Influence of pCO2, temperature, and feeding on the ... · Objectives 1. To investigate the...
Transcript of Influence of pCO2, temperature, and feeding on the ... · Objectives 1. To investigate the...
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Influence of pCO2, temperature,
and feeding on the extracellular pH
of Calanus glacialis during diapause
Henrieke Tonkes
Barbara Niehoff
Daniela Freese
Franz Josef Sartoris
ASLO 2015
Aquatic Sciences Meeting
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Copepods of the genus Calanus
• Important grazers of ice algae and phytoplankton
• Biomass can be > 80% of zooplankton community
• Store lipids in high quantities
• Important food source for fish, whales and birds
Calanus
From: Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (2010)
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Objectives
1. To investigate the influence of environmental conditions on
extracellular pH (pHe) of Calanus glacialis during and at the end of
the diapause
Environmental conditions:
• Ocean acidification
• Warming
• Feeding
2. To compare pHe in CV and to elucidate differences in
developmental stage
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Diapause
• Reduced development
• Reduced growth
• Reduced metabolism
• Starvation
• No locomotion
Life cycle of Calanus glacialis
Modified from: Diel (1991)
Activity
• Reproduction
• Feeding
• Growing
• Lipid accumulation
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Diapause
• Reduced development
• Reduced growth
• Reduced metabolism
• Starvation
• No locomotion
Life cycle of Calanus glacialis
Modified from: Diel (1991)
Activity
• Reproduction
• Feeding
• Growing
• Lipid accumulation
Descent
Ascent
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Regulation of ions and pHe
• Diapause conducted at depth
• Ion regulation
• To reach neutral buoyancy
• High density ions replaced by low density ions
• Antarctic copepods replace Na+ by NH3 (Sartoris et al. 2010;Schründer et al. 2013)
• NH3 is toxic
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Regulation of ions and pHe
• Diapause conducted at depth
• Ion regulation
• To reach neutral buoyancy
• High density ions replaced by low density ions
• Antarctic copepods replace Na+ by NH3 (Sartoris et al. 2010;Schründer et al. 2013)
• NH3 is toxic
• Regulation of pHe
• To withstand toxicity
• At low pHe: NH3 -> NH4+
• NH4+ is not toxic
• Low pHe might trigger metabolic depression
• During winter (diapause) -> pHe is low
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Seasonality of pHe in C. glacialis CV
pHe was low in autumn/winter and high in spring/summer
pH
e
Month
Modified from:
Freese et al. (submitted)
Surface Deep Surface
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Climate change
• Ocean acidification: reduction of pH with 0.3 - 0.6 units (Povopa et al. 2014)
• Warming: increase in sea surface temperature (IPCC 2007)
Month
pH
e
Surface Deep Surface
Modified from:
Freese et al. (submitted)
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Experimental set-up
Experiment 1:
during diapause
Experiment 2:
end diapause
Experiment 3:
end diapause
Sampling area Billefjorden Billefjorden Billefjorden
Sampling time September 2013 January 2014 January 2014
Amount animals 3600 750 ~ 200
Stage CV CV
Species C. glacialis C. glacialis C. glacialis
Incubation time (d) 15 – 30 31 37
Temperature (°C) 0, 5, and 10 0 0
pCO2 (ppm) 390 and 2300 500 and 1500 -
Food available no no yes / no
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Time (d)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
pH
e
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 °C
5 °C
10 °C
Results: No influence of temperature
on pHe during the diapause (exp.1)
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Temperature (°C)
0 5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
390 ppm
2300 ppm
Results: No influence of pCO2 on pHe
during the diapause (exp.1)
pH
e
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Time (d)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
pH
e
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
500 ppm
1500 ppm
Results: No influence of pCO2 on pHe
at the end of the diapause (exp.2)
pH
e
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Time (d)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
pH
e
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CV
Results: No difference in pHe of CV
and at the end of the diapause (exp.2)
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Time (d)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
pH
e
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
without food
with food
Results: Feeding increased pHe
at the end of the diapause (exp.3)
Start feeding
Thalassiosira
weissflogii
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Synthesis
• pHe was not related to the environmental conditions
• No difference in pHe of CV and
• Feeding increased pHe of -> copepods became active
Diapausing C. glacialis CV and will be able to regulate pHe at
environmental conditions predicted for the end of the century
&
We can confirm that feeding is crucial in the transition
from diapause towards activity
• Future research -> climate change might change food quality
can Calanus spp. cope?
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Thank you!
A special thanks goes to:
Crew of R.V. Heincke (HE408), Crew of R.V. Helmer Hanssen
(CarbonBridge NFR-226415), Malin Daase, Elisabeth Halvorsen, Eike
Stübner, Lena Jacob, Caroline Otten, Nicole Hildebrandt, Erika Allhusen
Funding:
Polmar Graduate School & BIOACID II for providing funding to attend the
ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting 2015 in Granada
ASLO 2015
Aquatic Sciences Meeting