Ra'eda Al-mashaqba1

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba2

• Infection: is an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms and their proliferation there

• A symptomatic or sub clinical: the infection produces no clinical evidence of disease

• Virulence: the microorganism ability to produce disease

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba3

• Communicable disease: the infectious agent can be transmuted to an individual by direct or indirect contact through a vector or vehicle or as an airborne infection

• Pathogens: is the ability to produce disease

• Asepsis: is the freedom from disease causing microorganisms

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba4

:Medical asepsis

• -include all practice intended to confine specific microorganism to specific area

• - limiting the number growth and transmission of microorganism

• -refers to as a clean (mean the absence most all the microorganism), dirty (solid, contaminated)

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba5

Surgical asepsis (or sterile :technique)

• Refer to those practices that keep an area free of microorganism, include practices that destroy all microorganisms or spores

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba6

Type of microorganism causing infection:

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Fungi

• Parasites

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba7

Type of infection

• Colonization: is the process by which strain of microorganisms become resident flora, Microorganisms. Grow and multiply but don’t cause disease

• Local infection: is limited to the specific part of the boy

• Systemic infection: if the microorganisms. Speared and damage different part of the body

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba8

• Bacterimia: microorganism in blood

• Septicemia: bacterimia result in systemic infection

• Acute infection: appear suddenly in short time

• Chronic infection: occur slowly, over very long period

• Nosocomial infection: associated with the delivery health care services (endogenous, exogenous)

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba9

Chain of infection

• etiologic agent(microorganism) • reservoir (source)• portal of exit from reservoir (e.g.

respiratory tract .urinary tract etc• method of transmission: direct and

indirect transmission .• portal of entry to the susceptible host• susceptible host

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba10

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba11

INFECTIOUS AGENT

A microbial organism with the ability to cause disease.

Infectious agents are:• bacteria

• viruses

• fungi

• parasites.

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba12

RESERVOIR

• A place within which microorganisms can thrive and reproduce.

• For example:– microorganisms thrive in human beings

– animals,

– inanimate objects such as water, table tops, and doorknobs.

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba13

PORTAL OF EXIT

• A place of exit providing a way for a microorganism to leave the reservoir.

• For example– the microorganism may leave the reservoir

through the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs.

– Microorganisms, carried away from the body by feces, may also leave the reservoir of an infected bowel.

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba14

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

• Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another.

1. Direct transmission : e.g. –touching , biting, kissing, sexual intercourse….)

2. Indirect transmission :

– vehicle-born transmission: ( any substances that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infection agent into susceptible host ). e.g. toys, clothes, coking….)

– vector -born transmission: ( animal or flying or cowling insect

– Air –born transmission: may involve droplets and dust. E.g.( tuberculosis can remain in the air for long period )

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba15

PORTAL OF ENTRY

• An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.

• Portals include body orifices, mucus membranes, or breaks in the skin.

• Portals also result from tubes placed in body cavities, such as urinary catheters, or from punctures produced by invasive procedures such as intravenous fluid replacement.

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba16

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

• A person who cannot resist a microorganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection.

• The host is susceptible to the disease, lacking immunity or physical resistance to overcome the invasion by the pathogenic microorganism.

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba17

Body defense against infection:

• Nonspecific deafness: protect the person against all microorganisms.

• Specific defense (immunity) against identifiable microorganisms.

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba18

Nonspecific defenses:

• anatomic and physiologic barrier( skin. phagocytes ,tear etc…. )

• inflammatory process: inflammation is local and non specific defense response of the tissue to an injuries or infecting agent.

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba19

Specific defense

• Antibody-mediated defenses (immunity):– active immunity: the host produces

antibody response to natural antigen (infection) or artificial antigen (vaccine)

– Passive immunity: (acquired) the host receives natural from the host mother or artificial from ingestion of immune serum.

• cell mediated defenses (T- cell system in the lymphatic system).

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba20

Factor increase susceptibility to infection

– age

– hereditary

– level of stress

– nutritional status

– current medical thereby

– preexisting disease process

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba21

:Nursing process

Assessment:

• - Nursing history

• -physical assessment:

Local infection: • localized swelling

• localized redness

• Pain or tenderness with palpation

• Heat at the infected area

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba22

systematic infection:

• Fever• increased plus and respiratory rate• malaise and loss of energy• anorexia• nausea vomiting• enlargement and tenderness of lymph

node• Laboratory data: increase in WBC

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba23

Diagnoses:

• Potential complication of infection

• Risk for infection

Planning:

• maintain or restore defenses

• avoid of speared of infectors organism

• reduce problem associated with infection

Ra'eda Al-mashaqba24

Implementation

• preventing Nosocomial infection

• hand washing

• supporting defenses of susceptible host by: – Hygiene

– nutrition

– rest and sleep

– Stress management

– Immunization

• cleaning disinfectant and sterilization

Evaluation