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CHAPTER 7 - Computer Software

- Is a collective term in information technology used to describe the function or

the contribution of the sets of commands, procedures in computer system.

- Is a set of instructions with step by step algorithm that directs the computer

hardware to perform specific task.

- Executes commands depending on the direction of the user or programmer.

- Is anything that is not hardware.

Hardware consists of physical component embedded or parts in the computer system

whereas software consists of a specific machine language specific that consists of

groups of binary numbers, not English nor Tagalog nor any other human language.

If the software is programmed properly it can executes a sequence of instructions for

changing the condition of the computer hardware in a particular order.

Types of Software

System software is just the basic computer software that commands the computer

hardware and computer system to perform specific task, it includes the following

components, Basic input and output system, operating system, machine servers, utility

programs and windows. There is already a direct and simple execution of commands

because of the systems software.

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Programming software provides tools to assist a programmer in writing commands or

codes using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools

necessary for programming are debuggers, interpreter, compiler, etc.

Application software is compiled readily executable program that can be used in

different application such as Electronic Health Record, Clinical Information System,

Pharmacy Information System, Hospital Information System, Healthcare Information

System, etc. Other application software which performs specific functions also includes

industrial automation, computer games, commercial software, telecommunications,

database, education software, etc.

Application Software Useful to Nurse

One specific role of application software is data transformation to information. This

benefits the nursing from doing a manual preparation of reports and documents, due to

readily available information, the nurse will have more time synthesizing and analyzing

the information. This informative information is also very relevant to the other

department as well as the management.

The statistical information shown below is the results of the nursing information program

develop to easily transform the data into useful information.

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Table shown below are data of a doctor and patient collected from different clinics of a

certain hospital. Prepare a summary of data using Nursing Informatics Program.

Historical Data of Doctor and Patient

Doctor MothersAge

MothersSocioEconomicClass

MothersWorkEnvironment

MothersLengthof Stay

AfterDelivery(Days)

SingleorMultipleBaby

SexofBaby

Delivery

Dr. Sta Maria 33 H Office work 5 S M C

Dr. Centeno 28 I Field work 4 S F N

Dr. Paz 27 I Housewife 3 S M N

Dr. Vianzon 28 I Field work 2 S F N

Dr. Yoro 30 L Housewife 4 S F N

Dr. Manuel 21 L Field work 4 M M/F N

Dr. Cabillo 26 I Office work 5 S F N

Dr. Vidallion 29 L Housewife 6 S F C

Dr. Dela Pena 27 H Office work 6 M M/M C

Dr. Bayani 25 L Field work 3 S F N

Dr. Cabillo 24 I Field work 5 S F N

Dr. Manuel 23 L Housewife 4 S M N

Dr. Cordovez 30 H Office work 3 S M N

Dr. Remo 20 H Field work 5 S F N

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Dr. David 27 I Housewife 4 S F N

Dr. Sta Maria 34 H Field work 4 S M C

Dr. Cabillo 25 I Field work 4 S F N

Dr. Sta Maria 35 H Housewife 5 S M C

Dr. Manuel 22 L Housewife 6 M F/F N

Dr. Cabillo 19 L Housewife 2 S F C

I- Intermediate

L- Low

H- High

Using the Nursing Informatics Program

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Prepare Table for Mothers age

Prepare Table for Mothers

Socio Economic Class


Delivery per Gender

Prepare Table for MothersDelivery type

Prepare Table for Doctor


Work Environment

Table

Prepare graph for Mothers



Work Environment


Delivery per Gender

Prepare graph forMothersDelivery type

Prepare graph for DoctorPrepare graph for MothersAge

Graph

Send Report to Nursing

Department

Send Report to Finance and

Accounting

Send Report to Pharmacy Send Report to Laboratory

Department

Nursing Informatics Program

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The Nursing Informatics Program is subdivided into different modules, a set of modules

can be used to prepare report in tabular form and a set of modules can be used to

extract data and transform it into graphical form, which a module is designed to prepare

report to different data and information recipient.

Program Modules

Module 1

Module 2

Table

Prepare Table for Mothers age




Work Environment

Prepare Table for Doctor


Delivery per Gender

Prepare Table for MothersDelivery type


Age




Work Environment

Prepare graph for Doctor

Prepare graph for MothersDelivery type


Delivery per Gender

Graph

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Module 3

Thus if you will click the button corresponding to the type of report you want, it will

immediately transform and prepare the information you want at an instant.

Table 1 Summary of Patients Age Range

Mothers

Age

Tally

< 23 4

23-

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Table 2 Socio Economic Class

Mothers Socio

Economic Class

Tally

Higher 6

Intermediate 7

Lower 7

Total 20

Table 3 Work Environment

Mothers Work

Environment

Tally

Office work 4

Field work 8

Housewife 8

Total 20

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Table 4 Summary of Mothers Delivery with Babys Gender

Delivery

Sex of Baby

TotalMale Female

Normal 4 12 16

Caesarian 5 2 7

Total 9 14 23

Table 5 summery of Doctors with the most numbers of Deliveries

Doctor Normal Caesarian

Dr. Sta Maria 0 3

Dr. Manuel 3 0

Dr. Cabillo 3 1

Figure 1 Summary of Comparison of Doctors with the most number of Deliveries

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Dr. Sta. Maria Dr. Manuel Dr. Cabillo

normal Cesarian

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Figure 2 Summary of Mothers Age Range

Figure 3 Summary of Baby Delivery

Column1

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Figure 4 Summary of Mothers Socio Economic Class

Figure 5 of Mothers Work Environment

Column1, 7

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2

Higher Intermidiate Lower

AxisTitle

Axis Title

Column1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Office work Field work Housewife

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Software

The software is the information that the computer uses to get the job done.

Software needs to be accessed before it can be used. There are many terms used for

processing of accessing software including running, executing, starting up, opening and

others.

A program can also be referred to as an application and the two words are used

interchangeably.

Examples of software programs or applications

Operating system

>Dos

>Windows 9x/Millenium/XP

>UNIX

Word Processor

>Typing letters

Spreadsheet

>Financial info

Database

>Patients record

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Graphics program

>Graphical user interface (GUI)

Internet Browser

Email and many others

Anything that you create in your computer is referred to as software. All software

is stored in files. Software can be stored on a disk, or a tape.

Three Basic Types of software

>Commercial

>Shareware

>Open source software

Computer Network

A computer network is a group of interconnected computer systems. Networks

may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics, which are categorized

according to the basic components of a network.

Below is a list of the most common types of computer networks

>Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among

computer devices close to one person.

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>Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area such

as hospitals and inter department computer systems.

>Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network is a network that connects two or more

local area networks but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate

town/city.

>Wide Area Network (WAN) is computer network that covers a broad area. It uses a

network that uses routers and public communication links.

Network Topology

The term topology in the context of communication network refers to the way the

computers or workstations in the network are linked together.

Three Major types of Network Typology

Star Topology

In star topology a number of workstations are directly linked to a central station called

node.

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Bus Topology

In bus topology all workstations are connected to a single communication line

called bus. In this type of network topology there is no central network stations as

compared in star topology. Transmission from any station travels the length of the bus

in both directions and can be received by all workstations. The bus topology is quite

easy to set up. If one station of the topology fails it does not affect the entire system.

The disadvantage of bus topology is that any break in the bus is difficult to identify.

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Ring Topology

In ring topology each station is attached nearby stations on a point to point basis

so that the entire system is in the form of a ring. In this topology, data is transmitted in

one direction only. Thus the data packets circulate along the ring in either clockwise or

anti-clockwise direction. The advantage of this topology is that any signal transmitted on

the network passes through all the LAN stations. The disadvantage of ring network is

that the breakdown of any one station on the ring can disable the entire system.

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CHAPTER 8 - Open Source and Freeware

Open Ware

In nursing informatics practice, open source technically means that the

application software is free to users as well as programmers. In addition, most open

source software has communities that support the user and work on mutual partnership

on the development and finalization of the software. Open source means that the

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program source code is available to all potential users, and they are free to use, modify,

and re-distribute the source code.

Free Ware

For a freeware (free software), the source code is not readily accessible, as such

it does not guarantee compatibility to the system. Furthermore, there is no community

and no development infrastructure available. Thus, while you can use freeware, there is

a very little potential way to improve for it. A freeware is just an advertisement or

product endorsement.

Shareware

Shareware is a different concept. You download and try shareware for free, but if

you use it, you are supposed to pay for it. It is developed and released by someone who

keeps full control of the intellectual property. The user does not have access to the

source code and cannot modify it. There is also no collaboration or community around

shareware.

CHAPTER 9 - COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING

- Any computing process that transforms patient and healthcare data into

information or knowledge necessary for the medication use process.

- The processing and handling of data in most of the clinics and hospital

departments is usually in hand written or paper-based system.

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- Data are most useful when translated properly into information, this can be

done statistically.

- The statistical information system is a basic tool for the nursing informatics

system to processes the data via computer means. This approach will preserve the

integrity and effective handedness of the readily information.

- Data processing systems normally manipulate raw data into information

necessary for the healthcare industry, and likewise computer information systems

typically take raw data as input to the system to produce information as output.

- The computer data processing system should simply be equipped with facility

that remotely accessing data and translate it using the statistical information system t

become information such as charts, table, index, forecast, etc.

What is Data?

- Data is defined as the characters that represent measurement or that can be

quantifiable from observable condition such as, dimension, amount, capacity, height,

weight, length, or any number, etc. The measured data is then feed to system, such as

statistical information system, to statistically transform it to necessary information.

Information is defined as either a meaningful answer to a query or a meaningful

stimulus that can cascade into further queries. Data processing is the process of

transforming data into information.

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Data Analysis

After the data transformation into useful information, the healthcare officer or

nurse should carefully examine the information and should be able to interpret the

harvested information for proper application. The interpretation of information should be

double check to the existing historical records for confirmation so tat error could be

minimized. While information is preserve, the healthcare giver or nurses should not

divulge or disclosed the information from the others since this data or information are

owned by the hospital, clinics and the patient.

Example of Data Analysis to Natality

The following data are taken from different hospital in Metro Manila that

describes the Live birth condition of a new born baby for the year 2001.

Hospital Jan-Feb Mar-Apr May-June July-Aug Sept-Oct Nov-Dec

A

2 - U 9 - U 14 - U 14 - U 4 - U 14 - U

10 N 12 - N 19 - N 17 - N 9 - N 19 - N

7 - O 2 - O 17 - O 12 - O 9 - O 17 - O

B

11 - U 18 - U 9 - U 19 - U 3 - U 7 - U

11 - N 20 - N 10 - N 14 - N 10 - N 6 - N

4 - O 14 - O 8 - O 15 - O 4 - O 8 - O

C

21 - U 7 - U 2 - U 25 - U 11 - U 21 - U

23 - N 9 - N 19 - N 27 - N 14 - N 18 - N

15 - O 3 - O 15 - O 31 - O 10 - O 15 - O

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D

5 - U 5 - U 6 - U 4 - U 6 - U 5 - U

10 N 12 - N 10 - N 19 - N 17 - N 10 - N

16 O 4 - O 6 - O 8 - O 9 - O 12 - O

E

23 - U 17 - U 5 - U 7 - U 13 - U 6 - U

20 - N 22 - N 11 - N 6 N 7 - N 10 - N

18 - O 11 - O 8 - O 5 O 9 - O 8 - O

F

7 - U 7 - U 6 - U 9 - U 6 - U 1 - U

9 - N 19 - N 10 - N 9 - N 19 - N 10 - N

9 - O 19 - O 3 - O 10 - O 9 - O 2 - O

G

11 - U 1 - U 7 - U 5 - U 17 - U 5 - U

8 - N 6 - N 9 - N 8 - N 19 - N 8 - N

2 - O 7 - O 3 - O 9 - O 11 - O 12 - O

H

5 - U 6 - U 7 - U 10 - U 7 - U 18 - U

9 - N 8 - N 8 - N 19 - N 9 - N 19 - N

2 - O 5 - O 3 - O 4 - O 19 - O 14 - O

Where

O means baby is over weight

N means baby is Normal weight

U means baby is under weight

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Frequency Distribution between Hospitals and the number of under weighted new born

baby (for one year).

Hospital Number of underweight ne born Baby

A 57

B 67

C 87

D 31

E 71

F 36

G 46

H 53

Frequency Distribution between Hospitals and the number of normally weighted new

born baby ( for one year).

Hospital Number of normal weight new born baby

A 86

B 71

C 110

D 78

E 76

F 76

G 58

H 72

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Frequency Distribution between Hospitals and the number of over weighted new born

(for one year).

Hospitals Number of overweight new born baby

A 64

B 53

C 89

D 35

E 59

F 52

G 44

H 47

Frequency Distribution between Hospitals and the total number of new born baby (for

one year).

Hospital Total Number of new born Baby per year

A 207

B 191

C 286

D 144

E 206

F 164

G 148

H 172

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Number of underweighted new born babies every two months

Period Number of underweight new born baby

Jan Feb 85

Mar Apr 70

May June 56

July Aug 83

Sept Oct 67

Nov Dec 77

Number of normally weighted new born babies every two months

Period Number of normal weight new born Baby

JanFeb 100

Mar Apr 108

May June 96

July Aug 119

Sept Oct 104

Nov Dec 100

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Number of over weighted new born babies every two months

Period Number of overweight new born baby

Jan Feb 63

Mar Apr 65

May June 63

July Aug 94

Sept Oct 80

Nov - Dec 78

Total number of new born babies every two months

Period Total Number of new born Baby

Jan Feb 248

Mar Apr 243

May June 215

July Aug 306

Sept Oct 251

Nov - Dec 255

Based on the tabulated values we can conclude that the highest live birth is between

July to August. And Hospital C produces the most number of live birth. Other conclusion

can be much describe using graph shown below.

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Graphical Representation of the Results

Number of underweighted new born babies per hospital

Number of normally weighted new born babies per hospital

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

A B C D E F G H

Number of

under weight

baby

Hospital

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

A B C D E F G H

Number of

normally

weighted

baby

Hospital

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Number of over weighted new born babies per hospital

Number of new born babies per hospital

Number of under weighted new born babies per period

0

20

40

60

80

100

A B C D E F G H

Number of

over

weighted

baby

Hospital

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

A B C D E F G H

Total number

of baby

Hospital

0

20

40

60

80

100

Jan-Feb Ma-Apr May-June July-Aug Sept-Oct Nov-Dec

Number of

under weight

baby

Month

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Number of normally weighted new born babies per period

Number of over weighted new born babies per period

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Number of

normally

weighted

baby

Month

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Number of

over

weighted

baby

Month

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Total number of new born babies per period

Procedure for Statistics Study

The purpose of the statistical study is twofold. We want to describe the samples from

the population and we want to draw conclusion or inferences about the population from

which the sample is drawn. Decisions made concerning the population based on

sample information are based on probability. Figure shown below are the process of

conducting statistical analysis.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Total number

of baby

Month

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Experimental Data and Survey Data

A survey, in contrast to an experiment, is an examination of a system in operation in

which the investigator does not have an opportunity to assign different conditions to the

object of the study. Both of these methods of data collection may be the subject of

statistical analysis; however, in the case of surveys some cautions are in order.

Health Statistical surveys are used to collect quantitative information about items in a

population to establish certain information from the obtained data. Health survey may

focus on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose, and many surveys

Population

Random Sample

Numerical Data Statistics

Population Parameters

Statistical draws

a sample

Sample

Generates

Assessment

Estimation

Description

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involve administering questions to individuals. A statistical can either be structured

survey when administered by a researcher and self-administered survey when referred

with questionnaire

Advantage of survey

It is an efficient way of collecting information from large number of respondents

Surveys are flexible in the sense that a wide range of information can be

collected

Free from errors

They are relatively easy to administer

There is an economy in data collection

Maximization of time

Disadvantage of survey

They depend on subject motivation, honesty, memory, and ability to respond

Low validity of results

Errors due to non-responsive

Vague data sets

Non-conclusive results due to choice of data

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Elements of Data Processing

In order to be processed by a computer, the data needs first to be converted into a

machine readable format. Once data is in standard format, standard procedures can be

applied on the data to get useful information.

Data Warehousing for Nursing Informatics System

Data warehouse is a repository of all electronically stored medical data and information

of the patient. Data warehouse aids the statistical information system in reporting and

analysis; this facilitates the nurses and healthcare giver in data and information

management. Data warehousing concept is not just simply a data storage system, data

extraction, patient profiling system and information dissemination system should also e

incorporated in the design and implementation of data warehousing system in the

hospital and clinics.

Data Entry and

validationSanitize

Data

Translate

Data

Summarize

Data

Aggregate

data

Tabulate

Data

Interpret

Data

Report

Information

Data Warehouse

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CHAPTER 7 Computer Software and System

CHAPTER 8 Open Source and Freeware

CHAPTER 9 Computer Data Processing

Submitted By:

Abubakar, Rhomaisa

Ajijul, Laarni

Mahilum, Dana- Ayesha

Salmani, Shernazraff

Sumael, Myka Pricia

Valenton, Mariz

Submitted To:

Mr. Roderick P. Go

Date Submitted: April 30, 2013

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