considered himself a nigger. It was always something you called someone

who could be considered anything less than you. I soon found out there were a few black

families living in Old Colony. They'd lived there for years and everyone said that they were

okay, that they weren't niggers but just black. It felt good to all of us to not be as bad as thehopeless people in D Street or, God forbid, the ones in Columbia Point, who were both black

and niggers. But now I was jealous of the kids in Old Harbor Project down the road, which

seemed like a step up from Old Colony...

Other languages

Many other languages have words that sound the same as 'nigger' (are homophonic), but do not mean the

same, and have ethnic slurs dissimilar to 'nigger' but meaning the same.

Some examples of how other languages refer to a black person in a neutral and in a pejorative way:

Dutch: negeris neutral,zwartje(little black one) can be amicably or offensively used, nikkeris

always pejorative[31]

Brazilian Portuguese: negroandpretoare neutral,[32]neverthelesspretocan be offensively used, issometimes regarded as 'politically incorrect' and almost never proudly used by Afro-Brazilians,

criouloand macacoare always extremely pejorative[33]

Haitian Creole: ngis used for any man in general, regardless of skin color (like "guy" in AmericanEnglish) although it is derived from French ngre, which is used pejoratively.

Literary

Historically, niggeris controversial in literature because of its usage as both a racist insult and a common

noun. The white photographer and writer, Carl Van Vechten, a supporter of the Harlem Renaissance

(1920s30s), provoked controversy in the black community with the title of his novelNigger Heaven

(1926), of the controversy, Langston Hughes wrote:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hugheshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_Heavenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechtenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole_languagehttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaca_(term)http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguesehttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophonichttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bostonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Patrick_MacDonaldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_(word)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Valli%C3%A8reshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Niggers_of_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_niggerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_in_Their_Eyeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%27s_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costellohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_N_Roll_Niggerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith


7/18



No book could possibly be as bad asNigger Heavenhas been painted. And no book has ever

been better advertised by those who wished to damn it. Because it was declared obscene,

everybody wanted to read it, and I'll venture to say that more Negroes bought it than ever

purchased a book by a Negro author. Then, as now, the use of the word niggerby a white was a

flashpoint for debates about the relationship between black culture and its white patrons.

In the US, the recurrent reading curricula controversy about the vocabulary of the novelAdventures ofHuckleberry Finn(1885) by Mark Twain about the slave South, risks censorship because of 215 (counted)

occurrences of the word nigger, most refer to Jim, Huckleberry's escaped-slave raft-mate.[34][35]Twain's

advocates note that the novel is composed in then-contemporary vernacular usage, not racist stereotype,

because Jim, the black man, is a sympathetic character in the nineteenth-centuryAdventures of Huckleberr

Finn. The book was re-published in 2010 with edits removing "the 'N' word" as reported in Timeonline.[36

TheAdventures of Huckleberry Finnhas been the subject of controversy in Arizona, where a parent group

attempt to have it removed from a required reading list was struck down by the court.

Moreover, unlike the literary escaped slave Jim, antebellum slaves used the artifice of self-deprecation

(known as "Uncle Toms"), in pandering to societal racist assumptions about the black man's low

intelligence, by advantageously using the word niggerto escape the violence inherent to slavery.[37]

Implicit to "Uncle Tomming" was the unspoken reminder to white folk that a presumably inferior and sub-

human person could not, reasonably, be held responsible for poorly realized work, a kitchen fire, or any

such catastrophic offense. The artificial self-deprecation deflected responsibility, in hope of escaping the

violent wraths of overseer and master. Using niggeras a self-referential identity term also was a way of

avoiding white suspicion, of encountering an intelligent slave, and so put whites at their ease. In context, a

slave who referred to himself, or another black man, as a niggerpresumed the master'sperceivinghim as a

slave who has accepted his societally sub-ordinate role as private property, thus, not (potentially)

subversive of the authority of the master's white supremacy.

Other late-nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British literary usages suggest neutral usage. The popula

Victorian era entertainment, the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Mikado(1885) twice uses the word

nigger. In the songAs some day it may happen, the executioner, Ko-ko, sings of executing the "nigger

serenader and the others of his race", personified by black-faced singers singing minstrel songs. In the song

more humane Mikado, the Mikado sings of the punishment for older women who dye their hair or wear

corsets, to be "Blacked like a nigger/With permanent walnut juice." Both lyrics are usually changed for

modern performances.[38]

In Joseph Conrad's The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'(1897) the main character is a black man from the West

Indies the book was published in America as The Children of the Sea. Ten Little Niggers(1939) was theoriginal British title of Agatha Christie's novelAnd Then There Were None, which has also been known by

the alternative title Ten Little Indians. The word is used in some of the Swallows and Amazonsseries

(1930s) of children's books by Arthur Ransome, e.g. "Look like niggers to me" in The Big Six.

The Reverend W. V. Awdry's The Railway Series (194572) storyHenry's Sneeze, originally described

soot-covered boys with the phrase "as black as niggers".[39]In 1972, after complaints, the description was

edited to "as black as soot", in the subsequent editions. [39]Rev. Awdry is known for Thomas the Tank

Engine (1946).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Enginehttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Railway_Series_Books#Henry_the_Green_Enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway_Serieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbert_Awdryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Sixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ransomehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallows_and_Amazons_serieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_Nonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nigger_of_the_%27Narcissus%27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conradhttp://-/?-https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mikado/A_more_humane_Mikadohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfacehttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mikado/As_some_day_it_may_happenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikadohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(politics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politicshttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellumhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum


8/18



Poster for "Nigger Hair" tobacco,

later known as "Bigger Hair"

How the Leopard Got His Spots, inJust So Stories(1902), by Rudyard Kipling, tells of an Ethiopian man

and a leopard, both originally sand-colored, deciding to camouflage themselves with painted spots, for

hunting in tropical forest. The story originally included a scene wherein the leopard (now spotted) asks the

Ethiopian man why he does not want spots. In contemporary editions ofHow the Leopard Got His Spots,

the Ethiopian's original reply: "Oh, plain black's best for a nigger", has been edited to, "Oh, plain black's

best for me." Again, Kipling uses the word inA Counting-Out Song(Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and

Guides, 1923), the rhyme reads: "Eenie Meenie Mainee, Mo! Catch a nigger by the toe!"

In short story, The Basement Room(1935), by Graham Greene, the (sympathetic) servant character, Bainetells the admiring boy, son of his employer, of his African British colony service, "You wouldn't believe it

now, but I've had forty niggers under me, doing what I told them to". Replying to the boy's question: "Did

ou ever shoot a nigger?" Bains answers: "I never had any call to shoot. Of course I carried a gun. But you

didn't need to treat them bad, that just made them stupid. Why, I loved some of those dammed niggers."

The cinematic version of The Basement Roomshort story, The Fallen Idol(1948), directed by Carol Reed,

replaced novelist Greene's niggersusage with natives. Flannery O'Connor's 1955 short story uses a black

lawn jockey as a representative symbol in The Artificial Nigger.

Popular culture

In the US and the UK, the word niggerfeatured in branding and

packaging consumer products, e.g. "Nigger Hair Tobacco" and

"Niggerhead Oysters", Brazil nuts were called nigger toes, et cetera.

As the term became less acceptable in mainstream culture, the tobacco

brand became "Bigger Hair" and the canned goods brand became

"Negro Head".[40][41][42]

Cinema

The movieBlazing Saddles(1974) used niggerto ridicule US racism.

In The Kentucky Fried Movie(1977), the sequence titled "Danger

Seekers" features a stuntman effecting the dangerous stunt of shouting

"Niggers!" at a group of black people, then fleeing when they chased

him.

The movieFull Metal Jacket(1987) depicts black and white U.S.

Marines enduring boot camp and later fighting together in Vietnam.

"Nigger" is used by soldiers of both races in jokes and as expressions

of bravado ("put a nigger behind the trigger", says the black Corporal

"Eightball"), with racial differences among the men seen as secondary

to their shared exposure to the dangers of combat: Gunnery Sergeant

Hartman (R. Lee Ermey) says, "There is no racial bigotry here. I do not look down on niggers, kikes, wops

or greasers. Here you are all equally worthless."

Gayniggers From Outer Space(1992) features black homosexual male aliens who commit gendercide to

free the men of Earth from female oppression.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendercidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayniggers_From_Outer_Spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Lee_Ermeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruit_traininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Metal_Jackethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_performerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kentucky_Fried_Moviehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazing_Saddleshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_Toeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_nuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artificial_Niggerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_jockeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Reedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fallen_Idol_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeny,_meeny,_miny,_moehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kiplinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_So_Storieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigger_hair_poster.jpg


9/18



Die Hard with a Vengeance(1995) featured a scene where villain Simon Peter Gruber (Jeremy Irons)

required New York City Police Department Lt. John McClane (Bruce Willis) to wear a sandwich board

reading "I hate niggers" while standing on a street corner in predominantly-black Harlem, resulting in

McClane meeting Zeus Carver (Samuel L. Jackson) as Carver rescued McClane from being attacked by

neighborhood toughs.

Nigger was the name given to a black Labrador dog that belonged to British Royal Air Force Wing

Commander Guy Gibson during World War II.[43]In 1943, Gibson led the successful Operation Chastise

attack on dams in Germany. The dog's name was used as a single codeword whose transmission conveyed

that the Mhne dam had been breached. In the 1955 film The Dam Bustersabout the raid, the dog was

portrayed in several scenes his name and the codeword were mentioned several times. Some of the scenes

in which the dog's name is uttered were later shown in the 1982 filmPink Floyd The Wall.[44]

In 1999, the British television network ITV broadcast a censored version with each of the twelve[45]

utterances ofNiggerdeleted. Replying to complaints against its censorship, ITV blamed the regional

broadcaster, London Weekend Television, which, in turn, blamed a junior employee as the unauthorised

censor. In June 2001, when ITV re-broadcast the censored version of The Dam Busters, the Index on

Censorship criticised it as "unnecessary and ridiculous" censorship breaking the continuity of the film andthe story.[46]In January 2012 the film was shown uncensored on ITV4, but with a warning at the start that

the film contained racial terms from the historical period which some people could find offensive. Version

of the film edited for US television have the dog's name altered to "Trigger".[45]

In a remake of The Dam Bustersby Peter Jackson announced in 2008, Stephen Fry, the writer of the

screenplay, said there was "no question in America that you could ever have a dog called the N-word". In

the remake the dog's name is "Digger".[47]

American director Quentin Tarantino has been criticized by some critics for the heavy usage of the word

niggerin his movies, especially inJackie Brown, where the word is used 38 times[48]andDjango

Unchained, used 110 times.[49]

Literature

In 1897, Joseph Conrad penned a novella titled The Nigger of the 'Narcissus', whose titular character, Jam

Wait, is a West Indian black sailor on board the merchant shipNarcissussailing from Bombay to London.

In the United States, the novel was first published with the title The Children of the Sea: A Tale of the

Forecastle, at the insistence by the publisher, Dodd, Mead and Company, that no one would buy or read a

book with the word nigger in its title,[50]

not because the word was deemed offensive but that a book aboua black man would not sell.[51]In 2009, WordBridge Publishing published a new edition titled The N-Word

of the Narcissus, which also excised the word nigger from the text. According to the publisher, the point

was to get rid of the offensive word, which may have led readers to avoid the book, and make it more

accessible.[52]Though praised in some quarters, many others denounced the change as censorship. The

author Carl Van Vechten took the opposite view to Conrad's publishers when he advised the British noveli

Ronald Firbank to change the title of his 1924 novel Sorrow in SunlighttoPrancing Niggerfor the

American market,[53]and it became very successful there under that title.[54]
http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Firbankhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechtenhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_and_Companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nigger_of_the_%27Narcissus%27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conradhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Unchainedhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Brown_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantinohttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jacksonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dam_Busters_(film)#Remakehttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_on_Censorshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Weekend_Televisionhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd_%E2%80%93_The_Wallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dam_Busters_(film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chastisehttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gibsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_retrieverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_(dog)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jacksonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Willishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McClanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Departmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Ironshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard_with_a_Vengeance


10/18



Mark Twain's novelAdventures of Huckleberry Finnhas long been the subject of controversy for its racial

content, including its use of the word "nigger" as applied to the escaped slave character Jim.Huckleberry

Finnwas the fifth most challenged book during the 1990s, according to the American Library

Association.[55]In 2011, a new edition of the book published by NewSouth Books replaced the word

"nigger" throughout the book with the word "slave" and also removed the word "injun". The change was

spearheaded by Twain scholar Alan Gribben in the hope of "countering the 'pre-emptive censorship'" that

results from the book's being removed from school curricula over language concerns.[56]The changes

sparked outrage from critics and scholars.[57]

Music

The Bohemian composer Antonn Dvok wrote the String Quartet No. 12 in 1893 during his time in the

United States. For its presumed association with African-American music, the quartet was referred to until

the 1950s with nicknames such asNegro QuartetandNigger Quartetbefore being called theAmerican

Quartet.

Responding to accusations of racism after referring to "niggers" in the lyrics of the Guns N' Roses song,

"One in a Million", Axl Rose stated "I was pissed off about some black people that were trying to rob me. wanted to insult those particular black people. I didn't want to support racism."[58]

The folk song Oh! Susannaby Stephen Foster had originally been written in four verses. The second verse

describes an industrial accident which "killd five hundred Nigger" by electrocution.

The country music artist David Allan Coe used the racial terms "redneck", "white trash", and "nigger" in th

songs "If That Ain't Country, I'll Kiss Your Ass" and "Nigger Fucker".[59]In the 1960s, record producer J.

D. "Jay" Miller published pro-racial segregation music with the "Reb Rebel" label featuring racist songs by

Johnny Rebel and others, demeaning black Americans and the Civil Rights movement.[60]

The punk band the Dead Kennedys used the word in their songHoliday in Cambodiain the line,Bragging

that you know how the niggers feel cold and the slum's got so much soul. The context of the line is a sectio

mocking champagne socialists.

Contemporarily, rap groups such as N.W.A (Niggaz with Attitudes), re-popularized the usage in their

songs. One of the earliest uses of the word in hip hop was in the song "New York New York" by

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five in 1983.

The term white niggeris also used in music, most notably in Elvis Costello's song Oliver's Army.

Theatre

The musical Show Boat(from 1927 until 1946) features the word "nigger" as originally integral to the lyric

of "Ol' Man River" and "Cotton Blossom" although deleted from the cinema versions, it is included in the

1988 EMI recording of the original score. Musical theatre historian Miles Kreuger and conductor John

McGlinn propose that the word was not an insult, but a blunt illustration of how white people then

perceived black people.

Comedy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGlinnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%27_Man_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%27s_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costellohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_niggerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Fivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.W.Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_socialisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_in_Cambodiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_Kennedyshttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rebel_(singer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._%22Jay%22_Millerhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_trashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redneckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Allan_Coehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_accidenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fosterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_Susannahttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axl_Rosehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_in_a_Million_(Guns_N%27_Roses_song)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_No._12_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1khttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemiahttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gribbenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewSouth_Bookshttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain


11/18



Anti-abolitionist cartoon from the

1860 presidential campaignillustrating colloquial usage of

"Nigger in the woodpile"

Some comedians have broached the subject, almost invariably in the form of social commentary. This was

perhaps most famously done by stand-up comedian Chris Rock in his Niggas vs. Black People routine.

Translations

"Nigger" or "nigger brown" were used in Britain as standard colour names, in the same way as "lime

green". This may have been included in some language translation sources.

"Nigger-brown" colored furniture

In April 2007, a dark brown leather sofa set, sold by Vanaik Furniture and Mattress Store in Toronto,

Canada, was labelled as "Nigger-brown" color. Investigation determined that the Chinese manufacturer

used an outdated version of Kingsoft's Chinese-to-English translation software for writing the tags it

translated the Chinese "dark-brown" characters to "Nigger-brown", and neither the Canadian supplier nor

the store owner had noticed the incorrectly translated tag subsequently, Kingsoft corrected its translation

software.[61][62][63][64]

"Nigger brown" pants

In 2012, a typosquatting website called abercrombie-and-fitchoutlet.com, purporting to be of the clothing

branch Abercrombie & Fitch and based in China, offered "nigger brown pants" for sale as the result of a

faulty Chinese-to-English translator. This went viral on social media after people mistakenly believed that

Abercrombie & Fitch were selling the product.[65]A similar translation mistake was made in 2014,

involving a Chinese typosquatting counterfeit site purporting to be the clothing branch Ralph Lauren. [66]

Derivations

Niggeras "defect" (a hidden problem), derives from "niggerin the woodpile", a US slave-era phrase denoting escaped

slaves hiding in train-transported woodpiles.[5]

In American English: nigger loverinitially applied toabolitionists, then to white people sympathetic towards black

Americans.[67]

Sand nigger, an ethnic slur against Arabs, and timber niggerandprairie nigger, ethnic slurs against Native Americans, areexamples of the racist extension of niggerupon other non-

white peoples.[68]

In several English-speaking countries, "Niggerhead" or"nigger head" was used as a name for many sorts of things,including commercial products, places, plants, and animals, aswell as a colloquial technical term in industry, mining, andseafaring.In the Victorian era, the 1840sMorning Chroniclenewspaper report seriesLondon Labour and the

London Poor, by Henry Mayhew, records the usages of both niggerand its false cognate niggard

denoting a false bottom for a grate.[69]

Flora and fauna nomenclatures include the word nigger. The Arizonan nigger-head cactus,Echinocactus polycephalusis a round, cabbage-sized plant covered with large, crooked thorns. The
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocactus_polycephalushttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_cognatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mayhewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Labour_and_the_London_Poorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Chroniclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggerheadhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_slurhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_in_the_woodpilehttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typosquattinghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontohttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggas_vs._Black_Peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_in_the_woodpilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Nigger_in_the_Woodpile.jpg


12/18



Graffiti in Palestine referring to

Arabs as "sand niggers"

colloquial names for echinacea(coneflower) are "Kansas niggerhead" and "Wild niggerhead". In

Oceania, the "niggerhead termite" (Nasutitermes graveolus) is a native of Australia.[70]

During the SpanishAmerican War US Army General John J. Pershing's original nickname, NiggerJack, given to him as an instructor at West Point because of his service with "Buffalo Soldier" units,

was euphemized toBlack Jackby reporters.[71][72]

In 1960, a stand at the stadium in Toowoomba, Australia, was named the "E. S. 'Nigger' BrownStand" honoring 1920s rugby league player Edwin Brown, sonicknamed since early life because of hispalewhite skin so

known all his life, his tombstone is engravedNigger. StephenHagan, a lecturer at the Kumbari/Ngurpai Lag HigherEducation Center of the University of Southern Queensland,sued the Toowoomba council over the use of niggerin thestand's name the district and state courts dismissed hislawsuit. He appealed to the High Court of Australia, whoruled the naming matter beyond federal jurisdiction. At firstsome local Aborigines did not share Mr Hagan's opposition to

nigger.[73]Hagan appealed to the United Nations, winning acommittee recommendation to the Australian federal

government, that it force the Queensland state government toremove the word niggerfrom the "E. S. 'Nigger' BrownStand" name. The Australian federal government followed the High Court's jurisdiction ruling. InSeptember 2008, the stand was demolished. The Queensland Sports Minister, Judy Spence, said thatusing niggerwould be unacceptable, for the stand or on any commemorative plaque. The 2005 book

The N Word: One Man's Standby Hagan includes this episode.[73][74]

Place names

The word niggerfeatures in official place-names, such as "Nigger Bill Canyon", "Nigger Hollow", and

"Niggertown Marsh". In 1967, the United States Board on Geographic Names changed the word niggertoNegroin 143 place names. First changed to "Negrohead Mountain", a peak above Santa Monica, Californi

was renamed on (February 2010) to Ballard Mountain in honor of John Ballard, a black pioneer who settle

the area in the nineteenth century. "Nigger Head Mountain", at Burnet, Texas, was so named because the

forest atop it resembled a black man's hair. In 1966, the US first lady, Lady Bird Johnson, denounced the

racist name, asking the U.S. Board on Geographic Names and the U.S. Forest Service to rename it,

becoming "Colored Mountain" in 1968 and in West Texas, "Dead Nigger Creek" was renamed "Dead

Negro Draw".[75]"Nigger Nate Grade", near Temecula, California, named for Nate Harrison, an ex-slave

and settler, was renamed "Nathan Harrison Grade Road" in 1955, at the request of the

NAACP.[76][77][78][79][80]

In northwestern North America, particularly in Canada and the US, there are places which feature many

uses of the word nigger.[81][82][83][84]At Penticton, British Columbia, Canada, "Niggertoe Mountain" was

renamed Mount Nkwala. The place-name derived from a 1908 Christmas story about three black men who

died in a blizzard the next day, the bodies of two were found at the foot of the mountain.[85]A point on th

Lower Mississippi River, in West Baton Rouge Parish, named "Free Nigger Point" until the late twentieth

century, first was renamed "Free Negro Point", but currently is named "Wilkinson Point".[86]"Nigger Hea

Rock", protruding from a cliff above Highway 421, north of Pennington Gap, Virginia, was renamed "Gre

Stone Face" in the 1970s.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennington_Gap,_Virginiahttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_Riverhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nkwalahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentictonhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_Peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temecula,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_Nate_Grade_Roadhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Negro_Drawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnet,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Mountainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Nameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggertown_Marshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_Bill_Canyonhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_N_Word:_One_Man%27s_Standhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Spencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Toowoombahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_Queenslandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Haganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Brownhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoombahttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Soldierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasutitermeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinaceahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:02_05_03_Die_Arab_Sand.jpg


13/18



Notable usage[87]

Kenneth B. Noble, January 14, 1995 The New York Times[88

erivatives

The N-wordeuphemism

The euphemism the N-wordbecame

mainstream American English usage during

the racially contentious murder trial of ex-

football player O. J. Simpson in 1995.

Key prosecution witness Detective Mark

Fuhrman, of the Los Angeles Police

Department (LAPD) who denied using

racist language on duty impeached

himself with his prolific use of niggerin tape recordings about his police work. The recordings, by

screenplay writer Laura McKinney, were from a 1985 research session wherein the detective assisted her

with a screenplay about LAPD policewomen. Fuhrman excused his use of the word saying he used nigger

in the context of his "bad cop" persona. Linguistically, the popular press reporting and discussing

Fuhrman's testimony substituted the N-wordin place of nigger.

Homophones

Niger(Latin for "black") occurs in Latinate scientific nomenclature and is the root word for some

homophones of nigger sellers of niger seed (used as bird feed), sometimes use the nameNyjerseed. The

classical Latin pronunciation /nie/ sounds like the English /nr/, occurring in biologic and anatomic

names, such asHyoscamus niger(black henbane), and even for animals that are not in fact black, such as

Sciurus niger (fox squirrel).

Nigrais the Latin feminine form of niger(black), used in biologic and anatomic names such as substantianigra (black substance).

The word niggardly (miserly) is etymologically unrelated to nigger, derived from the Old Norse word nig

(stingy) and the Middle English word nigon. In the US, this word has been misinterpreted as related to

niggerand taken as offensive. In January 1999, David Howard, a white Washington, D.C. city employee,

was compelled to resign after using niggardlyin a financial contextwhile speaking with black

colleagues, who took umbrage. After reviewing the misunderstanding, Mayor Anthony Williams offered to

reinstate Howard to his former position. Howard refused reinstatement but took a job elsewhere in the

mayor's government.[89]

The portmanteau word wigger(white + nigger) denotes a white person emulating "street black behavior",

hoping acceptance to the hip hop, thug, and gangsta sub-cultures.

Intragroup versus intergroup usage

Main article: Nigga

Black listeners often react to the term differently, depending on whether it is used by white speakers or by

black speakers. In the former case, it is regularly understood as insensitive or insulting in the latter, it may

carry notes of in-group disparagement, and is often understood as neutral or affectionate, a possible instanc

The prosecutor [Christopher Darden], his voice

trembling, added that the "N-word" was so vile that hewould not utter it. "It's the filthiest, dirtiest, nastiestword in the English language."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Dardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsta_raphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiggerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteauhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_A._Williamshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_about_the_word_%22niggardly%22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurus_nigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscamus_nigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_seedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Fuhrmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_casehttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n-wordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemismhttp://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://-/?-


14/18



of reappropriation.

Among the black community, the slur niggeris almost always rendered as nigga, representing the

pronunciation of the word in African American Vernacular English. This usage has been popularized by th

rap and hip-hop music cultures and is used as part of an in-group lexicon and speech. It is not necessarily

derogatory and, when used among black people, the word is often used to mean homieorfriend.[90]

Acceptance of intra-group usage of the word niggais still debated,[90]although it has established a foothol

amongst younger generations. The NAACP denounces the use of both "nigga" and "nigger". Mixed-race

usage of "nigga" is still considered taboo, particularly if the speaker is white. However, trends indicate tha

usage of the term in intragroup settings is increasing even amongst white youth due to the popularity of rap

and hip hop culture.[91]

According to Arthur K. Spears (Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 2006)

In many African-American neighborhoods, nigga is simply the most common term used to

refer to any male, of any race or ethnicity. Increasingly, the term has been applied to any

person, male or female. "Where y'all niggas goin?" is said with no self-consciousness oranimosity to a group of women, for the routine purpose of obtaining information. The point:

Nigga is evaluatively neutral in terms of its inherent meaning it may express positive, neutral

or negative attitudes[92]

While Kevin Cato observes:

For instance, a show on Black Entertainment Television, a cable network aimed at a black

audience, described the word nigger as a "term of endearment." "In the African Americancommunity, the word nigga (not nigger) brings out feelings of pride" (Davis 1). Here the word

evokes a sense of community and oneness among black people. Many teens I interviewed felt

that the word had no power when used amongst friends, but when used among white people the

word took on a completely different meaning. In fact, comedian Alex Thomas on BET stated,

"I still better not hear no white boy say that to me... I hear a white boy say that to me, it means

'White boy, you gonna get your ass beat.'"[93]

See also

Controversies about the word "niggardly"Cultural appropriationGuilty or Innocent of Using the N WordKaffir (ethnic slur)MurzynList of ethnic group names used as insultsList of ethnic slursList of topics related to Black and African people"Niggas vs. Black People"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggas_vs._Black_Peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_Black_and_African_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_group_names_used_as_insultshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murzynhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffir_(ethnic_slur)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_or_Innocent_of_Using_the_N_Wordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_about_the_word_%22niggardly%22http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACPhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation


15/18



ProfanityReappropriationTabooThe Student as Nigger(essay)"With Apologies to Jesse Jackson", an episode of the animated comedy series South Park, in whichStan's dad, Randy, becomes a social pariah after saying "niggers" on Wheel of FortuneProfanity by languageCategory of English profanity

Category:African-American society

Footnotes

1. "nigger (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary.

2. Pilgrim, David (September 2001). "Nigger and Caricatures". Retrieved June 19, 2007.

3. Randall Kennedy (January 11, 2001). "Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word". The Washington

Post. Retrieved August 17, 2007. (Book review)

4. Hutchinson, Earl Ofari (1996). The Assassination of the Black Male Image. Simon and Schuster. p. 82.

ISBN 978-0-684-83100-8.

5. The Oxford English Reference Dictionary, second edition, (1996) p. 9816. Twain, Mark (1883). Life on the Mississippi. James R. Osgood & Co., Boston (U.S. edition).

p. 11,13,127,139,219. ISBN 978-0-486-41426-3.

7. Ruxton, George Frederick (1846). Life In the Far West. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1534

4.

8. "Language of the Rendezvous".

9. Mencken, H. L. (1921). "Chapter 8. American Spelling > 2. The Influence of Webster". The American

Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States (2nd rev. and enl. ed.). New York:

A.A. Knopf.

10. Johnson, Clifton (October 14, 1904). "They Are Only "Niggers" in the South". The Seattle Republican(Seattle,

Wash.: Republican Pub. Co.). Retrieved January 23, 2011.

11. Allan, Keith. The Pragmatics of Connotation. Journal of Pragmatics 39:6 (June 2007) 104757

12. "Advertisement Nigger Boy Licorice, National Licorice Pty Ltd, circa 1950s1960s". Museum Victoria.

13. "Target Wools advertisement". Vogue Knitting Book (33). c. 1948. "Nigger and Pink Cardigan"

14. Peers, C Spurrier A & Sturgeon J (1999). Collins Crime Club A checklist of First Editions (2nd ed.) .

Dragonby Press. p. 15. ISBN 1-871122-13-9.

15. Pendergast, Bruce (2004).Everyman's Guide To The Mysteries Of Agatha Christie. Victoria, BC: Trafford

Publishing. p. 393. ISBN 1-4120-2304-1.

16. Mohr, Tim (November 2007). "Cornel West Talks Rhymes and Race".Playboy54 (11): 44.

17. "NiggerUsage Alert". dictionary.com. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

18. Kennedy, Randall (2002). Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word. Random House. p. 28.

ISBN 978-0-375-42172-3.

19. Rollins, Peter C. (2003). The Columbia Companion to American History on Film: How the Movies Have

Portrayed the American Past. Columbia UP. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-231-11222-2.20. Lemert, Charles (2003).Muhammad Ali: Trickster in the Culture of Irony. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 105107.

ISBN 978-0-7456-2871-4.

21. French, Ron (March 13, 2008). "Attorney General Cox: Kilpatrick should resign". detnews.com. The Detroit

News. Retrieved March 13, 2008.

22. Ed Pilkington (March 1, 2007). "New York city council bans use of the N-word". The Guardian Unlimited

(London). Retrieved August 17, 2007.

23. "Res. No. 693-A Resolution declaring the NYC Council's symbolic moratorium against using the "N" word in

New York City.". New York City Council. Retrieved August 17, 2007.

24. "1920: Corsicana's Finest Hour".

25. "Jay Justin "Nig" Clark of Navarro County, Texas".
http://www.rootsweb.com/~txnavarr/biographies/c/clark_jay_justin.htmhttp://www.attheyard.com/InRetrospect/printer_699.shtmlhttp://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/textfiles/Res%200693-2007.htm?CFID=425440&CFTOKEN=70865698http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,2023817,00.htmlhttp://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080313/METRO/803130408https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2871-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=MI1cTZGcDVgC&pg=PA105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11222-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=xB1rhm6Ke2UC&pg=PA341https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42172-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=yb8LmupcLdkC&pg=PA28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Kennedyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.comhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/niggerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Mohrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4120-2304-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=nMS6y9YsqXkC&pg=RA3-PA393&dq=%22ten+little+niggers%22+christie+%22and+then+there+were+none%22+%22ten+little+indians%22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871122-13-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Victoriahttp://museumvictoria.com.au/collections/items/1712859/advertisement-nigger-boy-licorice-national-licorice-pty-ltd-circa-1950s-1960shttp://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84025811/1904-10-14/ed-1/seq-5/http://www.bartleby.com/185/http://www.bartleby.com/185/32.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Menckenhttp://www.coon-n-crockett.org/cnc~glos.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1534-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41426-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=nBWbSj-r4U4C&pg=PA11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83100-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=tL2dpZGqIrIC&pg=PA82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Ofari_Hutchinsonhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/nigger.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Kennedyhttp://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=niggerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Profanityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Profanity_by_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_and_Sharon_Marshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Marshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_Apologies_to_Jesse_Jacksonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Student_as_Niggerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profanity


16/18



26. Reid, Jason (2014-02-25). "NFL is right to ban N-word, other slurs, from the playing field". The Washington

Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2015-10-26.

27. Brazili, Matt (July 14, 2000). "Actually, My Hair Isn't Red". The Wall Street Journal(Dow Jones & Company

Inc.). Retrieved 2014-11-15. "Hearing angmo so often took me back to my childhood, when my friends and I

used the words Jew and Gyp (the latter short for Gypsy) as verbs, meaning to cheat. At that time, in the 1960s,

other racial epithets, these based on physical appearance, were commonly heard: cracker, slant-eye, bongo lips,

knit-head. To digress to the ludicrous, Brazil nuts were called "nigger toes.""

28. Williams, John (1919). "Notes on Birds of Wakulla County, Florida" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. Retrieved 30 July

2015.

29. send2press newswire. "Does the News Media Patronize the Black Community? asks United Voices for a

Common Cause". News Blaze. Retrieved August 17, 2007.

30. MacDonald, Michael Patrick.All Souls: A Family Story from Southie Publisher Random House, Inc., 2000. Pag

61. ISBN 0-345-44177-X, 9780345441775

31. Van Dale, Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse taal, 2010

32. "Tabela 1.2 Populao residente, por cor ou raa, segundo a situao do domiclio e o sexo Brasil 2009"

(PDF). and "Evolutio da populaco brasileira, segundo a cor 1872/1991".

33. Man is arrested after calling a policeman a crioulo using uniform

(http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0,,MUL58456-5606,00-

SOU+INCAPAZ+DE+QUALQUER+ATITUDE+RACISTA+DIZ+PROCURADOR.html)

34. "Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn". The Complete Works of Mark Twain. Retrieved March 12, 2006.

35. "Academic Resources: Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word". Random House. RetrievedMarch 13, 2006.

36. Twain, Mark (January 7, 2011). " 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' Removing the N Word from Huck

Finn: Top 10 Censored Books". TIME. Retrieved January 23, 2011.

37. Stephen Railton (2005). "Tomming In Our Time". University of Virginia, Institute for Advanced Technology in

the Humanities. Retrieved March 13, 2006.

38. Michael Sragow (December 23, 1999). "The roar of the greasepaint, the smell of the crowd". Retrieved

March 13, 2006.

39. Sibley, Brian (1995). The Thomas the Tank Engine Man. London: Heinemann. pp. 2725. ISBN 0-434-96909-5

40. Ravernell, Wanda J. (June 15, 2005). "What's cute about racist kitsch?". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved

March 13, 2006.

41. "Jim Crow Museum".Ferris State University. Retrieved March 13, 2006.42. "Hue & Cry". Urban Legends Reference Pages: Racist Sofa Label. Retrieved August 11, 2007.

43. "Warbird Photo Album Avro Lancaster Mk.I". Ww2aircraft.net. March 25, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2011

44. "Analysis of the symbols used within the film, "Pink Floyd's The Wall" ". Thewallanalysis.com. Retrieved

January 23, 2011.

45. Chapman, Paul (May 6, 2009). "Fur flies over racist name of Dambuster's dog". The Daily Telegraph(London)

46. ITV attacked over Dam Busters censorship (http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2001/jun/11/itv.broadcasting), Th

Guardian, June 11, 2001

47. "Dam Busters dog renamed for movie remake".BBC News.

48. "Review Django Unchained- Spaghetti southern style". http://thephoenix.com. Retrieved 27 December 2012.

49. "Django Unchained Audio Review". Spill.com. Retrieved 27 December 2012.

50. Orr, Leonard (1999). A Joseph Conrad Companion. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29289-2.51. "Children of the Sea|The Sumner & Stillman". Sumnerandstillman.com. 2006-12-01. Retrieved 2012-07-13.

52. Joseph Conrad, foreword by Ruben Alvarado. The N-word of the Narcissus. WorldBridge.

ISBN 9789076660110. Retrieved 2012-07-13.

53. Bernard, Emily (2012). Carl Van Vechten and the Harlem Renaissance. Yale University Press. p. 79.

ISBN 9780300183290.

54. Jocelyn Brooke. "Novels of Ronald Firbank by Jocelyn Brooke". ourcivilisation.com.

55. "100 most frequently challenged books: 19901999". ala.org.

56. "New Huckleberry Finn edition censors 'n-word' ". the Guardian.

57. The Christian Science Monitor. "The 'n'-word gone from Huck Finn what would Mark Twain say?". The

Christian Science Monitor.
http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2011/0105/The-n-word-gone-from-Huck-Finn-what-would-Mark-Twain-sayhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jan/05/huckleberry-finn-edition-censors-n-wordhttp://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/banned/frequentlychallenged/challengedbydecade/1990_1999/index.cfmhttp://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/brookej/firbank/chap3.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Brookehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300183290https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com.au/books?id=-WCnSzmgDWwC&pg=PT79&lpg=PT79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789076660110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.amazon.com/N-word-Narcissus-Joseph-Conrad/dp/9076660115https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conradhttp://www.sumnerandstillman.com/Catalog/sumner.cgi/11456?id=QIPcubgy&mv_pc=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29289-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://spill.com/Audio/AudioPost.aspx?audioId=1474http://thephoenix.com/http://thephoenix.com/Boston/movies/149172-django-unchained/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-13727908https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2001/jun/11/itv.broadcastinghttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/5281875/Fur-flies-over-racist-name-of-Dambusters-dog.htmlhttp://www.thewallanalysis.com/turns.htmlhttp://www.ww2aircraft.net/forum/album/showphoto.php?photo=6074&size=big&cat=550http://www.snopes.com/racial/business/sofa.asphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_State_Universityhttp://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/FAQ.htmhttp://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/06/15/HOG3ID66P11.DTLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-96909-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Sibleyhttp://salon.com/ent/col/srag/1999/12/23/leigh/index2.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginiahttp://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/interpret/exhibits/tomming/tomminghp.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1842832_1842838,00.html?iid=moreontimehttp://www.randomhouse.com/acmart/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780375713712&view=tghttp://www.mtwain.com/Adventures_Of_Huckleberry_Finn/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0,,MUL58456-5606,00-SOU+INCAPAZ+DE+QUALQUER+ATITUDE+RACISTA+DIZ+PROCURADOR.htmlhttp://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/negros/popnegra.htmlhttp://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/trabalhoerendimento/pnad2009/tabelas_pdf/brasil_1_2.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dalehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/034544177Xhttp://newsblaze.com/story/2006112812530200001.sp/topstory.htmlhttp://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v031n04/p0109-p0117.pdfhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB963525645774992420.htmlhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins/nfl-is-right-to-ban-n-word-other-slurs-from-the-playing-field/2014/02/25/970983ee-9e37-11e3-a050-dc3322a94fa7_story.html


17/18



58. MNeely, Kim (April 2, 1992). "Axl Rose: The RS Interview"

(http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5937403/axl_rose_the_rs_interview). Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-1

20.

59. [1] (http://www.myspace.com/davidallencoe1)

60. John Broven, South to Louisiana: The Music of the Cajun Bayous . Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican, 1983, p. 252f.

61. Racial slur on sofa label stuns family (http://www.thestar.com/printArticle/200265) by Jim Wilkes, Toronto Sta

April 6, 2007 . Retrieved February 2, 2009.

62. Racist Sofa Label: Huy & Cry (http://www.snopes.com/racial/business/sofa.asp) at Snopes.com

63. Offensive Couch Update (http://www.citynews.ca/news/news_9743.aspx) City News, April 13, 2007 (retrieved

on February 2, 2009).

64. Translation software blamed for sofa tag (http://www.furnituretoday.com/article/41061-

Translation_software_blamed_for_sofa_tag.php) byFurniture Today staff, May 7, 2007. Retrieved February 2,

2009.

65. "Brown Pants". Snopes.com. 22 March 2012.

66. "Brown Shirts". Snopes.com. 18 August 2014.

67. "The Color of Words", by Philip Herbst, 1997, ISBN 1-877864-97-8, p. 166 (http://books.google.com/books?

id=UiZQH5gHuggC&pg=PA166&dq=%22nigger+lover%22&lr=#PPA166,M1)

68. Kennedy, Randall L. (Winter 19992000). "Who Can Say "Nigger"? And Other Considerations". The Journal o

Blacks in Higher Education (26): 8696 [87]. JSTOR 2999172.

69. vol 2 p6

70. "Semiochemicals of Nasutitermes graveolus, the Niggerhead termite". The Pherobase. Retrieved March 12, 20071. "Buffalo Soldier Cavalry Commander: General John J. Pershing". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved

August 17, 2007.

72. Vandiver, Frank E. Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing Volume I (Texas A&M University

Press, Third printing, 1977) ISBN 0-89096-024-0 , p. 67.

73. Monaghan, Peter: Taking a Stand, July 29, 2005 in The Chronicle of Higher Education, available at "Australia's

E. S. 'Nigger' Brown Stand and "Judicial Restraint" ". Prof. Andrew V. Uroskie. July 29, 2005. Retrieved

September 27, 2008.

74. Bita, Natasha (September 27, 2008). "League legend would have wanted sign to stay: grandson". The Australian

Retrieved September 27, 2008.

75. "Dead Negro Draw".Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved February 19, 2010.

76. "Nathan Harrison (18231920)". San Diego Biographies. San Diego Historical Society. Archived from theoriginal on December 10, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2011.

77. "Nigger Hill in Mariposa County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Retrieved July 14, 2007.

78. "Nigger Slough in Los Angeles County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Retrieved July 14, 2007.

79. "Nigger Valley in San Diego County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Retrieved July 14, 2007.

80. "Nigger Canyon in San Diego County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Retrieved July 14, 2007.

81. "Nigger Joe Ridge in Humboldt County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Retrieved July 14, 2007.

82. "Nigger Gulch in Butte County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Retrieved July 14, 2007.

83. "Nigger Sam Slough in Glenn County, California". CaliforniaMaps.org. Retrieved July 14, 2007.

84. "Golden Gate Genealogy Forum". CaliforniaMaps.org. Retrieved July 14, 2007.

85. "Niggertoe Mountain". BC Geographical Names.

86. "Free Negro Point". USGS Geographic Names Information System. Retrieved March 12, 2006.87. Arac, Jonathan (November 1997). Huckleberry Finn as idol and target. Madison, Wisconsin: University of

Wisconsin Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-299-15534-6. Retrieved August 18, 2010.

88. Noble, Kenneth B. (January 14, 1995). "Issue of Racism Erupts in Simpson Trial". The New York Times.

89. Yolanda Woodlee (February 4, 1999). "D.C. Mayor Acted 'Hastily,' Will Rehire Aide". Washington Post.

Retrieved August 17, 2007.

90. "NiggaUsage Alert". dictionary.com. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

91. Kevin Aldridge, Richelle Thompson and Earnest Winston. "The evolving N-word

(http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/08/05/loc_1the_n-word.html)." The Cincinnati Enquirer, August 5,

2001.

92. Spears, Dr. Arthur K. (12 July 2006). "Perspectives: A View of the 'N-Word' from Sociolinguistics".Diverse
http://diverseeducation.com/article/6114/http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/08/05/loc_1the_n-word.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.comhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/niggahttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/williams/williams020499.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/14/us/issue-of-racism-erupts-in-simpson-trial.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15534-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsinhttp://books.google.com/?id=twfLrDgYRlUC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&qhttp://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:535095https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Nameshttp://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/45296.htmlhttp://www.genealogyforum.rootsweb.com/gedcom/gedcom7a/gedr7179.gedhttp://californiamaps.org/place.php?county=Glenn&feature=Nigger+Sam+Sloughhttp://californiamaps.org/place.php?county=Butte&feature=Nigger+Gulchhttp://californiamaps.org/place.php?county=Humboldt&feature=Nigger+Joe+Ridgehttp://californiamaps.org/place.php?county=San+Diego&feature=Nigger+Canyonhttp://californiamaps.org/place.php?county=San+Diego&feature=Nigger+Valleyhttp://californiamaps.org/place.php?county=Los+Angeles&feature=Nigger+Sloughhttp://californiamaps.org/place.php?county=Mariposa&feature=Nigger+Hillhttp://www.sandiegohistory.org/bio/harrison/harrison.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20071210051023/http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bio/harrison/harrison.htmhttp://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/DD/rbd17.htmlhttp://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24409162-5012431,00.htmlhttp://lettrist.blogspot.com/2005/07/australias-es-nigger-brown-stand-and.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890960240https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Vandiverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Servicehttp://www.nps.gov/pwso/honor/pershing.htmhttp://www.pherobase.com/database/species/species-Nasutitermes-graveolus.phphttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2999172https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Kennedyhttp://books.google.com/books?id=UiZQH5gHuggC&pg=PA166&dq=%22nigger+lover%22&lr=#PPA166,M1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1877864978http://www.snopes.com/racial/business/ralphlauren.asphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes.comhttp://www.snopes.com/racial/business/abercrombie.asphttp://www.furnituretoday.com/article/41061-Translation_software_blamed_for_sofa_tag.phphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityNewshttp://www.citynews.ca/news/news_9743.aspxhttp://www.snopes.com/racial/business/sofa.asphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Starhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wilkeshttp://www.thestar.com/printArticle/200265http://www.myspace.com/davidallencoe1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stonehttp://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5937403/axl_rose_the_rs_interview


18/18


Look up nigger orN-word

in Wiktionary, the free

dictionary.

Issues in Higher Education.

93. "Nigger". Wrt-intertext.syr.edu. Retrieved January 23, 2011.

References

"nigger". The Oxford English Dictionary(2 ed.). 1989.Fuller, Neely Jr. (1984). The United Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept: A

Textbook/Workbook for Thought, Speech, and/or Action, for Victims of Racism (white supremacy).ASIN B000BVZW38.Kennedy, Randall (2002).Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word. New York: PantheoBooks. ISBN 0-375-42172-6.Smith, Stephanie (2005).Household Words: Bloomers, Sucker, Bombshell, Scab, Nigger, Cyber.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4552-3.Swan, Robert J. (2003).New Amsterdam Gehenna: Segregated Death in New York City, 16301801Brooklyn: Noir Verite Press. ISBN 0-9722813-0-4.Worth, Robert F. (Fall 1995). "Nigger Heaven and the Harlem Renaissance".African American

Review29 (3): 461473. doi:10.2307/3042395. JSTOR 3042395.

External links

Analysis of the cultural uses of the word Nigga(http://www.streetgangs.com/magazine/053003niggas.php) byAlex Alonso of Street Gangs Magazine"Nigger and Caricatures," Jim Crow Museum of RacistMemorabilia, Ferris State University (http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/)"Nigger (the word), a brief history!" from the African American Registry(http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2420/Nigger_the_word_a_brief_history)Appropriating a Slur in M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture (http://journal.media-

culture.org.au/0208/semantic.php)"Let's Make a Deal on the N-Word: White folks will stop using it, and black folks will stop

pretending that quoting it is saying it," (http://www.theroot.com/views/lets-make-deal-n-word) JohnMcWhorter, The Root

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigger&oldid=689384082"

Categories: American English words Anti-African and anti-black slurs Profanity

African-American-related controversies Reclaimed words

This page was last modified on 6 November 2015, at 20:08.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional terms mayapply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Reclaimed_wordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African-American-related_controversieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Profanityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-African_and_anti-black_slurshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_English_wordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigger&oldid=689384082https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Root_(magazine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McWhorterhttp://www.theroot.com/views/lets-make-deal-n-wordhttp://journal.media-culture.org.au/0208/semantic.phphttp://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2420/Nigger_the_word_a_brief_historyhttp://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/http://www.streetgangs.com/magazine/053003niggas.phphttps://www.jstor.org/stable/3042395https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3042395https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9722813-0-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-4552-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-42172-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger:_The_Strange_Career_of_a_Tro

Information on Harlem - The Latin Years

Documents

Transcript of Information on Harlem - The Latin Years