Infomation of Gas

7/18/2019 Infomation of Gas

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Gas Carrying Capacity of House Piping

Gas Carrying Capacity Diagram - Cubic Feet per Hour

Gas Carrying Capacity Diagram Cubic Meter per Hour



Gas Carrying Capacity Diagram Cubic Meter per Hour



"' % "2 $' ' "22 2& %' "$&& $&

$ '2 "2 2" '$' &' "& * 2$

' $ ** "** $' "' $* * 2$$'

% $& &% "$ $& %" "2* $' %& "*$$

' + "'' $' '' ""2 $ % "$"

* + "" $" * " 2 '' "'&

"' + %' "$" 2&' ' *2 2' '" "%2

"2 + + "2 2 2 &% 2$ & "$%&

"' + + "* 22 $& & 2* $' "22

"& + + " 22' $' 2 "*' """%

2" + + + 2' $2 %% "& $ "$$

2 + + + "* $ %2 "%& $* *%

2 + + + "& 2&' '& "'& $2' *

$ + + + " 2 '' "* $ &'

' + + + " 22% ' "2$ 2'

% + + + ""* "*2 $* "$ 2"$ %

,he table can be use for lo. pressure gas .ith specific gra/ity +%+ ,he pressure rop is +$ inches of .ater for the .hole length of pipe+

Gases - Critical Temperatures and Pressures

0ubstance

Critical temperature Critical pressure 1oiling temperature

(atm)

ir -22 -" '$ $* - -

2" 2"% *'% %' "2+ &

2%% "$ "%*" ""' -2+ -$$

'' 2*2 $' ' "% &

substance can not e4ist as a flui abo/e the Critical Temperature

,he pressure of saturate /apor at critical temperature is the Critical Pressure

(o6) (oC)(psi)

(lb#s7+in) (o6) (oC)

lcohol (C2H

%5)

mmonia (NH$)

1en8ol (C%H%)



Gases - Explosive and Flammability Concentration imits

,he lo.er an upper e4plosion concentration limits for some common gases may be foun in the table belo.+ 0ome of the gases are common as fuel+

6uel Gas

(L9L#L6L) (;9L#;6L)

(<) (<)

cetalehye %

cetone 2+% "2+&

cetylene 2+2 &'

mmonia "' 2&

rsine '+" &

1en8ene "+$ +"

1utane "+& &+

1utylene "+*& *+%'

Carbon Disulfie "+$ '

Carbon !ono4ie "2 '

Cyclohe4ane "+$ &

Cyclopropane 2+ "+

Diethyl 9ther "+* $%

9thane $ "2+

9thylene 2+ $%

9thyl lcohol $+$ "*

9thyl Chlorie $ & "'

,he flammable (e4plosi/e) range is the range of a gas or /apor concentration that .ill burn or e4ploe if an ignition source is introuce+ Limiting concentrations are co6lammable Limit? (L9L#L6L) an the ?;pper 94plosi/e or 6lammable Limit? (;9L#;6L)+ 1elo. the e4plosi/e or flammable limit the mi4ture is too lean to burn an abo/etoo rich to burn+

?Lo.er94plosi/e or6lammable

Limit?

?;pper94plosi/e or6lammable

Limit?



!ethane ' "'

!ethyl lcohol %+ $%

!ethyl Chlorie "+ "+

!ethyl 9thyl >etone "+& "

Naphthalene +* '+*

n-Heptane "+' %+

n-He4ane "+" +'

n-Pentene "+%' +

Neopentane "+$& +22

Neohe4ane "+"* +'&

Pentane "+' +&

Propane 2+" "+"

Propylene 2 ""+"

0ilane "+' *&

0tyrene "+" %+"

,oluene "+2 +"

,riptane "+& %+%*

p-@ylene "+"

!inimum /entilation re7uireA " cfm#s7+ft+

Becommene /entilationA 2 cfm#s7+ft or "2 air changes per hour - half the air supplie an e4hauste near the ceiling an half the air supplie an e4hauste ne

Gases - !pecific Gravities

,he specific gra/ity of some common gases can be foun in the table belo.A

Gas - SG -

%ote& ,he limits are for gas3 air an o4ygen at 2 oC an atmospheric pressure+

=t is important that the area .here flammable gases are store are .ell /entilate+ :hen esigning the /entilation system3 be a.are of the specific gra/ity of the gahomogeneous+ light gas .ill concentrate along the ceiling+ hea/y gas .ill concentrate along the floor+

entilation3 natural or mechanical3 must be sufficient to limit the concentration of flammable gases or /apors to a ma4imum le/el of 2'< of their ?Lo.er 94plosi/e

(L9L#L6L)+

0pecific G

t l ( th ) C H

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1last 6urnace gas "+2

"+&

2+%"

"+*

"+*

"+'"&*

Carbon mono4ie - C5 +*%%

Carburete :ater Gas +%$

2+&%

Coe 5/en Gas +

Cyclobutane "+*$&

Cyclopentane 2+22

Cyclopropane "+'"Decane +*"'

+

Digesti/e Gas (0e.age or 1iogas) +&

"+$&

2+2$

+*%&$

6luorine "+$"

Helium - He +"$&

Heptanes $+'*

He4ane 2+*$

Hyrogen +%*%

Hyrogen chlorie - HCl "+2%&

"+"%$

=sobutane 2+"

=sopentane 2+&

> t 2 &*

1utaiene - CH

%

1utane - CH

"

"-1utene (1utylene)- CH

&

=sobutene - CH

&

Carbon io4ie - C52

Chlorine - Cl2

Deutrium - D2

9thane - C2H

%

9thyl Chlorie - C2H

'Cl

9thylene (9thene) - C2H

Hyrogen sulfie - H20



5ctane $+*

"+"

58one "+%%

Pentane 2+&

Phosgene "+$*

"+'2"*

"+'2$

0asol +2

0ilane "+""

2+2%

,oluene-!ethylben8ene $+"&2

:ater Gas (bituminous) +"

:ater apor +%2"&

@enon +'$

0ince specific gra/ity is the ratio bet.een the ensity (mass per unit /olume) of the actual gas an the ensity of air3 specific gra/ity has no imension+

Gases and Densities

Densities3 molecular .eight an chemical formulas of some common gases can be foun in the table belo.A

Gas 6ormula

!olecular

.eight

cetylene (ethyne) 2%

ir 2*

mmonia "+$"

rgon r $*+*&

1en8ene &+"" $+&% +2%$

1last furnace gas

54ygen - 52

Propane - C$H&

Propene (Propylene) - C$H

%

0ulfur Dio4ie - 052

") N,P - Normal ,emperature an Pressure - is efine as air at 2oC (2*$+"' >3 %&o6) an " atm ( ""+$2' N#m23 ""+$2' Pa3 "

Density - E -

g#m$ lbm#ft$

C2H

2

"+*2") +%&2")

"+"2) +2*2)

"+2'") +'2")

"+2*$2) +&%2)

NH$

+"") +&")

+%*2) +&2)

"+%%"") +"$")

C%H

%

" 2'2) &2)

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Chlorine +*%

Coe 5/en Gas

Combustion proucts

Cyclohe4ane &+"%

Digester Gas (0e.age or 1iogas) +%2

9thane $+

9thyl lcohol %+

9thyl Chlorie %+'2

9thylene 2&+$

Helium He +2

N-Heptane "+2

He4ane &%+"

Hyrogen 2+"%

Hyrochloric ci $%+

Hyrogen Chlorie HCl $%+'

Hyrogen 0ulfie $+%

!ethane "%+$

!ethyl lcohol $2+

!ethyl 1utane 2+"'

!ethyl Chlorie '+*

Natural gas "*+'

Neon Ne 2+"* +'2

Nitric o4ie N5 $

Nitrogen 2&+2

Nitrogen Dio4ie % %

Cl2 2+**") +"&%*")

+$2)

"+""2) +%*2)

C2H

% "+2%") +&*")

C2H

"+2%2) +&%2)

+"%%") +"$*")

H2 +&**2) +'%2)

"+'2&") +*'")

H20 "+$") +&*'")

CH

+%%&") +"")

+"2) +2)

+ - +*2)

+ -+'%2)

"+2*") +&")

N2

"+"%'") +2")

"+2'2) +&2)

N52



B-"2 "2+*2

B-22 &%+&

B-"" "+*$

B-"2$ "'2+*$

B-"$a "2+$

0asol +$2

0ulfur 0 $2+% +"$'

0ulfur Dio4ie %+%

0ulfur ,rio4ie &+%2

0ulfuric 54ie 05 &+%$

,oluene *2+"" +""" +2$'

:ater apor "&+"% +& +&

:ater gas (bituminous) +'

)deal Gas Properties Carbon Dioxide

052

2+2*") +"$")

2+*2%2) +"&2&2)

05$

CH

&

H25

") N,P - Normal ,emperature an Pressure - is efine as air at 2oC (2*$+"' >3 %&o6) an " atm ( ""+$2' N#m23 ""+$2' Pa3 "+ psia3 psig3

2) 0,P - 0tanar ,emperature an Pressure - is efine as air at oC (2$+"' >3 $2o6) an " atm (""+$2' N#m23 ""+$2' Pa3 "+ psia3 psig3

" lb#ft$ F "%+"& g#m$

" g#m$ F +%2 lb#ft$

9nthalpy3 9ntropy an =nternal 9nergy of Carbon Dio4ie - C52 - are inicate belo.+







)deal Gas Properties of %itrogen

9nthalpy

=nternal 9nergy bsolute 9ntropy at stanar reference pressure

for Nitrogen - N2 - for temperatures ranging - $ >3 are inicate in the iagram belo. +



)deal Gas Properties *xygen9nthalpy3 =nternal 9nergy an 9ntropy of 54ygen - 5

2 - are inicate belo.+



i+uefied %atural Gas - %G

,he natural gas consists primarily of methane+ =mpurities an hea/y hyrocarbons from the gaseous fossil fuel are remo/e before the cooling process+

i+uefied Petroleum Gas - PG

LPG is a hyrocarbon mi4ture in either the li7ui or gaseous state .here the main components consists of

Li7uefie Petroleum gas - LPG - is gaseous uner normal atmospheric conitions3 but li7uefie by cooling an#or compression+

LPG is use as inustrial fuel for omestic an commercial purposes lie to.n gas an autogas+ LPG is also use as feestoc in chemicals plant processes+

PG - Tan,s and elief .alves Capacities

,he iagrams belo can be se to inicate re7 ire relief capacit of relief al es on LPG Li7 efie Petrole m Gas abo egro n an belo gro n tans an apor

LNG is natural gas that has been coole o.n to conensate at -"%"oC (-2'&o6)+

,he ensity of LNG is roughly in the range " to ' g#m$+ ,he /olume of the li7ui is appro4imately "#% of the gaseous /olume at atmospheric conitions+

propane - C$H&

propylene (propene) - C$H

&

isobutane - CH

"

n-butane - CH

"

butylene (butene) - CH

&



'rea - m0 - Flo/ rate - l1s air



%atural Gas - Pipe !i2ing!i2ing lo/ pressure natural gas pipe lines

,he tables belo. can be use for natural gas pipe si8ing+

!teel Pipe - !c3edule 4$

Capacity of Pipe (:)

Pipe 0i8e Pipe Length (m)

(in) $ % "2 2 '

2-Jan " 2& "* "$ *

-!ar &% '* 2& "*

" "%" "" % '2 $'

" "# $$" 22& "'' "& 2

" "#2 *' $ 2$' "%" "&

2 *'% %'' ' $" 2"

2 "#2 "'2 "' 2 *' $$

$ 2%* "&' "2 &' '*

'* $' 2'*' "& "2

' **$' %&$ %*' $22' 2"

% "%* ""'' % '22 $'"



pressure less than " Pa

fittings factor "+' - e7ui/alent pipe length F pipe length '<

pressure rop "2' Pa

Copper Tubing - type 5


energy content in natural gas $ !J#m$



$# (#&) %' ' $" 2"

" (" "#&) " *% %% '

" "# (" $#&) 2' " ""* &2



pressure rop "2' Pa


Copper Tubing - type


Nominal Pipe 0i8e (5+D) Pipe Length (m)

(in) $ % "2 2

"# ($#&) ' $ 2

$#& ("#2) "' " '

"#2 ('#&) 2* 2 "$ *

'#& ($#) * $$ 2$ "%

$# (#&) ' '" $' 2

" (" "#&) "' " " *

" "# (" $#&) 2% "& "2 &'



pressure rop "2' Pa


%atural Gas Consumption

ppro4imate natural gas eman for common appliances can be foun in the table belo.+

,ype of Consumer

Natural Gas Consumption

Heat

Dissipate

(liter#s) (1tu#hour) (:)(ft$#h)

(m$#s

4 "-%)



0teaming o/en3 ouble " & +& " $

0mall broiler $ *

Large broiler %" "&

1oiler an roaster3 combine %& 2

2-tier roasting o/en ' + '" "'

Doughnut fryer %& 2

Double o/en range $2 $+2 $* ""'

Boasting o/en $ 2 +2 $ *

Gas cooer ' % +% %& 2

Hot cupboar " " +" " '

Clothes ryer - omestic $'

Drying cupboar ' + '" "+'

Gas iron heater ' + '" "+'

:ashing machine 2 "' +"' 2 %

:ash 1oiler $ - ' 2$ - +2$ - + "'-ug

6urnace "2

Gas Befrigerator $

6ireplace Gas Log &

1arbecue grill - resiential '" "'

1unsen burner small $ 2 +2 $' "

1unsen burner large " & +& " $

Coffee maer $ burner " '

Glue ettle " & +& " $

Gas engine per horsepo.er " $

Gas ryer $'

6orge "' ""' +"2 "

1ra8ing heart $ 2$ +2$ $ *

$'

2 -'"

0torage .ater heater3 $ - gallon (""'- "' liter)

0t t h t ' ll (""'



%atural Gas Pipe !i2e Calculator Calculate t3e capacity of natural gas pipe lines

,he capacity of a lo. pressure natural gas (less than " psi) pipe line can be calculate .ith the 0pit8glass formula lie

3 0 k ( h / l SG)1/2



q = natural gas flow capacity (cfh)

h = pressure drop (in Water Column)

l = length of pipe (ft)

d = inside diameter pipe (in)

SG = specific gravity

6or natural gas the nominal 1,;#cf /aries from about * to "" 1,;#cf+ =n general it is common to set

" Cubic 6oot (C6) F appro4 "3 1,;s

" C6H F " !1H

,he specific gra/ity of natural gas /aries from +'' to "++

,he o.nstream pressure in a houseline after the meter#regulator is in general in the range of to "" inches :ater Column3 or about "# psi+

Example - %atural Gas Pipe Capacity

,he capacity of a " ft natural gas pipe .ith a nominal iameter +' inches (actual =D +%22 in) an +' in+ :C pressure rop can be calculate as

= 0!!"

,he specific gra/ity of the natural gas is set to +%+

Pressure Converter ,he table belo. can be use to con/ert gas pressure from Pa to psi or inches of .ater or mercuryA

97ui/alent Pressure

Pa

:ater !ercury

(inches) (inches) (psi)

+2 +" + +$%

+' +2 +"' +2

+ +$ +22 +"&

" 2* "'

# = $d % &(! ' &d ' 00 d)* !&+

# = $0++ % &(! ' &0++ ' 00 0++)* !&+

q = %%0 0!!" ( 0% & !00 00 )!&+

= ", cfh

Poun pers7uare inch



+$ "+ +" +*

+ "+ +"2& +%

+' 2 +" +2

+2 2+& +2$ +"

+% $ +22" +"*

" +2* +""+2 ' +$%& +"&"

"+' % +2 +2"

"+ +'"' +2'$

2 & +'&& +2&*

2+2 * +%%2 +$2'

2+' " + +$%"

2+ "" +&" +$*

$ "2 +&& +$$

$+2 "$ +*% +%*

$+$ "$+% " +*"

$+ "$+* "+2 +'

$+' " "+% +''

$+ "' "+" +'2

"% "+"& +'&

+2 " "+2' +%"

+' "& "+$$ +%'

+ "* "+ +%&%

' 2 "+ +22

%+2 2' "+& +*$

%+ 2+2 2 +*'

%+* 2+ 2+$ "

Pressure Drop in .acuum Pipe ines'ir Flo/ - scfm - and Pressure Drop - in Hg1"$$ft -



" in Hg F $+$ Pa

" scfm F +2 nl#s

'ir Flo/ - nl1s - and Pressure Drop - ,Pa1"$$m -

,he iagram is base on initial /acuum pressure 2 in Hg (%<) an steel pipes scheule +

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Propane - 'ir Mixture

Energy content and specific gravity of propane - air mixtures

Energy Content - 6tu1cu ft



atent 3eat of propane vapori2ation

,he iagram belo. inicates the latent heat of propane /apori8ation+

Energy Content - ,71%m8



T3e evaporation pressure of a Propane 6utane mixture

=t is common to istribute a mi4ture of propane (C$H&) an butane (CH") (LPG) for combustion purposes+

,he /apor pressure of a mi4ture of the t.o proucts can be foun in the table belo.Aapor Pressure (psig)

!i4ture

" ' $ (<)

$ ' "(<)

,emperature -

Propane is more suite to coler en/ironments since it e/aporates at -o6 (-2oC) at atmospheric pressure+ 1utane e/aporates at $$o6 (-+' oC) at atmospheric

Propane(C

$H

&)

1utane(C

H

")

(o

)



%' % $2+ 2"+' $+"

' & '% " 2&+' %+*

% *$ %& ' $%+' ""+'

"" &2 %" ' "

& "2& *% ' 2$

* "' "" && %% $

" " "$ " * $&

"" 2 "'& "22 *$

Propane 6utane Mix .apor Diagram - psig

Note that the e/aporation temperature is not the only parameter that influence on the e/aporation of the propane butane mi4ture+ ,he e/aporation re7uires heat anthe li7ui gas is limite the li7ui .ill be uner coole an the e/aporation reuce+ Larger consumes re7uires in general heat e4changers fuele .ith hot .ater3 elecombustion of the propane butane mi4 itself+ 0maller amounts of consumption re7uires containers .ith efficient heat transfer+ 1y e4ample composite container pro/compare .ith steel containers+



Propane 6utane Mix .apor Diagram - bar

Propane Gas - Pipe !i2ing

,he tables belo. can be use for propane gas pipe si8ing+

!teel Pipe - !c3edule 4$

!i2ing lo/ pressure propane gas pipe lines - metric units




Pipe 0i8e Pipe Length (m)

(in) $ % "2 2 '

2-Jan & $$ 22 "'

-!ar "' " %* $2

" 2 "&& "$ &* %

" "# '% $& 2%' "&2 "2$

" "#2 & '& 2 "&

2 "%2' """ %& '2 $'



pressure rop "2' Pa

energy content in propane gas * !J#m$

Copper Tubing - type 5



(in) $ % "2 2

"# ($#&) "" ' $

$#& ("#2) 22 "' ""

"#2 ('#&) ' $" 2" "'

'#& ($#) * ' $ 2%

$# (#&) ""2 '$ $%

" (" "#&) 2$* "%' ""$

" "# (" $#&) $ 2*' 2$ "



pressure rop "2' Pa


Copper Tubing - type


Nominal Pipe 0i8e (5+D) Pipe Length (m)

(in) $ % "2 2

"# ($#&) "2 & '

$#& ("#2) 2% "& "2 &

"#2 ('#&) ' $ 2$ "%

'#& ($#) &$ ' $* 2

$# (#&) "2& && % "

" (" "#&) 2'& " "22 &$

" "# (" $#&) ' $& 2"" "'pressure less than " Pa


pressure rop "2' Pa


Propane Gas - Pipe !i2ing

,he tables belo. can be use for si8ing propane gas pipes .ith pressure abo/e ' psig ($' Pa)+

!i2ing pipes /it3 propane gas - for pressure above 9 psig :89 ,Pa(



Pressure Pipe Dimension (in)

;pstream Do.nstream

2-Jan -!ar " " "# " "#2 2 2 "#2 $(psig) (psig)

"

*+' %% "2%' 2$&' &*% $$' ""2% 22'" $*&

* &' "&$ $'' &$ "%"2 2$* $2'% ''*

*

&+' '* "2$* 2$$ &' " "$&" 22"" $&*"

&+" &" "%* $"* %'' *&" "&&*2 $""2 '$2$"

&

+% '" " 22 "' %2"' ""*%* "*% $$2$

+2 " "'' 2*2' %% &*** "$$ 2%22 &&$

%+% ' "% "*" ' %% ""%& "&%"' $2*

%+$ %' "" 2%'& '% &"& "'& 2'" $

%

'+ "* &' "% $$& '% *' "''' 2&"

'+ %' "2%& 2$& **& $$* "" 22'$ $*&2%

'

+ &' "%$ $2* *$ ** "'"$ 2%&

+' '$% ""2 2"" $2' %&" "2& "*&* $'"%%

inlet upstream pressure is more than $' Pa (' psig)

one !1H is e7ui/alent to " 1,;s per hour

fittings factor "+2 - e7ui/alent pipe length F pipe length 2<

" C6! I 2+' !1H

Propane Gas Pipe Capacity Diagram - "$; Pressure Drop

Infomation of Gas

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