Influenza - University of Colorado Denver · Learning Objectives • Understand the mechanisms by...

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Influenza Global Health & Disasters Course October 19, 2016 Wayne Sullender, MD Center for Global Health Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus [email protected]

Transcript of Influenza - University of Colorado Denver · Learning Objectives • Understand the mechanisms by...

Influenza

Global Health & Disasters Course October 19, 2016

Wayne Sullender, MDCenter for Global HealthDepartment of Pediatrics

University of Colorado Anschutz Medical [email protected]

Disclosure Slide

No relevant financial relationships to report. 

Learning Objectives• Understand the mechanisms by which antigenic shift and antigenic drift occur in influenza viruses and the epidemiologic implications of these changes.

• Recognize the burden of disease due to influenza in developing countries and among displaced populations.

• Describe the options for the prevention of influenza virus infections and planning for influenza pandemics.

Pneumonia forgotten killer

World Pneumonia Day November 12, 2016http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org

Pneumonia killed 965,000 in 2013: more than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined.

Liu  2014 Lancet, Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000‐13

Pneumonia2013

Global burden of disease due to influenza in children < 5 years is substantial

90 million cases of influenza20 million influenza acute lower respiratory infections (13% of all ALRI)1 million influenza-associated severe ALRI (7% of cases of all severe ALRI)28,000–111,500 deaths in children, influenza-associated ALRI 99% of these deaths in developing countries.

Estimates for 2008, Lancet 2011 (0140-6736), 378 (9807), p 1917

Influenza Virion Segmented RNA genome

Hemagglutinin (HA):

Cell attachment, membrane fusion

Neutralizing antibodies block attachment and fusion

Neuraminidase (NA): 

Cleaves sialic acid, prevents virionclumping

Antibodies block virion release

Influenza A: H1N1, H3N2, etc

Katz, CDC www.preventinfluenza.org/NIVS_2011/2-katz_vaccine_technologieswww.cdc.gov/flu/images

quasispecies

Antigenic driftIndividual genetic changes, RNA polymerase lacks proof-reading/editingError prone replication

RNA viruses: swarm of non-identical but closely related genomes or quasispeciesSelective pressure: mutants with growth advantages become predominant. [Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;176:1-20]

Influenza Antigenic Changes

Influenza Reassortment: Reassortment of genomic segments creates hybrid virus: antigenic shift, pandemics

Antigenic Drift:Minor antigenic changes in HA and NACauses local outbreaks, requires vaccine changes.

Murray Medical Microbiology

2013: Most Recent H7N9 Flu Deadlier Than H1N1

H7N9 emerged by reassortment (antigenic shift).  May have occurred in habitats shared by wild and domestic birds.

Most of those infected had contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments.

665 cases and 229 deaths reported globally from March 2013 through May 9, 2015, most from mainland China

Alexandra Sifferlin June 24,2013 healthland.time.com/2013/06/24/most‐recent‐h7n9‐flu‐deadlier‐than‐h1n1http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/avian‐flu‐h7n9‐china

Influenza in resource limited settings

UNHCR: highest levels of displacement on record, ½ are 

children.

http://www.unhcr.org/images/infographics/FiguresAtAGlance‐16JUN2016.png    downloaded 10.5.2016

34,000 people are forcibly displaced every day

Communicable diseases, alone or with malnutrition, account for most deaths in complex emergencies

Lancet 2004, 364:1974‐1983

Preventive measure Impact on spread of

Site planning Diarrhea, acute respiratory infection (ARI)Clean water Diarrhea, typhoid, guinea wormGood sanitation Diarrhea, vector‐borne diseases, scabiesAdequate nutrition Tuberculosis, measles, ARI

VaccinationMeasles, meningitis, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, diphtheria, influenza

Vector controlMalaria, leishmaniasis, plague,  dengue,  Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, etc

Personal protection Malaria,  leishmaniasis (insecticide‐treated nets)Personal hygiene Louse‐borne diseases (also ARI)Health education STDs,  HIV/AIDS, Diarrhoea

Case‐managementARI, diarrhea,  tuberculosis, meningitis, vector borne diseases

Respiratory viral infections in two long‐term refugee camps in Kenya, 2007‐2010: high rates of illness 

among children 

10 ‐90% specimens (+) for at least one virus among children < 5 yrs with severe ARI BMC Infect Dis. 2012 Jan 17;12:7 

Influenza in Refugees on the Thailand–Myanmar Border, May–October 2009

Monthly Incidence (per 1,000 population)  (A) URI and (B) ALRI

URI and ALRI common Influenza in 20% influenza‐

like illnesses, 23% of pneumonias 

Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Sep;16(9):1366‐72

Burden of acute respiratory infections in crisis‐affected populations 

• Systematic review on the burden of ARI.• ARI always within the top four causes of hospitalization.• ARI the first or second most frequent cause of outpatient consultation.

• ARI among the top three causes of death in all but one study, irrespective of age group. 

• Very high excess morbidity and mortality (20‐35% mortality) due to ARI

Confl Health. 2010 Feb 11;4:3. doi: 10.1186/1752‐1505‐4‐3

Risk factors morbidity and mortality from pandemic influenza in refugee/displaced populations 

• overcrowding• poor access to basic health‐care services• malnutrition• communicable diseases• logistic challenges, remote locations or ongoing conflict • lack of adequate surveillance to detect cases • poor links to national disease surveillance systems• possible exclusion from national influenza preparedness activities 

• lack of staff to investigate outbreaks and manage ill persons. 

Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations WHO 2008

Influenza Planning

• Improved influenza surveillance with global coordination

• International/national/regional/local planning and development of surge capacity

• Plans for vaccine development, production, and administration

• Antiviral susceptibility testing and consideration of antiviral stockpiling/dispensation

Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations WHO 2008

WHO provides surveillance data   % samples (+) and influenza type 30Sept, 2016 

WHO 5Oct2016 http://www.who.int/influenza/surveillance_monitoring/updates/2016_10_03_influenza_update_273.jpg?ua=1

Shading of countries shows % (+) for influenzaPie charts give virus type

WHO Global Early Warning and Response System (EWARS)

• Brings together expertise in disease outbreaks and humanitarian emergencies to strengthen early warning, alert and response in emergency settings

• technical guidance, training and field‐based tools• EWARS in a box: kit of ruggedized, field‐ready equipment needed to establish and manage surveillance and response activities in field settings without reliable internet or electricity (mobile phones, laptops, solar generators).

www.who.int/features/2016/disease‐early‐warning‐response/en/

Build capacity to cope with a pandemic

• Implement public health measures• Implement communication plans• minimize shortages of essential services such as health care (including for usual burden of disease), access to food, safe water, sanitation, power, communications and security/protection;

• minimize social disruption;• prioritize vulnerable countries • strengthen partnerships with governments to ensure the coordination of activities

Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations WHO 2008

Pandemic response lessons from influenza H1N1 2009 in Asia 

• “Despite warm words and pledges, efforts to engage the international community to 

ensure equitable sharing of limited resources such as antivirals and vaccines fell short and stockpiles in the main 

remained in the rich world.”

Respirology. 2011 Aug;16(6):876‐82

Public Health Measures

Social distancingRespiratory etiquette 

Cover coughs and sneezesDo not spit in publicIf using masks, dispose of them or wash them Wash hands Wash hands with soap and clean water carefully and often (and clean surfaces).

Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations WHO 2008

Family/Household Level: measures to mitigate pandemic influenza in low‐resource settings

Prevention• Keep your distance. • Wash your hands, cover your coughs and sneezes. • Isolate your ill 

Care • Fluids, nutrition • Fever • Rest • Medications, care seeking

Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013 Nov;7(6):909‐13

Community/District Level: measures to mitigate pandemic influenza in low‐resource settings

Prevention• Educate on prevention. • Limit public crowding, gathering, mixing, and contacts

Care • Educate on home care, assist the neediest (including care, food, and water). • Community case management

Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013 Nov;7(6):909‐13

Estimated number of persons affected by pandemic influenza in a population of 10,000 in 

a crowded, low‐resource setting

Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations WHO 2008

Description rates # persons/day Ill influenza 15-60% up to 100 outpatients 30–50%* up to 50

inpatients Up to 10% * up to 10

Deaths 4% or more * up to 4 or more *of those ill

Hospital Surge Planning

• Screening, surveillance, and tracking of exposed individuals

• Controlled access to facility• Prevention strategies (next slide)• Disease specific admission criteria• Enable continuity of clinical operations• Sustained increase in patients (staff/space)• Additional triage areas• Increased ventilator/ICU needs and support

Pediatric Education in Disasters Manual, Influenza, Nyquist and Berman

Prevention strategies in hospital surge planning

• Isolation and cohorting• Personal protective equipment (PPE: masks, gloves, gowns)

• Vaccination• Antiviral prophylaxis• Environmental controls (separate areas ill/non‐ill patients)

• Visitation and ill staff policies

Pediatric Education in Disasters Manual, Influenza, Nyquist and Berman

Prioritization for vaccine and antivirals

Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations WHO 2008Pediatric Education in Disasters Manual, Influenza, Nyquist and BermanCDC 4Nov2013:  http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/index.htm

Group  Rationale 

Health‐care workers

HCWs are the highest risk group for infection(also 1st responders: EMTs, police, fire)HCWs may transmit illness to vulnerable patients.

Essential staff  Maintain essential services in health facilitiesHigh risk conditions 

Risk of severe disease: pregnant women, young, elderly, underlying medical conditions 

Influenza ManagementSupportive care 

Antivirals: Neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir) for prophylaxis and treatment.Uncertain availability and efficacy in low resource settings.

“Efforts centred on … maintaining and increasing vaccine production, and ensuring access to pharmaceuticals –responses that remain unattainable for many low‐ and middle‐income countries... reflects a particular view of biomedicine that pays inadequate attention to the weak capacity of many health systems.”              Glob Public Health. 2012;7 Suppl 2:S111‐26

O2 delivery in 12 African countries: 44% with uninterrupted access to an oxygen source  J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010 Aug 4;4(7):419‐24

Influenza vaccines

Current influenza vaccinesSafe Effectiveness is variable and depends on:

– antigenic match and immunogenicity– host factors such as age and immune status

May require annual reformulation due to antigenic changes.

Egg-based technologies limit rapid response and surge capacity for pandemics.

Katz,  CDC http://www.preventinfluenza.org/NIVS_2011/2‐katz_vaccine_technologies

Influenza Virus Vaccine for the 2016‐2017 Season, northern hemisphere

• Both inactivated and live attenuated vaccines (only inactivated recommended in USA 2016)

Trivalent:• A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09‐like virus;• A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)‐like virus;• B/Brisbane/60/2008 ‐like virus (Yamagata lineage).

Quadrivalent influenza vaccines add the following additional B strain to the above trivalent vaccine:• a B/Phuket/3073/2013 ‐like virus (Victoria lineage)www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2016_17_north/en/

Summary• Influenza viruses change constantly on the basis of antigenic drift and shift, requiring reformulation of vaccines and leading to pandemics.

• Influenza virus infections in resource limited settings, including among refugees/displaced persons, cause significant disease in children and adults.

• Control measures include universal hygiene behaviors and social distancing.

• Influenza vaccines and antivirals may be employed if available.