11 luglio 2013POLI.DESIGN / Infographics

Reti e grafi

Azzurra PiniDensityDesign Research Lab

Network / Graph

a graph is a representation of a set of objects where some pairs of objects are connected by links. (Wikipedia)

“Questa struttura definisce una Rete

The interconnected objects are represented by mathematical abstractions called vertices, and the links that connect some pairs of vertices are called edges. Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. (Wikipedia)

“

La topologia di una rete descrive la distribuzione degli elementi che la compongono e lo studio di

questa struttura rappresenta una branca delle scienze matematiche

Problema dei sette ponti di Königsberg(Eulero, 1736)

A D

B

C

Le reti sono utilizzate in diversi campi

protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (lievito di birra)

theyrule.net (rete CDA delle maggiori aziende americane)

Wikipedia network

Mappa delle amicizie su Facebook

sociogramma(J.L. Moreno, 1953)

Una rete è composta da due serie di elementi:i nodi (nodes)

e gli archi (edges)

I nodi possono rappresentare persone, oggetti, sottosistemi, ecc.

I link possono rappresentare interazioni, dipendenze, canali di comunicazione, ecc.

Tipi di reti

rete indiretta rete diretta rete pesata(diretta o indiretta)

Degree = 4 inDegree = 2outDegree = 2

Strenght = 0,5+1+1+3 = 5,5

grado e forza di un nodo

Diametro della rete: distanza media di tutte le coppie di nodi

Distanza tra due punti: percorso più corto (in numero di links) per connettere due punti

small-world networkMilgram, 1967

comunità o cluster

l’analisi delle comunità (o graph clustering) serve a rivelare gruppi di nodi (cluster) con un alto numero di connessioni interne

ma un esiguo numero di connessioni esterne con altri gruppi.

La centralità di un nodo è la misura della sua importanza all’interno della rete.

L’importanza di un nodo può essere semplicisticamente misurata attraverso il suo degree

(ma non è sempre vero)

La betweenness rappresenta il numero totale di passaggi brevi (shortest paths) tra tutte le coppie di

nodi che passano attraverso quel nodo.

Network Dynamics

in che modo i fenomeni di rottura si propagano all’interno di una rete?

“cascade failures”epidemie e contagi

consenso e sincronizzazione

contagion of TB in a human network(Orgnet)

la visualizzazione delle reti

BertinSémiologie graphique, 1967

I limiti:le Hairballs

Life extension & immortality

Biological disorders+ Mental / neural disorders

Longevity

Articles dedicated to di!erent disordersrelated to ageing (but not only).

A very speci"c subset of articlesdedicated mostly to people thathad a very long life.We excluded many lists of olderpeople and records of longevity.We can still "nd the Guiness World Records.

Many articles are dedicated topeople or institutes.

Special Search American_Academy_of_Anti_Aging_Medicine

Special Search Charlotte_Hughes_supercentenarian

Parkinson

Alzheimer

Memory_and_ageing

Andropause

Free Radical_Theory

Hayflick_Limit

Reliability_theory_of_ageing_and_longevity

Ageing_ disambiguation

Sirtuin

Ageing_of_Europe

Mandatory_retirement_age

Biomarkers_of_aging

John_Painter_ supercentenarian

John_Evans_ supercentenarian

Thomas_Peters_ supercentenarian

Charlotte_Hughes_ supercentenarian

Mental_health

Spirituality

Reproductive Cell_Cycle_Theory

Retirement_home

Martha_Graham_ supercentenarian

Working_memory

Stress_ biological

Activity_theory_ aging

Continuity_theory_ aging

Disengagement_theory

Menopause

Free_radicals

Free_radical_theoryMichael_Ristow

Population_ageing

Ageing_brain

Gompertz_law

Retirement

Anti aging

Methuselah_Mouse_Prize

Quality_of_life

Aging_movement_control

Werner_syndrome

Natural_selectionCompensation_law_of_mortality

Late life_mortality_deceleration

Semantic_memory

Progeria

Cell_cycle

Biodemography

Jeanne_Calment

Gerontology_Research_Group

Movement_disorder

Poliomyelitis

Homeostasis

Geriatrics

Resveratrol

Cerebrovascular_disease

Osteoporosis

Hormone

Diabetes_mellitus_type_2

Old_age

National_Institute_on_Aging

Biogerontology

Free_radical

Biodemography_of_human_longevity

Transient_global_amnesia

Memory

Insomnia Autopsy

Diabetes_mellitus

Telomerase

Guinness_World_Records

Neurodegenerative_disease

Hypertension

Heart_disease

Mortality_rate

Cardiovascular_disease

Free radical_theory_of_aging

Network_theory_of_aging

Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis

Plant_senescence

Incomplete_longevity_claims

Extreme_longevity_tracking

Immune_system

Longevity_claims

Immunosenescence

Centenarian

Longevity_myths

Oxidative_stress

Telomere

Parkinson's_disease

Dementia

Evolution_of_ageing

Atherosclerosis

Negligible_senescence

Diabetes

Programmed_cell_death

Regeneration_ biology

DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

Stroke

Reliability_theory_of_aging_and_longevity

Immortality

Hayflick_limit

Supercentenarian

DNA_repair

Oldest_people

Alzheimer's_disease

William_H _Andrews_ biologist

Sierra_Sciences

Durk_Pearson

Life_Extension_Foundation

Sandy_Shaw

Michael_D _West

KrioRus

Cryonics_Society

American_Cryonics_Society

Immortalist_Society

Index_of_life_extension related_topics

Alcor_Life_Extension_Foundation

Saul_Kent

The_First_Immortal

Cryonics_Institute

Immortality_Institute

SENS_Foundation

Ending_Aging

Aging

Suspended_animation

American_Academy_of_Anti Aging_Medicine

Life_expectancy

Stem_cell_treatments

Alliance_for_Aging_Research

Methuselah_Foundation

Roy_Walford

Apoptosis

Free radical_theory

Denham_Harman

Physical_exercise

American_Aging_Association

Death

Cryonics

Biological_immortality

Aubrey_de_Grey

Cancer

Leonard_Hayflick

Maximum_life_span

Antioxidant

Indefinite_lifespan

Longevity

Ageing

Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence

Gerontology

Senescence

Life_extension

Aging on Wikipedia� In this map

Life extension & immortality

152 Wikipedia articles related to Agingand the 2976 hyperlinks between them

� Aging mainly as a biological phenomenon

� Where are the societal concerns?

43% of the articles are dedicated to Aging as a biological phenomenon.These topics are Senescence & free radicals (19%), Biological disorders(13%) and Mental / neural disorders (11%).

Very few articles are dedicated to Aging in a societalfashion. We !nd them only in Age in general& related topics (11%).

� Senescence is the central conceptThe generic articles are not in the center. They do notplay the role of bridge. Instead, the topic Senescence& free radicals connects the di"erent parts of thedomain.This topic is able to structure biological aspects(Biological disorders) with scienti!c issues (Lifeextension & immortality) and Age in general.

� The arti!cial !eld of Life extensionLife extension & immortality has very speci!c properties.It is mostly dedicated to people or institutions.It has the incredible internal links density of 77%This is due to the systematic presence of a list of linksdedicated to the Life Extension topic, also gatheredin the Life Extension article itself.This topic cites more other topics that it is cited by,It cites 191 times Senescence & free radical but iscited only 74 times. It cites Biological disorders versus cited 4 times. It cites Longevity 74 times versuscited 41 times.This assymmetry is even more spectacular for singlearticles. Some articles are very cited by Life extension& immortality but no article cites many of them.Also, scienti!c concepts are very cited, whereas no bigscienti!c article cites many of them.

Most cited by Life extensionMost citing Life extension

� The taboo of DeathOnly 5 Wikipedia articles (3%) are dedicated to Death:Autopsy, Death, Mortality Rate, Natural Selection, and Programmed Cell Death.54 articles (36%) are dedicated to avoiding or delaying death:the topics Longevity and Life extension and Immortality,including the article Immortality.

Senescence & free radicalsBiological disordersLongevityAge in general & related topicsMental / neural disordersAging as a science (theories)Death

35 articles29 articles20 articles19 articles17 articles17 articles10 articles

5 articles

23%19%

13%13%

11%11%

7%3%

33 - Strategies for Engineered Negligible Sen.Maximum life span - 7Ageing - 6

Biogerontology - 6Gerontology - 6

Free radical theory - 6

31 - Senescence 31 - Gerontology31 - Longevity31 - Stem cell treatments

Free Radical_Theory

Hayflick_Limit

Sirtuin

Ageing_of_Europe

Biomarkers_of_aging

Reproductive Cell_Cycle_Theory

Free_radicals

Free_radical_theoryMichael_Ristow

Population_ageing

Anti aging

Aging_movement_control

Werner_syndromeProgeria

Cell_cycleHomeostasis

Geriatrics

Resveratrol

Diabetes_mellitus_type_2

Old_age

National_Institute_on_Aging

Biogerontology

Free_radical

Autopsy

Telomerase

Heart_disease

Mortality_rate

Cardiovascular_disease

Free radical_theory_of_aging

Network_theory_of_agingPlant_senescence Extreme_longevity_tracking

Immune_system

Immunosenescence

Centenarian

Oxidative_stress

Telomere

Evolution_of_ageing

Atherosclerosis

Negligible_senescence

Diabetes

Programmed_cell_death

Regeneration_ biology

DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

Immortality

Hayflick_limit

DNA_repair

Aging

Life_expectancy

Apoptosis

Free radical_theory

Death

Biological_immortality

Cancer

Maximum_life_span

Antioxidant Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence

Gerontology

Senescence

Life_extension

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AGEING ON WIKIPEDIA | Mapping relationships between articles!"# $%&' ()*%+,"&-!,.- /)+#))& ,--0)- %&1 2%+)3"(,)-4 ! The map visualize each wikipedia page related to ageing as a donut piechart. A line separates the left part of the piechart, which indicates the categories of pages that cite the article, from the right part, which indicates the categories of pages that are linked by the named page. The color of the central circle reflects the article category.

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WORLD CLASS ARCHI-MEMES DISTRIBUTION MAPFrammento di una tassonomia/A taxonomy fragment

CANADA

067

GREENLAND

066

DENMARK

015007

023 023 058 272

010

236 257 255

279

001

052

292021 022

260 265

275 284 295

002

011

287

077

261

276

005

040

285

286

294

141 150

200

113134220

ITALY

055383

119 306 303

176

093

146 414

GERMANY

050

069

289

278

SWEDEN

CZECH REPUBLIC

012

035

FINLAND

148

078

070

240

ALBANIA

054

008

266027 025

014 395

NORWAY

AZERBAIJAN

051

KAZAKHSTAN

038

147

230

192

104

SPAIN

422

207300

321

322

241

UNITED KINGDOM

174

180

210

399

194 183213 170

172

182

359

195

234

344

169 173 171

186

034

369

THE NETHERLANDS

PORTUGAL

296

156

298

308

309

397

400

226 013 072

106

107

139 382

370

076068081

329

USA

085

372

374

MEXICO

BRAZIL

091

436

095

098

123130

384159

SWITZERLAND

403

097

117

362

302365

205160

FRANCE

MONACO

336

MONTENEGRO

042

OSTERREICH

125

LITHUANIA

037

SAUDI ARABIA

313

INDIA

149

RUSSIA

318

MONGOLIA

389

SINGAPORE

155

ICELAND

020

FAROE ISLANDS

053

ESTONIA

047

UAE

017

084019

323

056 231

246

183 345

392

TAIWAN

JAPA

299355288

120

048404

224

206401

441

164

161353

325

PRC

283

293

ANYWHERE

115

281

BELGIUM

509

508

501

275 284 295287 294

141 150

200

113134220

ITALY

055383

119 306 303

176

093

146 414

GERMANYCZECH REPUBLIC

012

035

070

240

ALBANIA

AZERBAIJAN

051

KAZAKHSTAN

038

174

180

210

399

194 183213 170

172

182

359

195

234

344

169 173 171

186

034

369

THE NETHERLANDS

equator line

095

098

123130

384159

SWITZERLAND

362

302

205

MONACO

336

MONTENEGRO

042

OSTERREICH

125

SAUDI ARABIA

313

INDIA

149

MONGOLIA

389

SINGAPORE

155

UAE

017

084019

323

056 231

246

183 345

392

TAIWAN

387

427378 428

385

388419

108

179

307

423

420 425

429 438

415

JAPAN

299355288

120

048404

224

206401

441

164

161353

325

PRC

SOUTH KOREA

253

338

249228

314

209

281

BELGIUM

508

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Azzurra Piniazzurra.pini@polimi.itPolitecnico di Milano | Dipartimento di DesignDensityDesign Lab