Information-gathering conformism. What you didn’t know Francisco Gil-White Psychology University...

information-gathering conformism

What you didn’t know

• Francisco Gil-White

• Psychology

• University of Pennsylvania

Social learning• Who will you acquire ideas and

behaviors from?

• If your parent was the only individual from the previous generation that you had access to, that would be the best you could do.

Emergent phenomenon• If you have access to other members of the

previous generation

• Then you can take advantage of an emergent phenomenon

Convergence: Members of the previous generation will tend to converge on the same adaptive solution.

• So you can just copy the most common solution (better than copying at random).

Why do people converge on adaptive solutions?

• Two reasons:1. If it is not too hard to find the best solution

on your own, then most people will find it via individual learning.

Or,

2. If a person can recognize a better solution when they see it in somebody else, then most people will get it via social learning.

Individual learning (assume a small set of

possible solutions)

Convergence thru individual learning

Social learning…

?

?

…also leads to convergence

Therefore…• If you are a member of the next generation, it

makes sense to have a preference for the most common meme, because usually the most common meme, is the best one available.

• Meme: idea or behavior that is transmissible through social learning.

• Who’s a member of the next generation? Everybody, at one point.

norm-conformism

A social interaction is a ‘game’

• You are a ‘player’• You enter into an interaction with

another ‘player’• You pay some costs in order to play

– At the very least, time and energy.

• You play with a particular ‘strategy’• And there are potential ‘payoffs’.• Different strategies have different

payoffs.

Problems of coordination

• Any social game is rife with problems of coordination.

• If you and I attempt to play a social game together, but– Our signaling systems are different– We have different expectations for the same

moves in the game– We think we are playing different games

• Then the costs of our interaction will increase

Interactional norms• The games of social life. . .

– Hosting a guest– Making a promise, contract. . .– Shaming and being shamed– Greeting– Marrying, raising a child, divorcing– Paying, forgiving a debt– How to joke, kid around

• Assume some variation in norms

– In the simplest model, say, 80% have norm A, and 20% norm B.A A

A

A

AA

A

A

B

B You are a new member of the group. Which norm should you

adopt?

If you adopt A, you can coordinate with 80% of the group.

People should be norm-conformists

Prestige-biased transmission

The Jordan Effect

Michael Jordan

Companies want him• Companies selling all sorts of things…

– phone service– perfume (?!)– you name it

• …think that Jordan can help them sell these things.

• Why?• Because Jordan has prestige, and people

want to do what the prestigious do.

Copy those with better information

?

?

• Good idea.• Much better to choose

an above-average model than a random model.

• But learning benefits from the cooperation of the model.

• So it is adaptive to induce it.

• And so you kiss up.

The old arguments apply here…

• Finding out who has better information requires costly individual learning.

• But conforming to the judgments of others about who has better information is cheap and easy.

• Since those with above-average info in the previous generation will have more kisser-uppers, naïve entrants can use this information to choose their first models.

The combined effect of prestige and conformism

• Think of high-school fashions.

• Torn jeans, etc.

• How do fashion trends get started, how do they remain stable for periods of time?

Propaganda

The individual, and the state

What is propaganda?• What is it?

– The institutionalized production of lies.

• Who produces it?– Anybody with an interest that might be derailed by

the truth.

• What kinds of governments will produce propaganda?– Any government.– That’s why we need a free press.

Propaganda is meme technology

• A propagandist is trying to put a meme in your head.

• The only way to protect yourself from the propagandist is to be aware.

• Why? Because the propagandist is a memeticist.– He pays attention to the things that make memes

successful.– If you don’t also have this knowledge, you are

unprotected.

What is the ideal propaganda system?

• If people have prestige bias?– Use “experts”– People who are “independent analysts” of

X or Y (when X or Y is being discussed).

• If people have conformity bias?– Make sure that many “independent voices”

say the same thing.– Make sure that people don’t know you

control the independent voices.

What is the ideal propaganda system?

• The ideal propaganda system. . .

. . . is the ‘free press’!!!

• If you can corrupt the free press without people knowing this, you’ve won.

Mmm….

Who is Slobodan Milosevic?

• There are two Milosevices– The Media Milosevic

• i.e. the propaganda Milosevic

– the Real Milosevic

• Some of you may be familiar with the Media Milosevic.

• We shall now compare him to the Real Milosevic.

First, some background

• In 1989 Milosevic gave a speech before several hundred thousand Serbs in Kosovo Field, at the 600 anniversary of a battle that the Serbs lost against the Turks.

• We shall take a look at how the “free press” reported this speech.

Media Milosevic, Real Milosevic

• “In Gazimestan, Milosevic announced that he would also launch a war against the other peoples of Yugoslavia.”

• Balkan Report, 2 July 1999, Volume 3, Number 26

• “he openly threaten[ed] force to hold the six-republic federation together”

• Milosevic on Trial: Fall of a Pariah"; Newspaper Publishing PLC, Independent on Sunday (London); July 1, 2001.


• “Equal and harmonious relations among Yugoslav peoples are a necessary condition for the existence of Yugoslavia and for it to find its way out of the crisis. . . Equal and united people can above all become a part of the civilization toward which mankind is moving. If we cannot be at the head of the column leading to such a civilization, there is certainly no need for us to be at is tail.”

• BBC and US government translation of the speech!


• And here, 10 years ago this month, the Yugoslav President, Mr Slobodan Milosevic, made his name telling a crowd of 500,000 Serbs, "Serbia will never abandon Kosovo".

• The Irish Times; June 16, 1999, CITY EDITION; SECTION: WORLD NEWS; CRISIS IN THE BALKANS; Pg. 13

• But the words “Serbia will never abandon Kosovo” do NOT appear in the text of the speech!


• It was a stirringly virulent nationalist speech he made in Kosovo, in 1989, harking back to the Serb Prince Lazar’s suicidally brave battle against the Turks a mere six centuries ago…– June 5th 1999, The Economist

• Today, it is difficult to say what is the historical truth about the Battle of Kosovo and what is legend. Today this is no longer important. Oppressed by pain and filled with hope, the people used to remember and to forget, as, after all, all people in the world do, and it was ashamed of treachery and glorified heroism. . . The answers to those questions will be constantly sought by science and the people.

– From the BBC and US government translations!!


• “…it was on St. Vitus' Day, 1989, that Milosevic whipped a million Serbs into a nationalist frenzy in the speech that capped his ascent to power.– TIME International, July 9, 2001 v158 i1 p18+

• “In a fervent speech before a million Serbs, he galvanized the nationalist passions that two years later fueled the Balkan conflict.”

– The New York Times, July 28, 1996, Sunday, Late Edition - Final, Section 1; Page 10; Column 1; Foreign Desk, 1384 words


• Nine years ago today, Milosevic's fiery speech here to a million angry Serbs was a rallying cry for nationalism and boosted his popularity enough to make him the country's uncontested leader.– The Washington Post, June 29, 1998, Monday, Final Edition,

A SECTION; Pg. A10, 354 words.


“…unity in Serbia will bring prosperity to the Serbian people in Serbia and each one of its citizens, irrespective of his national or religious affiliation…Serbia has never had only Serbs living in it. Today, more than in the past, members of other peoples and nationalities also live in it. This is not a disadvantage for Serbia. I am truly convinced that it is its advantage. National composition of almost all countries in the world today, particularly developed ones, has also been changing in this direction. Citizens of different nationalities, religions, and races have been living together more and more frequently and more and more successfully…The only differences one can and should allow in socialism are between hard working people and idlers and between honest people and dishonest people. Therefore, all people in Serbia who live from their own work, honestly, respecting other people and other nations, are in their own republic.”

They are lying• How do we know they are lying?

• Well, the speech was reported accurately on the day it was given. It was only years later, when the US was getting ready to bomb Yugoslavia, that it was misrepresented.

How they reported at the time…

• Addressing the crowd, Milosevic said that whenever they were able to the Serbs had helped others to liberate themselves, and they had never used the advantage of their being a large nation against others or for themselves, Tanjug reported. He added that Yugoslavia was a multi-national community which could survive providing there was full equality for all the nations living in it.– BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, June 29, 1989,

Thursday, SECTION: Part 2 Eastern Europe; 2. EASTERN EUROPE.

How they reported at the time…

…he talked of mutual tolerance, 'building a rich and democratic society' and ending the discord which had, he said, led to Serbia's defeat here by the Turks six centuries ago.'There is no more appropriate place than this field of Kosovo to say that accord and harmony in Serbia are vital to the prosperity of the Serbs and of all other citizens living in Serbia, regardless of their nationality or religion,' he said. Mutual tolerance and cooperation were also sine qua non for Yugoslavia: 'Harmony and relations on the basis of equality among Yugoslavia's people are a precondition for its existence, for overcoming the crisis.‘

• The Independent, June 29 1989, Thursday, Foreign News ; Pg. 10, 654 words, Milosevic carries off the battle honours, From EDWARD STEEN and MARCUS TANNER in Kosovo Polje

What really happened in Yugoslavia

For an analysis of how the media covered the 1989 speech that Milosevic delivered in Kosovo, visit:

http://emperors-clothes.com/milo/gw.htm

For more articles by me about Yugoslavia, visit:

http://www.psych.upenn.edu/%7Efjgil/articles.htm#yugo

For more Emperor’s Clothes articles about Yugoslavia, visit:

http://emperors-clothes.com/yugo.htm

Is US foreign policy anti-Nazi or pro-Nazi?

A partial view

(there is so much stuff...)

What ‘everybody’ knows

• That US military intelligence helped many Nazis escape to freedom, using the so-called ‘rat lines,’ in order to use them as intelligence assets in the cold war.

• This included some of the worst war criminals, who led cozy lives in the US, at the expense of the US taxpayer.

• We are talking about people with the blood of millions of Jewish, Russian, Serbian, and Roma (Gypsy) civilians on their hands (among others).

What ‘everybody’ knows

• However, what ‘everybody’ knows is false, in a sense, because the truth is much worse than that.

• The US did not import a few captured Nazi war criminals in order to use them as intelligence assets.

• The US absorbed almost the entire Nazi war criminal organization, and out of that created US intelligence and parts of the US military (e.g. special forces)

Main source• The main source for what you will hear today

is this book:

– Christopher Simpson (1988) Blowback: The first full account of American’s recruitment of Nazis, and its disastrous consequences on our domestic and foreign policy. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

• The rights to this book were bought by someone who took it out of print...

• Simpson sources include many declassified documents made publicly available through the Freedom of Information Act.

The Klaus Barbie scandal

• “In 1971 Klaus Barbie was positively identified by Serge and Beatte Klarsfeld (a husband-wife team of Nazi hunters) in Bolivia, but the rightist Bolivian government refused to extradite Barbie.... Meanwhile, the conservative French government of the 1970’s had enough Vichy collaborators in its ranks to want to avoid having Barbie back in France pointing his finger at ministers and declaring, “Hey, I know that guy, he helped me during the war.” It was only in 1983 that Barbie, left unprotected by the rise of a moderate leftist government in Bolivia and the ascension of the leftist Mitterand administration in France, was deported to France.” [Source: Trial of Klaus Barbie Homepage http://members.aol.com/voyl/barbie/kbbio.htm]

The Klaus Barbie scandal

• Francois Mitterrand was a highly placed collaborator in the Nazi government in WWII Frace.

• “Shrouded in half-truths and rumors for nearly a half century, President Francois Mitterrand’s role in the pro-Nazi Vichy regime has been brought to light in a widely acclaimed book published this week.”– The Associated Press, September 3, 1994.FOR THE FULL AP ARTICLE, VISIT:http://emperors-clothes.com/gilwhite/alija2.htm#_ftn19

• This book: Pean, Pierre (1994) Une Jeunesse Francaise: Francois Miterrand. Paris: Fayard

• And what did this book document?

Excerpts from AP• “The young Mitterrand was an ardent follower of collaborationist

leader Phillipe Petain [i.e. the biggest Nazi in France], and believed in the ‘national revolution’ that begat the strict, anti-Jewish laws of 1940-41. As early as 1935, Mitterrand participated in an anti-foreigner rally in Paris.”

• “After the French defeat of 1940, Mitterrand joined the ultranationalist ‘Legion des Combattants’ (Fighter’s Legion) which later became the feared militia that relentlessly hunted Jews and Resistance fighters.”

• “Yes, Mitterrand had close ties with ‘La Cagoule,’ an outlawed extreme-right group that sought to overthrow the republic, and yes, he never repudiated his friendships with some of its leaders.”

• “At 26, Mitterrand also received the ‘francisque,’ Vichy’s highest award, from Petain. He published articles in Petainist magazines that also carried rabidly anti-Semitic diatribes.”

• “And when he joined the Resistance in 1943 – not earlier as he long maintained – he did it whithout repudiating his Vichy past, its ideology, or his friends, Pean writes.”

• “ ‘Francois Mitterrand does not seem embarrassed by his past,’ Pean was quoted as saying in an interview this week in Paris Match magazine.”

• “Also on record for the first time is Mitterrand’s friendship with Rene Bousquet, Vichy’s police chief who was responsible for hte deprtation of Jewish children.”

Excerpts from AP

• That the French rightist government of the 1970s was full of people who had been Vichy collaborators [i.e. full of Nazis who tried as hard as they could to exterminate all of the Jews in France]

• And the “socialist” government that followed had for president one of the top Nazis of the Vichy regime: Francois Mitterrand.– (Did the Nazis lose the war?)

• So when Barbie was tried in France, he was among friends. Friends who helped make sure that nobody would find out that Barbie had not been the only Nazi war criminal to have been recruited by the US.

What have we learned?

• Meanwhile, the US was doing the same: trying to cover up that it had recruited many other Nazis.

• This attempted cover-up was called the Ryan Report, for Allan Ryan, its author.

• Ryan was supposed to be a Nazi hunter employed by the US Justice Department after the war. He was tasked to do an investigation because nine congressmen had written President Reagan:– “...urging him to personally order an investigation that would, quote,

‘once and for all make clear the United States position on Nazi war criminals and whether US agencies knowingly or unknowingly provided protection for Barbie and others.” – ABC-TV News, March 7, 1983.

• Ryan’s ‘investigation’ ‘concluded’ that, yes, the US had dealt with Barbie, but he was the only one.

The Ryan Report

• US military intelligence recruited Reinhardt Gehlen and his entire organization.

• Gehlen was “Hitler’s most senior military intelligence officer on the eastern front.”

• In other words, Gehlen was directly responsible for the torture and death of several million Jews and many millions of Russian civilians.

• That is a very big deal, but it’s just the tip of the iceberg.

• (All of this documented in Christopher Simpson’s Blowback, cited earlier)

In fact, however...

• The US recruited thousands of other former Nazi war criminals and organized them into clandestine military forces it kept in Europe.

• Others, it illegally imported into the US and set them up as phony ‘exile’ organizations that were supposed to go lead their Eastern European countries when they were ‘liberated’ from the Soviets.

• These emigré organizations were posed as anti-Communist and pro-American and were used by the CIA to lobby domestically for its programs, which relied on using its Nazis.

From Blowback

• It is important to realize that the CIA did not exist until after the war. The thousands of war criminals absorbed were not added to a vast US intelligence apparatus. Rather, they became the US’s vast intelligence apparatus.

• There is too much material, so we will focus on one detail: what the CIA did in Italy.– “Not all the clandestine containment progams

were aimed at the USSR and its satellites. Some of the most important early applications of these tactics began in Western Europe. The Italian elections of 1948 marked another important milestone in the development of US covert operations and in high-level support for the use of former Nazi collaborators.” Christopher Simpson, Blowback (p.89)

From Blowback :Italy

• The CIA had long been cooperating with the Vatican.• The Vatican cooperated extensively with the Nazis

during WWII. I mention just three prominent facts (there is so much more...):– Pope Pious XII assisted Hitler’s domestic policy by ordering

the German Catholic party not to oppose him.– He assisted his extermination program directly in Croatia,

where the concentration camps were so brutal that they appalled even the Nazis. These camps were run by Franciscan priests under the authority of Archbishop Stepinac, who greeted Ante Pavelic, the Croatian ‘poglavnik’ (i.e. ‘fuhrer’) as an emissary of God.

– After the war, the Vatican used one of its many infamous ‘rat-lines’ to spirit almost the entire Ustashe (Croatian Nazi) organization to safety, including Ante Pavelic (who was given last rites by the Pope himself when he died in Spain).

• The book to read is Cornwell, J. 1999. Hitler's pope: The secret history of Pius XII. New York: Viking..

Vatican

• After the war, “the CIA established much deeper and broader ties with the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in Rome than had previously been the case. This not only had a powerful impact on the Italian political scene but also...laid the foundation for the agency’s relatioship with Intermarium, an influential Catholic lay organization made up primarily of Eastern European exiles that operated under the protection of the Vatican. At least half a dozen senior leaders of Intermarium can be readily identified as Nazi collaborators.” --Christopher Simpson, Blowback (p.89)

• Intermarium set up several rat lines, in cooperation with US intelligence, to get Nazi war criminals out of Europe after the war. Many to the US.


• After the war, the leftists were very strong in Italy, and Washington did not like that—neither did the Vatican.

• So the US dumped a staggering amount of money into Italy in order to defeat them.– “Cardinal Spellman of New York served as a crucial go-

between in CIA-Vatican negotiations... The US government, the cardinal said, had secretly ‘released large sums in ‘black currency’ in Italy to the Catholic Church.’ This “black currency” did not come from American taxpayers. Rather, a substantial part of the funding for clandestine activities in Italy came from captured Nazi German assets, including money and gold that the Nazis had looted from the Jews.” – Christopher Simpson, Blowback (p.91)


• “The CIA withdrew about $10 million from the fund in late 1947, laundered it through a myriad of bank accounts, then used that money to finance sensitive Italian operations. This was the ‘black currency’ that Cardinal Spellman asserted was given to the Vatican for anti-Communist agitation... Much of the CIA’s $10 million Italian war chest was delivered through clandestine campaign contributions to Christian Democratic candidates... [and] many of the remnants of the Fascists’ wartime ruling apparatus, as well as most of the police, had joined Christian Democratic ranks after 1945...” -- Christopher Simpson, Blowback (p.91)


• The leftists were defeated in Italy. As in France, the Nazis secretly won at the polls.

• Did the Nazis lose the war?


The current attack on Jews

• The current attack on Jews, just like the Nazi attack, relies on spreading lies.

• In the early twentieth century a hoax was sold all over the Western world called, “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion”… It was entirely made up. But because of the slanderous accusations against the Jews in it, millions of Jews were killed!

• To read about “The Protocols,” visit:• http://emperors-clothes.com/antisem/protocols-1.htm

• One important lie today is to present Yasser Arafat’s PLO as a desperate and also nationalist movement.

• This requires never speaking of the founder of the movement, Hajj Amin al Husseini, who was even more enthusiastic than Hitler about exterminating the Jews.

– Hajj Amin was a leader of Hitler’s Final solution.

– Hajj Amin mentored Yasser Arafat.

– Members of Hajj Amin’s Arab Higher Committee are who set up Fatah, Yasser Arafat’s organization.

– Fata swallowed up the PLO in 1970, so that the PLO is really Fatah.

• So… the PLO is an antisemitic and genocidal organization.

The current attack on Jews

The PLO• To read about the Nazi origins of the

PLO, an organization descended from Hitler’s Final Solution, visit:

• http://emperors-clothes.com/gilwhite/Israel.htm

Does the US favor Israel?

• Another important lie is the idea that Israel (or ‘the Jews’) controls the US, or else that the US invariable favors Israel and ‘the Jews’ (the better to blame Jews for US foreign policy!)

• But the evidence that the US favors Israel rests on three claims only:– Israel receives money from the US (but Egypt, Israel’s

enemy, receives a comparable amount of money—and that’s just one enemy).

– Israel receives weapons from the US (but Saudi Arabia, Israel’s enemy, receives more weapons—and that’s just one enemy).

– Israel got US assistance in the war of 1973 (but it got zero assistance—or the opposite—in every other war, and even in 73 the US only got involved because the Soviets were supporting the other side).

Does the US favor Israel?

• The above three points are highly questionable as evidence that the US favors Israel, and the rest of the evidence from US foreign policy suggests that the US attacks Israel.

• For example, the US consistently goes out of its way to assist the PLO.

• I give a few examples.

Does the US favor the PLO?

• In 1974, with Kurt Waldheim presiding as UN Secretary General (this man was later revealed to have been a Nazi war criminal), the United Nations invited Yasser Arafat, the genocidal antisemite and protégé of Hajj Amin al Husseini (another Nazi war criminal), to give a speech to the UN General Assembly.

• He was received with the protocols of a chief of state!

• I point out that Kurt Waldhaim was the US’s candidate.

• This suggests that the US favors the PLO.

• In 1975, again with Kurt Waldheim presiding as UN Secretary General, UN resolution 3379 was passed which defined Zionism as racism!

• This was a great propaganda plus for the PLO.

• I remind you that Kurt Waldhaim was the US’s candidate.



• In 1977, again with the Nazi Kurt Waldheim presiding, Yasser Arafat’s PLO became the first non-state ever to be granted membership in the UN!

• This greatly increased the international ‘respectability’ of this terrorist organization.

• I remind you that Kurt Waldhaim was the US’s candidate.



• In that same year of 1977, the US president, Jimmy Carter, declared publicly his support for a “Palestinian homeland.”

• The PLO announced its support for a Palestinian state that same year.

• In fact, on the same day! (May 17th)– (uncanny coincidence?)



• Also in 1977, the US pushed very hard for a ‘peace process’ at Geneva that would lead to the creation of a Palestinian state.

• When the Israelis showed themselves reluctant, the US went behind their backs and got together with the Soviets, surprising the world with a joint proposal for the creation of a Palestinian state run by the PLO.– The US was an enemy of the USSR, but when it came to

attacking Jews they buried their differences.

• Vigorous Israeli diplomacy was needed to make the US back down.



• In 1979, the Carter administration began a joint effort with Saudi Arabia to export the latter country’s antisemitic Islamist terrorism to Afghanistan, and elsewhere, helping inflame hatred against Jews among millions of Muslims.

• Subsequently this became an international, mercenary, antisemtic, terrorist movement.

• This is also good propaganda for the PLO.– It is certainly not good for Israel, especially given that this

international terrorist movement accuses Israel of being the culprit behind every hated US foreign policy.



• In 1981 US president Ronald Reagan (supposedly very different from Carter) launched a diplomatic attack against Israel, endorsing a Saudi proposal to establish a Palestinian state run by the PLO.

• Reagan also decided to sell much new weaponry to Saudi Arabia (in addition to a secret build-up that Carter had begun).

• Saudi Arabia is one of the main sponsors of the PLO terrorists.



• In 1982 Israel was close to delivering the death blow to the PLO in Lebanon

– Israel had invaded Lebanon because the PLO terrorists, after causing a civil war in Jordan, had been chased out and had taken up residence in Lebanon, from which they attacked Israel, and also caused a civil war in Lebanon.

• But Israel could not deliver this death blow because the US military swept in and deposited the PLO terrorists safely in Tunis



• Up to then, the PLO had been the bodyguards for the US diplomats in Beirut, Lebanon’s capital!



• In the late 90s, the US pushed for the Oslo ‘Peace’ Process, strong arming the Israelis until they agreed to participate.

– Specifically, the US threatened the Israelis with the loss of certain loan guarantees that were crucial for resettlement of Russian immigrants.

• But meanwhile the PLO was explaining to its Arab audiences that the Oslo process was just a “Trojan Horse” so they could start killing Jews again, which they couldn’t do from Tunis.



• Despite the spectacular success of the Oslo process as a Jew-killing machine, the US has been pushing for something called the ‘Road Map’, which is even worse for Israel.

• The US is also supporting unilateral Israeli withdrawal from Gaza.



Documentation• For documentation of the points above

concerning US policy towards Israel and the Jews, visit:

• http://emperors-clothes.com/gilwhite/ally.htm

• http://emperors-clothes.com/letters/cia.htm

• Finally, who trained the PLO?

• The CIA.


• Since the PLO seeks to exterminate the Jews, it would appear that this is also US policy.


• IPS-Inter Press Service, December 2, 1998, Wednesday, 918 words, POLITICS-MIDDLE EAST: SECRET SERVICES IN THE NAME OF PEACE?, By Dilip Hiro, LONDON, Dec. 2

One of the more remarkable features of the recent Wye River Memorandum, signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), is the role assigned to the United States' own Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Under Wye, Washington's secret agents have been charged with ensuring that the PLO comply with clauses requiring action against "terrorist" opposition.

Israel already has three secret agencies in the field. The Shin Beth ("Security Service") is responsible for internal security; the Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks or Mossad ("The Institute") for short, covering foreign intelligence; and Ama n (Intelligence Branch) for military intelligence.

The PLO has its internal security organization, and the Palestinian Authority also runs its own equivalent to the Israeli Shin Beth, the Preventive Security Service (PSS).

Now the amply equipped CIA joins these well entrenched forces, monitoring the thoughts and actions of just 2.75 million Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank.

(…)

• (…continued)

• Mossad's clandestine links with the CIA date as far back as 1951 and both began monitoring the PLO as soon as it was formed in 1964. For 29 years they both treated the PLO as a terrorist organization until the CIA changed strategy after Oslo.

[ The above is false. The US made an agreement with Israel not to have clandestine contacts with the PLO and which the CIA violated immediately. They were playing nice with the PLO from the start. – FGWhttp://emperors-clothes.com/letters/cia.htm ]

After a series of suicide bombings by Islamists in Jerusalem in February-March 1996. George Tenet, then deputy director of the CIA, met Arafat for the first time. Meeting at Gaza's Erez crossing in March 1996 he urged Arafat to take action against the Islamist bombers.

The CIA began training Palestinian security personnel at the PSS's counter-intelligence center in Jericho run by Major Jibril Rajoub. In September 1996 the Paris-based al-Watan al-Arabi newspaper disclosed that the CIA was training Palestinian security officers in the United States.

(…)

Information-gathering conformism. What you didn’t know Francisco Gil-White Psychology University...

Documents

Transcript of Information-gathering conformism. What you didn’t know Francisco Gil-White Psychology University...