Information Artifact Ontology and Aboutness
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Barry Smith
Information Artifact Ontology and Aboutness
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Shimon Edelman’s Riddle of Representation
two humans, a monkey, and a robotare looking at a piece of cheese;
what is common to the representational processes in their visual systems?
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Answer:
The cheese, of course
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The real cheese
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the arrow of intentionality
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± simple
mental process content (putative) target
presenting actcontent of presentation
“apple”object of presentation
judging act
judgment-content
“the apple over there is ripe”
state of affairsfact
evaluating actemotional act
appraisal…
“it is good that the apple over there is ripe”
?
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mental process content target
you see an apple “apple” an apple
• you are in physical contact with target ― cf. Russell’s knowledge by acquaintance; J. J. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception
± relational intentionality
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting actsensory content object of presentation
object exists
object does not exist
objectpresent
objectabsent
± perceptually filled
ordinary perception
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting actsensory content object of presentation
object exists
object does not exist
objectpresent
objectabsent
perceptually filled does not imply veridical
hallucination
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple” + sensation originating causally at
target
object of presentation
object exists
object does not exist
objectpresent
objectabsent
the evolutionarily most basic case
ordinary perception
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple” + sensation originating causally at
target
object of presentation
object exists
object does not exist
objectpresent
objectabsent
relational implies veridical
ordinary perception
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”object of presentation
object exists
object does not exist
objectpresent
objectabsent
veridical does not imply relational
veridical thinking about
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”
object of presentation
object existsobject present
objectabsent
± content match
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content match
“apple”
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content match
“food”
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”
object of presentation
object existsobject present
objectabsent
veridical does not imply content match
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content mismatch
“poison”
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content mismatch
“apple”
content here not just a matter of language
still posson
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mental process content target
you see an apple “apple” an apple
± linguistically mediated
A cat can see a kingA cat can see a mass spectrometer
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mental process content there is no target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”underlying false belief
non-veridical intentionality is an untidy collection of non-canonical cases
the presenting act is dependent on an underlying belief or attitude of one or other deviant types
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”object
presentobjectabsent
non-veridical intentionality type 1. ontological error
hallucination, deception, …the presenting act is dependent on a false underlying belief
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”object
presentobjectabsent
non-veridical intentionality type 2. fiction
thinking-about-Macbeth = the presenting act is not dependent on an underlying false belief
“The Substitution Theory of Art”, Grazer Philosophische Studien, 25/26 (1986)
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the primacy of language (Sellars …)mental experiences are about objects because words have
meaning
word / meaning
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the primacy of the intentional (Brentano, Husserl, …): linguistic expressions have meanings because there are (‘animating’) mental
experiences which have aboutness
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dimension of content / belief prior to dimension of language
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language comes later than mental aboutness
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How annotate this
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or this?
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or this?
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Mental Functioning Ontology (Draft)
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Mental Functioning Ontology (Draft)
with thanks to Janna Hastings and Kevin Mulligan Swiss Center for Affective Sciences)
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Basic Formal Ontology
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent Continuant
BFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
BFO:Disposition
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Basic Formal Ontology and Mental Functioning Ontology (MFO)
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:Process
Organism
BFO:Independent Continuant
BFOMFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Behaviour inducing state
Mental Functioning Related Anatomical
Structure
Cognitive Representation
BFO:Quality
Affective Representation
Mental Process
Bodily ProcessBFO:Disposition
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Functions vs. FunctioningsContinuants vs. Occurrents
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:Process
Organism
BFO:Independent Continuant
BFOMFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Mental Function
Cognitive Representation
BFO:QualityMental Process
Bodily ProcessBFO:Disposition
Mental Functioning
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Aboutness (‘Intentionality’)
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:Process
Organism
BFO:Independent Continuant
BFOMFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Mental Function
Cognitive Representation
BFO:QualityMental Process
Bodily ProcessBFO:Disposition
Mental Functioning
does all mental functioning involve cognitive representation (aboutness)?
what is aboutness?
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Extending the MFO• to linguistic competence and performance
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Linguistic Functioning Ontology (1. Speech and hearing)
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent Continuant
BFOMFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Behaviour inducing state
Cognitive Representation
BFO:Quality
Speech-mediated cognitive
representation
Speech process
Bodily ProcessBFO:Disposition
Linguistic competence
Speech competence of a population
= a [spoken] languageSpeech competence of
an individual
Hearing (registering)
process
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Linguistic Functioning Ontology (2. Reading and writing)
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent Continuant
BFOMFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Behaviour inducing state
Cognitive Representation
BFO:Quality
Written-language-mediated cognitive
representation
Writing process
Bodily ProcessBFO:Disposition
Linguistic competence
Written linguistic competence of a
population = a [written] language
Written linguistic competence of an
individual
Reading (registering)
process
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Linguistic Functioning Ontology (the whole thing)
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent Continuant
BFOMFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Behaviour inducing state
Cognitive Representation
BFO:Quality
Language-mediated cognitive
representation
Writing
Bodily ProcessBFO:Disposition
Linguistic competence
Linguistic competence of a population
= a language Linguistic competence of an individual
Reading
Speaking
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”object
presentobjectabsent
non-veridical intentionality type 3. planning
Christmas present lists
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”object
presentobjectabsent
non-veridical intentionality type 4. daydreaming
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Mental Functioning Ontology (MF)
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braininendocrine
gland
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Aboutness
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brain retina
ENVI
RON
MEN
T
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mental act about a real-world object
non-relational(~ linguistic)
relational(~ perception)
content match
content mismatch
content match
content mismatch
veridical non-veridical46
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mental process content (putative) target
presenting act content of presentation
“apple”object of presentation
object exists
object does not exist
targetpresent
targetabsent
Veridical intentionality
ordinary perceptionevolutionarily most basic case
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent Continuant
BFOMFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Behaviour inducing state
Cognitive Representation
BFO:Quality
Language-mediated cognitive
representation
Writing
Bodily ProcessBFO:Disposition
Linguistic competence
Linguistic competence of a population
= a language Linguistic competence of an individual
Reading
Speaking
what is a language? something analogous to a biological
species (a population of competences)