Infection & Immunity - ruhr-uni-bochum.de fileTherefore the virus can not be easily recognized by...
Transcript of Infection & Immunity - ruhr-uni-bochum.de fileTherefore the virus can not be easily recognized by...
Microbes and their associated diseases
Stages of the immune response to infectious
microbes
Conserved structures of pathogens are detected by
„Pattern Recognition Rezeptoren“
www.rndsystems.com
The importance of the TLR signal transduction is apparent in
MyD88 knock out mice
LPS
of gram-
negative
bacteria
IL-1 IL-6TNF-aIL-8
TLR-4
TLR-2
Lipopeptide
of gram-
positive
bacteria
Inflammation
IL-18
Maturation of Interleukin-1 by the Inflammasome
NALP Inflammasom
Pyrin-Domain: 95 amino acids
„death domain superfamily“
Nucleotid binding Domain:
Important for oligomerization!
NACHT associated Domain
Leucin rich repeats-Domain
important as stress sensor!
Caspase Recruitment Domain
Activation of the inflammasom leads to recruitment of Caspase-1
pro IL-1b
pro IL-18
IL-1b
IL-18
binds to Pyrin
Domain after
oligomerization!
Another important group of pattern
recognition receptors are the c-Typ Lectins
- Carbohydrate Recognition Domain
(CRD)
-Type 1 (more than one CRDs)
- Type 2 (only one CRD)
- Binding of sugar is Ca2+ dependent
Quelle: Figdor et al. 2002
Innate Immunity is the basis for induction of the
adaptive immune response.
Chemokines orchestrate the cellular response.
Entry of DCs into inflamed tissue by diapedesis
Chemokine that is most important for attracting DCs:
MIP3a (CCL20) binding to CCR6
Modified from 2002 Decker Intellectual Properties
CCL20
CCR6DC
Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 172. pp 530–551, 2005
After activation of DCs at the site of infection cells follow
a chemokine gradient to the lymph node
CCR6↓
CCR7↑
Activated dendritic cells express costimulatory
molecules in the lymph nodes
DC1. DC becomes activated
in the tissue leading to down
regulation of CCR6 and up-
regulation of CCR7
2. DC follows the CCL21
gradient into the lymph node
meanwhile upregulating
expression of costimulatory
molecules
3. DCs interact with T-cells
in the paracortical lymph node
area
APCs must express costimulatory molecules to
Activation of T-lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs
Some of the activated T-cells become memory T-cells
Mechanisms of
the adaptive
immune response
to clear infection
Sepsis
But what when things
went wrong….
Major causes for Sepsis:
-Trauma; Treatment in an intensive care unit
-Systemic or local infection
-Chronic inflammation of skin and mucosa
with endotoxin releasing bacteria
Patient with Sepsis
LPS
of gram-
negative
bacteria
IL-1 IL-6TNF-aIL-8
TLR-4
TLR-2
Lipopeptide
of gram-
positive
bacteria
Inflammation
IL-18
IL-1
TNF-a
IL-8
Adhesion
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Leakage Edema, bleeding
RBCs
Thrombus
TNF, IL-1, 6, 8, 10, 12
Platelet activiting Factor
Prostaglandins
O2 & NO Radicals
Proteasis
From local inflammation to systemic disease
TNF-a
Local effects Systemic effects
Vasodilation,
Vascular leakage
Adhesion of
Platelets,
Cappilary
plugging
Local Inflammation
Vasodilation, Edema,
Hypotonia, Shock
Intravasal blood
clotting, Multiorgan
failure
First: systemic
inflammation, later:
Immune Suppression
TNF-a „knock out“ mice are not prone to sepsis
The systemic effects of TNF-a depend on
the released quantities
Endotoxin induced inflammation
is down regulated by delayed
production of IL-10 und IL-1ra
Regulatory T-cells are induced under
septic conditions
Critical Care Medicine 2010;38(8):1718-1725
Peritoneum Lymph nodes Spleen
Mice were infected with Legionella 15 or 30 days after surviving sepsis.
Mice that survived sepsis show suppression
of immune responses
HIV
Figure 43.20 in Campbell & Reece (2002).
Time course of a HIV Infection
„Anatomy“ of HIV
Figure 11-22Systemic dissemination of HIV
Infection of T-helper cells by HIV
Figure 11-23Infection of T-Lymphotytes by HIV
Figure 11-25Mechanism of replication
Why is a HIV infection not cleared by the
Immune system?
• HIV hides in the genome of immune cells. Therefore the virus cannot be easily recognized by the immune system
• Activation of T-lymphocytes by Interleukin-2 produces new virus
• HIV shows a high mutation rate.
• Immune response of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells towards HIV infectedcells is weak.
• Produced antibodies do not have neutralizing activity
Figure 11-29
Figure 11-30
Opportunistic infections leading to the disease pattern of AIDS