INFLUENCE OF POLYBAG SIZE AND WATERING REGIMES … · Hevea brasiliensis or rubber planting has...
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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA INFLUENCE OF POLYBAG SIZE AND WATERING REGIMES ON GROWTH OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS MÜLL. ARG. SEEDLINGS IN THREE SOIL SERIES NOORSUHAILA BINTI ABU BAKAR FP 2015 19
Transcript of INFLUENCE OF POLYBAG SIZE AND WATERING REGIMES … · Hevea brasiliensis or rubber planting has...
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
INFLUENCE OF POLYBAG SIZE AND WATERING REGIMES ON GROWTH OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS MÜLL. ARG. SEEDLINGS IN
THREE SOIL SERIES
NOORSUHAILA BINTI ABU BAKAR
FP 2015 19
INFLUENCE OF POLYBAG SIZE AND WATERING REGIMES ON
GROWTH OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS MÜLL. ARG. SEEDLINGS IN THREE
SOIL SERIES
By
NOORSUHAILA BINTI ABU BAKAR
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
May 2015 © COPYRIG
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All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs
and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use
may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the
copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written
permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia
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Hevea brasiliensis or rubber planting has shifted to the dry marginal land. This can give rise to a higher plant
death or damage during field transplanting. By adopting high quality planting material and high yielding clones
could reduce mortality, immaturity period of Hevea tree and replace dead seedlings during transplanting.
Appropriate polybag size should be determined to be used as planting material for establishment of an advanced
planting material (APM) in nursery. An experiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance and
suitability of two clones, RRIM 2025 and RRIM 3001 in different polybags sizes for commercial cultivation. Reduction in polybag sizes reduced growth performance as reflected by the growth rate of H. brasiliensis at the
nursery stage. A large polybag results in vigorous performance for rubber seedlings and would be ideal for use
as advanced planting material. Clone RRIM 3001 was recommended for planting purpose due to its vigor during
establishment stage.
In experiment 2, the response of latest clone of Hevea brasiliensis towards water stress on different soil series
was investigated. The shoot and stem dry weight of Hevea clone decreased significantly with decrease watering
frequencies. Fine texture encourages root development within soil. Water use efficiency was greater for clone
RRIM 30001 and has ability of plants to conserve water during stress. Water stress strongly affected growth and
physiological characteristics of RRIM 3001 grown but did not affect soil series. Clay and sandy clay soil soils
provide good conditions for crop establishment.
The objective in experiment 3 is to study the effects of different field capacity and soil series on growth and
physiological response of Hevea brasiliensis, RRIM 3001. Plants grown on Munchong Series soil recorded the
highest value for plant growth parameters rather than Serdang and Sungai Buloh Series soil series. Water
requirement for each soil series was differed between each soil series.
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Science
INFLUENCE OF POLYBAG SIZE AND WATERING REGIMES ON GRWTH OF HEVEA
BRASILIENSIS MÜLL. ARG SEEDLINGS IN THREE SOIL SERIES
By
NOORSUHAILA BINTI ABU BAKAR
May 2015
Chairman :Assoc. Prof. Wan Mohamed Noordin Wan Daud, PhD
Faculty : Agriculture
Hevea brasiliensis or rubber planting has shifted to the dry marginal land. This can give rise to a higher
plant death or damage during field transplanting, requiring immediate replacement of dead plants especially
young Hevea seedlings. By adopting high quality planting material and high yielding clones could reduce
mortality, reduce immaturity period of Hevea tree and replace dead seedlings during transplanting.
Appropriate polybag size should be determined to be used as planting material for establishment of an
advanced planting material (APM) in nursery. Thus, an experiment was conducted to investigate the growth
performance and suitability of two clones, RRIM 2025 and RRIM 3001 in different polybags sizes for
commercial cultivation. Small polybag sizes inhibit greatly plant height and girth circumferences for both clones. Meanwhile, large polybags encouraged vigorous root growth as more elongate root was developed
to enhance water and nutrient uptake. Root development was closely associated with the volume of soil
within two polybags size as shown in root:shoot ratio. Root: shoot ratio increased linearly to increase in size
of polybags. Plant shoot growth was inhibited more in small polybags than the roots despite the restricted
rooting space. Root length and root volume were also significantly influenced by polybag size. This
suggests that a reduction in polybag sizes reduced growth performance as reflected by the growth rate of H.
brasiliensis at the nursery stage. It was concluded that a large polybag results in vigorous performance for
rubber seedlings, and that it would be ideal for use in raising young-budded Hevea tree as advanced
planting material before establishment in the field. Comparison between clones, clone RRIM 3001 was
recommended for planting purpose due to its vigor during establishment stage and its capability to produce
more roots which lead to search water and nutrient effectively on dry marginal land. However, study on
watering regimes is needed for new LTC which is lacking in literature review.
In experiment 2, the response of latest clone of Hevea brasiliensis towards water stress on different soil
series was investigated. The shoot and stem dry weight of Hevea clone decreased significantly with
decrease watering frequencies. The highest values for shoot and stem dry weight were found in well-
watered treatment. However, no significant difference was observed between soil series. Root:shoot ratio
was significantly greater under treatment withholding water for eight days especially plants when grown on
Munchong Series compared to Serdang and Sungai Buloh Series soil due to fine texture which encourages
root development within soil. Photosynthesis rate was significantly lower in treatment of watering intervals
every eight days. This accompanied with reduction in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate.
However, water use efficiency was greater under treatment of watering intervals every eight days. This indicates the ability of plants to conserve water during stress. Total leaf area significantly decreased as
watering intervals increased and affected Fv/FM ratio. In conclusion, water stress strongly affected growth
and physiological characteristics of RRIM 3001 grown in different soils in Malaysia. Different soil series
did not affected by water stress. However, in case of planting clone RRIM 3001 for rubber production, both
clay and sandy clay soil like Munchong and Serdang Series soils provide good conditions for crop
establishment and not sandy soil like Sungai Buloh Series soil.
The objective in experiment 3 is to study the effects of different field capacity and soil series on growth and
physiological response of Hevea brasiliensis, RRIM 3001. Plants grown on Munchong Series soil recorded
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the highest value for plant height, plant girth, leaves dry weight, total leaf area and chlorophyll content
followed by Serdang, then Sungai Buloh Series soil series. Overall plant receiving higher level of field
capacity recorded significant higher in plant height, plant girth, leaves dry weight, stem dry weight, total
leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance as compared with plants
receiving lower level of field capacity. The root to shoot ratio of clone RRIM 3001 increased when
subjected to decrease level of field capacity. Photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance was reduced when applying excess water. Thus, water requirement for each soil series was differed and full capacity
level is not enough to sustain plant growth especially in dry marginal land and facing environmental stress.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan
ijazah Master Sains
PENGARUH SAIZ POLIBAG DAN REJIM PENGAIRAN PADA PERTUMBUHAN ANAK
POKOK HEVEA BRASILIENSIS MÜELL. ARG. DALAM TIGA SIRI TANAH
Oleh
NOORSUHAILA BINTI ABU BAKAR
Mei 2015
Pengerusi : Assoc. Prof. Wan Mohamed Noordin Wan Daud, PhD
Fakulti : Pertanian
Penanaman getah telah beralih ke tanah marginal yang lebih kering. Hal yang demikian akan menyebabkan ketahanan pokok berkurang dan menyebabkan kematian disebabkan penanaman di
tanah yang marginal semasa penanaman di peringkat ladang dan memerlukan pokok gantian yang
lain. Penyediaan bahan tanaman lanjut (APM) di tapak semaian akan menjadi penyelesaian yang
baik. Berat kering akar untuk kedua-dua klon getah, RRIM 2025 dan RRIM 3001 terjejas disebabkan
oleh polibeg bersaiz lebih kecil. Panjang akar dan jumlah akar juga dipengaruhi oleh saiz polibeg. Ini
menunjukkan bahawa pengurangan dalam saiz polibeg menyebabkan penurunan kepada kadar
pertumbuhan H. brasiliensis pada peringkat tapak semaian. Kesimpulannya, polibeg besar sangat
sesuai untuk pertumbuhan anak pokok getah, dan ia akan menjadi pendekatan yang berguna dalam
meningkatkan anak pokok Hevea sebagai bahan tanaman lanjut sebelum dipindahkan ke ladang. Klon
RRIM 3001 dicadangkan untuk tujuan penanaman dan merujuk kepada kerintangan klon ini semasa
pertumbuhan di nurseri.
Dalam eksperimen 2, respon klon terbaru Hevea brasiliensis terhadap kekurangan air pada siri tanah
yang berbeza telah dijalankan. Berat kering bagi daun dan batang Hevea klon menurun dengan ketara
dengan pengurangan kekerapan siraman. Nilai tertinggi untuk berat kering daun dan batang diperoleh
daripada kekerapan siraman yang dilakukan setiap hari.Walau bagaimanapun, tiada perbezaan antara
siri tanah. Nisbah akar kepada daun didapati lebuh tinggi untuk kekerapan siraman setiap lapan hari di
atas tanah Siri Serdang dan Sungai Buloh. Luas permukaan daun berkurangan pada rawatan kekerapan
siraman selama lapan hari dan ini menjejaskan nisbah FV/FM. Kesimpulannya, kekurangan air
menjejaskan pertumbuhan dan ciri-ciri fisiologi RRIM 3001 yang berada di atas tanah di Malaysia
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rawatan siraman setiap 8 hari sekali.
Objektif eksperimen 3 adalah untuk mengkaji kesan perbezaan kapasiti ketepuan air pada siri tanah
yang berbeza kepada pertumbuhan dan tindak balas fisiologi Hevea brasiliensis, RRIM 3001. Pokok
yang ditanam di tanah Siri Munchong mencatatkan nilai tertinggi untuk ketinggian tumbuhan, ukur
lilit pokok, berat kering daun, luas permukann daun dan kandungan klorofil diikuti oleh Siri Serdang,
kemudian tanah Siri Sungai Buloh. Pokok yang menerima kadar kapasiti ketepuan air yang tinggi
mencatatkan pertumbuhan yang tinggi untuk tinggi pokok, ukur lilit pokok, berat kering daun, berat
kering batang, luas permukaan daun, kandungan klorofil, kadar fotosintesis dan stomata konduktans
berbanding dengan pokok yang menerima kapasiti ketepuan air pada tahap yang rendah. Nisbah akar
kepada daun bagi klon RRIM 3001 meningkat apabila tahap ketepuan air yang rendah dan
menunjukkan peralihan asimilasi daripada daun ke akar lebih tinggi berbanding dengan tahap
ketepuan air yang tinggi. Kadar fotosintesis dan stomata konduktans berkurang apabila lebihan air diberikan. Oleh itu, keperluan air bagi setiap siri tanah adalah berbeza dan tahap ketepuan air yang
normal tidak mencukupi untuk mengekalkan pertumbuhan pokok terutama di tanah yang kering dan
tanah yang bermasalah.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim. First of all, a special appreciation to my supervisory committee member,
Associate Professor Dr. Wan Noordin Wan Daud who always gives me guidance, advice, and comments. I am also sincerely thankful to other committee member, Professor Dr. Che Fauziah Ishak,
who gave me valuable comment and constructive criticisms.
I wish to express my deep appreciation to my parents, Hj Abu Bakar Bin Ahmad and Hjh Zainab Binti
Said for gives me motivation, guidance and also financial support throughout my study. I would like
to express my special appreciation to my husband, Mr Mohd Hadi Akbar bin Basri who always help
and guide me in completing this thesis.
I would like to thank the Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB) for helping in providing seedling and permission to access their library.
Sincere thanks and appreciation are extended to head of laboratory and staff of soil chemistry, soil
physics and physiology laboratory for giving me permission to access to the laboratory and help
during the analysis.
Last but not least, I would like to thank all my friends, Mr Shafar Jefri, Mr Aizul Azfar, Mr
Shawaludin Anis, Mr Faizal Kamaruddin, and Mr Syafiq Hamzah for their help and idea for this
study.
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 29th May 2015 to conduct the final
examination of Noorsuhaila Binti Abu Bakar on her thesis entitled "Influence of Polybag Size and
Watering Regimes on Growth of Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. Seedlings in Three Soil Series" in
accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the
Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student
be awarded the Doctor of Philosophy.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Mohd Ridzwan A. Halim, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Mohd Razi Ismail, PhD
Professor Institute of Tropical Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Wan Rashidah A. Kadir, PhD
Senior Lecturer
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
Malaysia
(External Examiner)
ZULKARNAIN ZAINAL, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 12 August 2015
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the Supervisory
Committee were as follows:
Wan Mohamed Noordin Wan Daud, PhD
Associate Professor Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Che Fauziah Ishak, PhD Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
__________________________
BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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Declaration by graduate student
I hereby confirm that:
this thesis is my original work;
quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced;
this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other degree at any other
institutions.
intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-owned by Universiti Putra
Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;
written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of Deputy Vice-Chancellor
(Research and Innovation) before thesis is published (in the form of written, printed or in
electronic form) including books, journals, modules, proceedings, popular writings, seminar
papers, manuscripts, posters, reports, lecture notes, learning modules or any other materials as
stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;
there are no plagiarism or data falsification/ fabrication in the thesis, and scholarly integrity is
upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision
2012-2013) and the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012. The thesis has undergone
plagiarism detection software.
Signature: ____________________ Date: _________________
Name and Matric No.: Noorsuhaila Binti Abu Bakar (GS29496)
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Declaration by Member of Supervisory Committee
This is confirm that:
the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our supervision;
supervision responsibilities as stated in the to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate Studies)
Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) are adhered to.
Signature: ____________________
Name of Chairman of Supervisory Committee: Wan Mohamed Noordin Bin Wan Daud, PhD
Signature: ____________________
Name of Member of Supervisory Committee: Che Fauziah Binti Ishak, PhD
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT i
ABSTRAK iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
APPROVAL v
DECLARATION viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives
2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Morphology of rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis
2.1.1 Physiology of H. brasiliensis
2.2 Latex Timber Clones
2.3 Nursey
2.3.1 Polybag nursey
2.3.1.1 Effects of polybag size on soil properties
2.3.1.2 Effects of polybag size on plant growth
2.4 Manuring of rubber 2.5 Texture classification
2.5.1 Soil texture
2.5.2 Soil series
2.5.2.1 Munchong Soil Series
2.5.2.2 Serdang Soil Series
2.5.2.3 Sungai Buloh Soil Series
2.6 Soil limitation
2.7 Effect of soil texture on plant growth
2.8 Soil, water and plant relationship
2.9 Soil moisture properties
2.9.1 Field capacity
2.9.2 Permanent wilting point 2.9.3 Available water
2.10 Water deficit
2.10.1 Effect of water deficit on growth response of H. brasiliensis
2.10.2 Effect of water deficit on physiological response of H.
brasiliensis
2.11 Excess water
2.11.1 Effect of excess water on growth response of H. brasiliensis
2.11.2 Effect of excess water on physiological response of H.
brasiliensis
2.11.3 Effect of excess water on soil properties
3
4
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5
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6
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6 7
7
8
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12 12
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15
15
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3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental site
3.2 Planting materials
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17
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3.2.1 Seedlings
3.2.2 Polybag
3.2.3 Planting medium
3.3 Watering
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3.3.1 Water retention method
3.3.2 Water requirement determination
3.4 Fertilization
3.5 Control of pest and disease
3.6 Data collection
3.6.1 Growth analysis 3.6.1.1 Plant height
3.6.1.2 Plant girth
3.6.1.3 Dry weight
3.6.1.4 Root to shoot ratio
3.6.1.5 Root length and root volume
3.6.1.6 Leaf area
3.6.1.7 Chlorophyll content
3.6.2 Physiology analysis
3.6.2.1 Leaf gas exchange
3.6.2.2 Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II
(Fv/FM ratio) 3.7 Plant nutrient analysis
3.8 Soil analysis
3.9 Data analysis
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20 20
20
20
20
21
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4 GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND LEAF, STEM AND ROOT
CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG IMMATURE RUBBER
(HEVEA BRASILIENSIS) CLONES IN RELATION TO SIZE OF
POLYBAG IN THE NURSERY
24
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Experimental site and plant materials 4.2.2 Treatments and experimental design
4.2.3 Measurement of growth performance of Hevea brasiliensis
clones
4.2.4 Measurement of leaf chlorophyll content of Hevea brasiliensis
clones
4.2.5 Sample leaf analysis for nutrient content
4.2.6 Statistical analysis
4.3 Results
4.4 Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
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25 25
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5 INFLUENCE OF WATER STRESS ON THE GROWTH AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF HEVEA
BRASILIENSIS, RRIM 3001 GROWN ON THREE SOIL SERIES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and methods
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35
36
5.2.1 Experimental site
5.2.2 Planting materials and experimental design
5.2.3 Soil analysis
5.2.4 Water requirement determination
5.2.5 Plant data collection
5.2.6 Statistical data analysis
5.3 Results 5.3.1 Soil analysis
5.3.2 Water requirement determination
5.3.3 Effect of water stress on growth responses of H. brasiliensis
5.3.4 Effect of water stress on physiological response of H.
brasiliensis
5.4 Discussion
5.5 Conclusion
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6
RESPONSE OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS CLONE, RRIM 3001 IN
RELATION TO MOISTURE AT DIFFERENT FIELD
CAPACITY IN THREE SOIL SERIES 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and methods 6.3 Results
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Conclusion
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58 59
65
66
7 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 67
6.1 General Conclusions
6.2 Recommendation for future research
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68
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
BIODATA OF STUDENT
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
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86
88 89
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1 Soil series limitation
9
2
Parental crossing of two clones 17
3 Analysis of variance for growth response of latex timber clones 28
4 Effect of polybag size on plant growth of clones RRIM 3001 and RRIM
2025
28
5 Analysis of variance for root length, root volume and chlorophyll content
30
6 Effect of polybag size on root length, root volume and chlorophyll content
of clones RRIM 3001 and RRIM 2025
32
7 Leaf nutrient contents of Hevea clones in polybag of different sizes
33
8 Textural class of three soil series used
38
9 Selected chemical characteristics of three soil series
38
10 Analysis of variance for height and girth increment 40
11 Analysis of variance for growth performance of clone RRIM 3001
43
12 Effect of soil series and watering intervals on height, girth, dry weight, root
to shoot ratio and total leaf area of clone RRIM 3001
44
13 Analysis of variance for photosynthesis rate during experiment period 49
14 Analysis of variance for stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water
use efficiency during experiment period
50
15 The effect of water treatment on transpiration rate and water use efficiency
53
16 Analysis of variance for chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of
clone RRIM 3001
54
17 Selected soil chemical properties of three soil series used after the
experiment
60
18 ANOVA of main effects different water treatment (W), soil series (S) and
their interaction (W×S) for height, girth, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight,
root dry weight, root length, total leaf area, root to shoot ratio, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance
61
19 The effect of water treatment on height, girth, leaf dry weight, stem dry
weight, root dry weight, root length, total leaf area and root to shoot ratio
62
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
1 USDA Soil Texture Triangle
7
2 Relationship water holding capacity and soil texture 8
3 Water requirement determination for three soil series
19
4 Plant height increment of clone RRIM 3001 and clone RRIM 2025
over time in polybags of different sizes
29
5 Linear relationship between root elongation and time in clone RRIM
3001 and RRIM 2025 grown in polybags of different sizes
31
6 Magnesium deficiency symtoms observed in both polybag sizes
32
7 Clones RRIM 2025 and RRIM 3001 in different size of polybag
33
8 Height increment over time for each soil series
41
9 Girth increment over time for each soil series
42
10 Effect of water stress on root dry weight for three soil series
45
11 Effect of water stress on root length for three soil series
45
12 Effect of water stress on root volume for three soil series
46
13 Root: shoot ratio under water stress treatment
46
14 Photosynthesis rate over month for three soil series
48
15 Stomatal conductance over month for three soil series
51
16 Effect of water stress on chlorophyll content for three soil series
54
17 Effect of water stress on chlorophyll fluorescence for three soil series
55
18 Height of Hevea brasiliensis clone, RRIM 3001 after imposition of
water treatment on different soil series
63
19 Girth of Hevea brasiliensis clone, RRIM 3001 after imposition of
water treatment on different soil series
63
20 Root length of Hevea brasiliensis clone, RRIM 3001 after
imposition of water treatment on different soil series
64
21 Chlorophyll content of Heveabrasiliensis clone, RRIM 3001
after imposition of water stress treatment on different soil
series
65
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
CEC Cation Exchange Capacity
cmol/kg Centimol per kilogram
Meq
MRB
Miliequivalent
Malaysian Rubber Board
ppm
LSD
RISDA
parts per million
Least Significant Difference
Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority
SAS
Sg Buloh
Statistical Analysis System
Sungai Buloh
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
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CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
Rubber-tree areas are being replaced by more oil palm areas to meet the increasing
demand for food production. The tightness of raw material supply, latex or natural
rubber and shrinkage area for further expansion forced the search for alternate
areas in non-traditional regions of Malaysia. Rubber cultivation is being promoted
in non-traditional areas to meet the demand of rubber production. An unfavourable
growing condition in non-tropical countries prevents the expansion of Hevea
brasiliensis which limit its cultivation to specific environments. The optimal
growing conditions of rubber tree are the following: to mm rainfall
without a dry season; a mean annual temperature of ± ˚C; and sunshine hours
of ~ h year-
, distributed fairly equally in all months. The production and
quality of latex affected when d dry periods more two to three months. However,
rainfall distribution becomes challenge on marginal land due to having stressful
conditions which high temperature or near to drought conditions.
Immature period of rubber tree at plantation is one of the major concerns to most
rubber planter. By adopting high quality planting material and high yielding new
clones are used to reduce unproductive immaturity period since during
establishment stage at nursery. Thus, various aspects of efficient resource
management of a nursery stage needs to be considered to obtain the maximum
economic benefits besides vigorous seedling such as soil fertility, water
requirement and pest and disease management. Therefore, nursery management is
vital to obtain vigour and healthy rubber seedling.
In the culture of rubber, the raising of the small rubber tree using polybags in
nursery stage or polybag nursery is a recommended practise to minimize problems
of transplanting shock after transplanting into the field. Besides that, it can be used
as an approach for preparing advance planting material (APM) to replace dead
seedling during establishment at the field. However, volume of soil available to
the root system has been responsible for reliance on growth performance of the
plant. Therefore, it is important to determine the appropriate polybag size which
occupy soil volume as media to obtain uniform vigour Hevea seedlings and more
resistant to drought and wind at nursery stage. The vigour seedlings reduce
seedlings mortality during transplanting into the field.
Another factor to be considered is soil moisture deficit since it hinders the growth
and crop productivity. Deficient of soil moisture in soil can contribute to decline
of tree growth, growth performance and yield. Numerous studies have been
conducted whereby water deficit reduces growth and yield in many stage of
growth and development of plants. Youngg rubber plants suffer from moisture
stress during dry periods which is a common characteristic in marginal dry area
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and cause drastic plant death. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of
soil moisture stress on the performance of Hevea seedling at nursery stage.
Another environmental stress is excessive soil moisture or waterlogging which
could results in reduction of plant growth rate, wilting, and eventual death of plant
due to depletion of soil oxygen. Most of Hevea seedling cannot withstand under
excessive water stress like flooding conditions which cause root dieback then
plant death. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects of excessive water
on growth and physiology of Hevea clone at nursery stage which pertinent to soil
texture. Specific water requirement at nursery stage is required to obtain vigour
Hevea seedlings before transplanting into the field. Therefore, a research on the
water relation and requirement is needed when rubber cultivation was extended to
dry regions with emphasis on agronomy aspect.
Malaysian Rubber Board has recommended the latest high-yielding rubber clone
which is clone RRIM or ‘Clone Malaysia’ for used for traditional region or
rubber zone area which has proven to increase yield. However information regard
to latest clones planted in non-traditional areas is lacking. Besides that, a few
abiotic constraints are unfavourable to rubber cultivation especially on Malaysia
soils such as acid sulphate soil and poorly drained soil. Therefore, assessing the
suitability of soils under rubber is required for agronomic recommendation and
future expansion planning. Thus, the information on the suitability and
adaptability of the latest Hevea clones is required to adapt to new environments.
The study of environment stress like drought and waterlogging are needed to
interpret adaptation of latest clone in saturated and dry soil moisture regimes.
Objectives
The main objectives of this study are to evaluate new latex timber clone of Hevea
brasiliensis, for nursery establishment and plantation. The specific objectives are:
. To investigate the growth performance and suitability of two Hevea
clones, RRIM and RRIM in different polybag sizes for
commercial cultivation.
. To evaluate the effect of water stress on growth performance and
physiological response of new latex timber clone, RRIM grown in
different soil series.
. To examine growth performance and physiological response of new latex
timber clone, RRIM at different levels field capacity as influenced
by these soil series.
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HT UPM
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