Infectious DiseasesHealth II

Pre-Test1. What is a pathogen?

2. List at least 3 types of pathogens.

3. List 3 ways pathogens are spread

4. How do you treat bacterial diseases?

5. What is a vaccine?

6. Name 2 common bacterial diseases

7. Name 2 common viral diseases

Answers1. Any agent that causes disease

2. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, parasites, rickettsia

3. Person to person, food and water, environment, animals

4. Antibiotics

5. Substance made of killed or weakened pathogens or from genetic material introduced into the body to create immunity

6. Strep throat, meningitis, sinus infection, salmonellosis, tetanus

7. Flu, common cold, mumps, measles, mononucleosis, hepatitis, Ebola

PathogensANY AGENT THAT CAUSES DISEASE

Bacteria Tiny, single-celled organisms that live almost everywhere on

Earth Most bacteria are harmless and help with bodily functionsBacteria in mouth, intestines

Harmful bacteria make you sick when they grow on or in your body

Example: Some give off poisons (tetanus/toxins) that damage cells Sinus infections

Most harmful bacteria are killed by our immune system, others need antibiotics to treat and cure infections

PathogensVirusesSmaller than bacteriaDisease-causing particles made up of genetic material

surrounded by a coat of protein the virus finds a living “host cell” and forces it to

reproduce and “attack” more cellsColds, flu, measles, AIDS

Pathogens Fungi (fungus)

Organisms that absorb and use nutrients from other living or dead organisms

Mushrooms Athlete’s foot, ringworm

Protists Larger and more complex than bacteria

Malaria

Parasites Animals—get their energy and nutrients by feeding on other living

organisms Lice, tape worms, etc.

Rickettsia Pathogens that resemble bacteria

Invade cells of other organisms Enter humans through bites from fleas, ticks, or lice

typhus

How are they transmitted? Person to person

Airborne (sneezing, coughing, touching anything drops landed on) kissing, drinking from same glass, direct contact (tetanus)

Dirty Hands Suck

Food and water Contaminated food (from humans, from infected animal)

Examples? Water from streams or lakes, sewage,

Typhoid, cholera, dysentery

Environment Pathogens are all around you—few can cause disease

Tetanus present in soil

Animals Pathogens live on/in animals Ringworm from pets, mosquitos carry malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis,

ticks carry Lyme disease

How are they treated?Bacterial diseases Antibiotics-medicines used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria

Penicillin CANNOT be used to treat colds or viral diseases

Antibiotic resistance: bacteria are no longer killed by a particular antibiotic

Improper use=build up of antibiotic resistant bacteria

Viral Diseases Not much is known, so most concentrate on relieving symptoms

and stopping production of viruses inside cells

Fungal Infections Over-the-counter or prescription medicine

Protistan, parasitic Infections Prevention—good hygiene, sanitation

VaccinesSubstances made of killed or weakened

pathogens or from genetic material introduced into the body to create immunity

The body begins to make WBCs called memory cellsIf the specific pathogen enters the body , the

memory cells and their antibodies fight the pathogen before it can cause diseaseMay need boosters for vaccinesFlu?

Common Bacterial Infections

Tetanus Symptoms- Severe muscle spasms

Transmission- Tetanus causing bacteria found in soil Prevention- vaccine and boosters

Treatment- antibiotics

Strep Throat Symptoms- sore throat, fever, yellow or white specks on tonsils

Transmission- contact with mucus from infected person Prevention- avoid contact

Treatment- antibiotics

Meningitis-inflammation of membranes covering brain and spinal chord

Symptoms- severe headache, fever, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, nausea

Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus from infected person Prevention- vaccine, avoid contact

Treatment- antibiotics—if caught early enough

Common Bacterial Infections

Sinus InfectionSymptoms- headache, tenderness of sinuses, thick

greenish mucus, pressure in headTransmission- contact with mucusPrevention- avoid contact and allergensTreatment- ??

Salmonellosis- an infection of the digestive systemSymptoms- headache, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomitingTransmission- eating contaminated foodPrevention- thorough cooking, hand washing,

refrigerationTreatment- OTC meds for symptoms, sometimes

antibiotics

Common Viral Infections Flu Symptoms- headache, sore muscles and throat, fever, vomiting, ect.

Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus Prevention- vaccine and avoid contact

Treatment- rest, fluids

Cold Symptoms- sore throat, sneezing, runny nose, mild cough

Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus Prevention- wash hands, avoid contact

Treatment- rest, fluids

Mumps Symptoms- pain and swelling of glands in throat, fever, headache

Transmission- contact with infected airborne droplets and infected person Prevention- vaccine

Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids

Common Viral Infections Measles Symptoms- fatigue, runny nose, cough, fever, small white dots in

mouth, rash on body Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus

Prevention- vaccine Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids

Mononucleosis Symptoms- fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, weakness

Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus Prevention- avoid eating/drinking after infected person

Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids

Hepatitis Symptoms- inflammation of liver, jaundice, fever, darkening of urine

Transmission- contact with bodily fluids, contaminated food or water Prevention- vaccine for A and B, wash hands, avoid contact

Treatment- see doc. Rest, meds, no cure for Hep. B and C

What is a disease outbreak?

Occurs when a disease spreads in greater numbers than expected in a community or region or during a season1 community or extend to several countries

Example?

Even 1 case could be considered an outbreakUnknown disease, new to community, absent for a

long period of timeEx. Whooping cough

Epidemic vs PandemicPAIR AND SHARE

Talk to a partner and find out what you each know about an epidemic and a pandemic.

What are they?

What is the difference?

Examples of each?

EpidemicOccurs when an infectious disease spreads

rapidly to many people

Ex. SARS (2003) killed nearly 800 people worldwide

PandemicGLOBAL disease outbreak

When an epidemic gets out of hand, it becomes a pandemic

HIV/AIDS—one of the most destructive global pandemics in history

InfluenzaSpanish: 40-50 million people in 1918Asian: 2 million in 1957Hong Kong: 1 million in 1968

Who is responsible when an outbreak occurs?

World Health Organization (WHO)Directing and coordinating authority for health

within the UN system. Responsible for providing leadership on global

health matters, research, setting norms and standards, evidence-based policies, support in assessing health trends

“In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective defense against transnational threats

WHO WebQuest

WHO WebQuest Questions1. Who is the director-general of WHO at the moment?

2. How many countries are involved in WHO?

3. List the 6 regional office locations and the location of WHO headquarters.

4. What year what WHO formed?

5. List 3 big achievements of WHO and the dates.

6. Explain what “International Health Regulations” is.

7. WHO is funded mainly through what source?

Who is responsible?Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Major operating component of Department of Health and Human Services

Protects Americans from all types of diseases

Explore the CDC website and write a brief summary of the mission, role, history and accomplishments of the CDCThen, find what vaccines are required of all

travelers, most travelers, and some travelers if you and your children are traveling to India to visit friends/family.

http://www.cdc.gov/

Then, with a partner, complete the CDC Simulation CDC Simulation

Who is responsible?Food and Drug Administration (FDA—U.S.)

Agency within the US Department of Health and Human ServicesResponsible for:

Protecting public health through food sources and drug safety

Protecting against electronic product radiationAssuring cosmetics and supplements are safe and

properly labeledRegulating tobacco productsAdvancing public health by helping to speed product

innovations