InferenceRoman Republic

World HistoryUnit 3, Lesson 2

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Inference

• The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.

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From a historian’s perspective, what might this shape

represent?

Inference: The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.

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Rise of Rome

Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River

Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC

Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire

Pax Romana “Roman Peace”(lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD)

How might geography affect an emerging civilization?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/city_of_rome/

Go to Slide:Roman Empire

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Glencoe p 150

Early Romans: • Latin- Early settlers of Rome• Etruscans- Northern Italy

– Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city.

– Build it on 7 hills for protection.• 509 BC- Romans drive Etruscans

out.

Click on map to go back to “Rise of Rome” slide

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Roman Government: Republic• Republic - a government

with elected representatives• Twelve Tables• Patricians• Plebeians• Senate• Consuls

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Roman government

• Patricians- wealthy landowners that controlled the republic.

• Consuls- two individuals that directed the daily affairs of government and led the army.– One-year terms

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- Cincinnatus, p 155

The Senate

• 300-member council of patricians that made laws and served Rome–Most powerful part of the Republic

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The Plebeians• The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants)• Had no say in government• Allowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than

the Senate.• Twelve Tables- 451 BCE

– Plebeians have Roman laws written.– Gives common people some protection against unfair

patrician decisions.– Twelve Tables may be found at:

http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html

Click on map to go back to “Rise of Rome” slide

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ROMAN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTMonarchical Aristocratic Democratic

2 Consuls and Magistrates

Senate(Senators)

Assembly of Tribes(10 Tribunes)

Directed government Control army

Acted as judgesCould issue edicts

Acted as chief priest

Controlled state budget

Could pass laws

Approved/rejected laws; Decided on War

Tribune could veto actions of magistrateActed as final court

Basis of power:possess imperium,

the right to ruleneed for leadership

Basis of power:members were richest

men in Rome.

Basis of power:provided most of the

soldiers

Limits on power:one year term

each could veto

Limits on power:could not control

army; needed majority as soldiers.

Limits on power:Could not suggest

laws;often paid as clients by

the elite

Rise of Rome

Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River

Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC

Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire

Pax Romana “Roman Peace”(lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD)

How might geography affect an emerging civilization?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/city_of_rome/

Go to Slide:Roman Empire

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Julius Caesar• Reforms Rome

1. Reorganized government with him as dictator.2. Lowered taxes.3. Makes governors responsible to him.4. Grants citizenship to conquered peoples.

• March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinated– Stabbed in the Senate “Beware the Ides of March.”– Augustus Caesar next ruler– Pax Romana (a period of peace: 27 BC to 395 AD)

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The Roman Empire• Rome had a superior army due to its discipline and

organization• Roman Legions (army units)• Punic Wars (a series of wars that were fought to expand

the size of Rome)• Rome expands to North Africa, parts of Europe and

other lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.• Julius Caesar (Roman general becomes Emperor)

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ROMAN LEGION

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The Roman Empire

• Augustus Caesar gains control of the following:– Military

• Takes complete control of• Gives veterans bonuses of land.

– Loyalty to Rome• Granted citizenship to more conquered

peoples of Europe.

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ROMAN ROADS

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The Roman Achievement Aqueducts – Roman

water systems often carried water to cities from mountain streams hundreds of miles away. Only a highly organized civilization with advanced technology could create such a system.

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The Roman AchievementHighly sophisticated

public buildings and baths.

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TRADE & URBANIZATION• Commercial agriculture

– Owners of latifundia focused on production for export – Commercial agriculture led to economic specialization, integration– Slavery preferred over labor saving devices and paid labor

• Mediterranean trade – Sea-lanes linked ports of the Mediterranean – Roman navy kept the seas largely free of pirates – The Mediterranean became a Roman lake

• The city of Rome – Wealth of the city fueled its urban development – Statues, pools, fountains, arches, temples, stadiums – First use of concrete as construction material – Rome attracted numerous immigrants – City attractions

• Public baths, swimming pools, gymnasia • Enormous circuses, stadiums, and amphitheaters

• Other Cities– Most large cities were in Eastern part of empire– Eastern cities largely dominated by Greeks– Cities include Alexandria, Antioch, Athens, Pergammum, Thessalonika

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ROMAN FAMILY, SOCIETY• The pater familias

– A Roman family consisted of all household members living together – Pater familias, or "father of the family," ruled – Women wielded considerable influence within their families – Many women supervised family business and wealthy estates

• Wealth and social change – Newly rich classes built palatial houses and threw lavish banquets – Cultivators and urban masses lived at subsistence level – Poor classes became a serious problem in Rome and other cities – No urban policy developed, only "bread and circuses“– Merchants tolerated but not given much social recognition

• Slavery – Slaves - 1/3 of Roman population – Chained together in teams, worked on latifundia – Spartacus's uprising in 73 B.C.E. – Working conditions for city slaves were better – Epictetus, an Anatolian slave, became a prominent Stoic philosopher – Urban slaves could hope for manumission

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ROMAN WORLD VIEW• Veritas and Gravitas• Roman Polytheism

– Early deities: Jupiter, Mars, Ceres, Janus, Vesta – Newly adapted deities: Juno, Minerva– Borrowed, co-opted foreign deities into pantheon– Religion was agricultural, state oriented, important to family– Very little emotional attachment to gods

• Greek influence – Stoicism appealed to Roman intellectuals – Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.) established Stoicism in Rome

• Religions of salvation and Cults– Flourished in Rome and the Mediterranean basin – Roman roads served as highways for religious spread – Mithraism

• Mithras, a god of sun and light in Zoroastrian mythology • Roman soldiers adapted it, associated it with military value • Moral teaching of Mithraism, only for men

– Goddess Cybele and goddess Isis were also popular

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The Rise and Fall of Rome

500 BC

476 AD

Pax Romana

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Why do Empires Fall?Empire: A major political unit having a territory of greater extent or a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority.

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Decline• Empires too big—costly to defend

the frontiers• Burden of taxes on the poor, some

flee to evade taxes, as maintaining the grows more costly—taxes go up, few new sources of revenue, religious groups and nobility exempt

• Slavery in Roman so oppressive less productive, fewer new sources, less technological development

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Decline (continued)

• Administrative problemssuccession—court intrigue, barrack emperorsfailing bureaucracies—corruption of examination system, lack of civic responsibilityRoman—bread and circuses to forestall revolts

• Eroding economies—decline in trade when roads not repaired or safe

• Religion—Christianity a factor, but not Buddhism

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Decline (continued)

• Plagues—hit both hard, especially in cities of Roman empire

• Pressure from nomads—Huns, Xiongnu, Germanic

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Why did the west fall harder?• More multiethnic Han Chinese—a true nation

that can endure beyond the dynasty, In Roman empire most live outside Italy

• State and society not bond together with the same glue—China, Confucianism offers both order for family, society and state—not true of Romans

• Better assimilation of “barbarians” by China, Germanic dismembered Roman empire, while nomads absorbed by Chinese

• Common language—Latin never really replaced Greek in much of the empire

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Why western Roman empire and not eastern?

• Deep, engrained civilization in the east—Greeks and before

• East less impacted by nomadic invasion—maybe because many enduring cities, large populations

• Tribes on eastern borders were disorganized and unmotivated

• After separation of empire, east no longer has to send any help to West

• Even with changing political structure , little threat to social, economic or cultural continuity

• No cities in the west• German soldiers fill the ranks of Roman legions • When west cut from wealth of East, the tax base

dwindled

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Fall of Rome

Invasions

Weak military

Failure to collect taxes

Bad leadership

476 AD marks the official fall of Rome

• Empire was too large

• Increase use of slaves put Romans out of work

• Prices increased• Corruption• Decrease in trade• Invasions: Franks,

Visigoths, Huns, Vandals, Saxons

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EARLY CHRISTIANITY Jews expelled Christians from Judaism in 70 CE Roman repression

Peter and Paul both executed in Rome by Nero in 67 CE Romans followed very tolerant policy: pay taxes, do not revolt Christians refused to worship emperor, state gods = treason Romans worried that Christians were anti-social Some emperors persecuted Christians to increase patriotism

Christianity grew rapidly in the empire – Strong appeal to lower classes, urban population, and women

• Accorded honor and dignity to lower standing individuals • Provided a sense of spiritual freedom • Taught the spiritual equality of the sexes • Promised future glory for true believers

• Most influential faith in Mediterranean by the 3rd century C.E– Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece heavily Christian including many aristocrats– Influence in west limited to cities, especially Africa– Armenia, Ethiopia, Egypt were first truly Christian countries

• Rome became traditional head of church but not only leader– Primus inter pares = first among equals– Petrine Doctrine = Peter the first pope and head of the Church

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The Rise of ChristianityTextbook - page 171-173

Despite Roman persecution of the early Church, the Pax Romana and the extensive Roman transportation system allowed Christianity to spread throughout the Roman empire. The huge slave population made Christianity attractive to a wide section of the population. By 312 AD, Emperor Constantine had decreed Christianity the official religion of Rome.

Jesus healing the blind man.

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Circle Map – Christianity in Rome

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Roman Empire is divided into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)

Justinian CodeAfter the fall of the Roman Empire, the eastern part of the empire (Byzantine Empire) under Emperor Justinian clarified roman laws. Justinian, at around 529 (AD) formed a committee of ten men to work on this project. The end product was the Justinian Code of Laws. Today, much of modern day laws are based on Roman Law and the Justinian Code of Laws.

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Roman InfluencesAdd titles or descriptions to weblinks: http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/videos#coliseum-deconstructed

Other helpful links:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/

http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romanpages.html

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Roman InfluencesDraw a graphic organizer on your booklet (last two pages of your booklet). You may add more extensions to the organizer.

Religious Political

RomanInfluences

Culture

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