INFECTION CONTROL BY MARY BETH VOGEL, BSN, RN-C. USELESS (USEFUL) FACTS! ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS...
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Transcript of INFECTION CONTROL BY MARY BETH VOGEL, BSN, RN-C. USELESS (USEFUL) FACTS! ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS...
![Page 1: INFECTION CONTROL BY MARY BETH VOGEL, BSN, RN-C. USELESS (USEFUL) FACTS! ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS TAKE LESS TIME TO USE THAN H/W. IN AN 8HR SHIFT, AN ESTIMATED.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e6b5503460f94b68e4a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INFECTION CONTROLBY MARY BETH VOGEL, BSN, RN-C
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USELESS (USEFUL) FACTS!• ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUBS TAKE LESS TIME TO
USE THAN H/W. IN AN 8HR SHIFT, AN ESTIMATED 1HR OF AN ICU NURSE'S TIME WILL BE SAVED BY USING AN ALCOHOL-BASED HANDRUB (CDC)
• THE CDC RECENTLY REPORTED THAT IN US HOSPITALS, HAI ACCOUNT FOR @ 1.7 MILLION INFECTIONS AND 99,000 ASSOCIATED DEATHS EACH YEAR. OF THESE INFECTIONS:
• 32 % OF ALL HAI INFECTIONS ARE UTI’S
• 22 % ARE SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS
• 15 % ARE PNEUMONIAS/VAP
• 14 % ARE BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS
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THE BASICS
• MICROORGANISM/MICROBE/NON-PATHOGEN
• PATHOGEN
• NON-PATHOGENS
• NORMAL FLORA
• COLONIZATION
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COLONIZED OR INFECTED:
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
• COLONIZATION: CARRY BACTERIA W/O EVIDENCE OF INFECTION
• INFECTION CAN OCCUR D/T COLONIZ
• HOW?
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS
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1. BACTERIA• SINGLE CELLED MICROORG
• TX W/ ANTIBIOTICS
• RESISTANT BACTERIA ARE CAUSE OF HAI
• CATEGORIZATION:
• SIZE, SHAPE, CELLULAR ARRANGEMENT
• GROWTH REQ
• STAINING
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Bacillus anthracis and WBC
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A. COCCI
• ROUND
• DIPLOCOCCI
• STREPTOCOCCI
• STAPHYLOCOCCI
• EX:
• MRSA
• STREP THROAT
• PNEUMONIA
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STREPTOCOCCI
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STAPHYLOCOCCI
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B. BACILLI
• ROD SHAPED
• SINGLE, PAIRED, CHAINS
• MAY CONTAIN FLAGELLA
• MAY FORM SPORES
• EX:
• TB
• TETANUS
• PERTUSSIS
• BOTULISM
• C-DIFF
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TETANUS
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C. SPIRILLA
• SPIRAL, COMMA OR CORKSCREW SHAPE
• EX:
• CHOLERA
• SYPHILIS
• LYME DISEASE
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LYME DISEASE
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D. SMALL BACTERIA
• ROUND/OVAL
• OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
• EX:
• CHLAMYDIA
• ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
• TYPHUS
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E. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS: HAI
• VRE: VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS
• MRSA: METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
• C-DIFF: CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
• EASILY SPREAD FROM PT TO PT; BY HOSP STAFF/EQUIPMENT
• REQUIRES PPE, ISOLATION
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Recovery of VRE from Hands and Environmental Surfaces
Up to 41% of HCW’s hands sampled (after patient care and before hand hygiene) were positive for VRE
VRE were recovered from a number of environmental surfaces in patient rooms
VRE survived on a countertop for up to 7 days
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The Inanimate Environment Can Facilitate Transmission
X represents VRE culture positive sites
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2. PROTOZOA
• ONE CELLED MICROORG LGR THAN BAC
• EX: MALARIA
• TX: PREVENTION AND ANTIPROTOZOAN AGENTS
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MALARIA
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3. FUNGI
• SIMPLE PLANT LIKE MICROORG
• YEAST, MOLD
• FUNGAL/MYCOTIC INFECTIONS:
• RINGWORM, ATHLETES FOOT
• TOPICAL TX
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RINGWORM
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4. PRIONS
• “PROTEINACEOUS INFECTIOUS PARTICLE”
• MISFOLDED PROTEINS
• PATHOGENIC PROTEINS
• RARE
• BSE (BOVINE SPONGIFORM
ENCEPHALOPATHY)
• VCJD (VARIANT CREUTZFELT-
JAKOB DISEASE)
Spongiform change in CJD
Tonsil biopsy in CJD
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5. PATHOGENIC ANIMALS
• ROUNDWORMS, TAPEWORMS
• MITES, TICKS, LICE, INSECTS, SPIDERS
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6. VIRUS
• SMALLEST MICROORG; PARTICLE
• NUCLEIC ACID W/ PROTEIN COAT
• ENTERS HOST CELL, ALTERS DNA, REPLICATES
• SPREAD BY BODY FLUIDS
• DIFFICULT TO TX
• INCUBATION PD VARIES
• RHINOVIRUS, MUMPS, VARICELLA, INFLUENZA, HEPATITIS, HIV/AIDS, EPSTEIN-BARR, HPV, HERPES, MEASLES
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HEPATITIS
• LIVER INFECTION
• TRANSMITTED BY BLOOD/BODY FLUIDS
• TYPES:
• HEPATITIS A: FOOD BORNE
• HBV: BLOODBOURNE
• HCV: BLOODBOURNE
• HEP D: OCCURS W/ B
• HEPATITIS E: UNCOMMON, SIMILAR TO A
• ETOH, AUTOIMMUNE, DRUG/TOXIN INDUCED
• ACUTE VS CHRONIC
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HEPATITIS B
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HEPATITIS C
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INFECTION
• INVASION OF PATHOGENS CAUSES LOCAL CELLULAR INJ, SEC OF TOXINS OR ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY RXN IN HOST
• RISK: INADEQUATE DEF/IMMUN, INCREASED ENVIRONMENTAL EXP, MALNUTRITION, MEDS, TRAUMA
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BODY DEFENSES• SKIN
• MUCOUS MEMB
• CILIA
• COUGHING/SNEEZING
• CHEMICAL INHIBITORS: TEARS, HCL
• NORMAL FLORA
• FEVER
• INFLAMMATION
• IMMUNE SYSTEM (WBC)
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CATEGORIES OF INFECTIONS/DISEASES
• 1. ENDOGENOUS
• 2. EXOGENOUS
• 3. NOSOCOMIAL/HAI
• 4. OPPORTUNISTIC
• 5. ACUTE VS CHRONIC
• 6. SELF LIMITING
• 7. PRIMARY VS SECONDARY
• 8. LOCAL VS SYSTEMIC
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CHAIN OF INFECTION
• CONDITIONS THAT ALLOW FOR SPREAD OF INFECTION
• 6 PARTS:
• 1. CAUSATIVE AGENT
• 2. RESERVOIR
• 3. PORTAL OF EXIT
• 4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• 5. PORTAL OF ENTRY
• 6. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
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ASEPSIS AND ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES
• ASEPSIS
• STERILE
• CONTAMINATED VS CLEAN
• ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES IN HC:
• HAND HYGIENE, PPE, CLEANING
EQUIP/ENV
• ULTRASONIC AND DISINFECTION
• STERILIZATION
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• 2,000,000+ HAI OCCUR ANNUALLY IN THE US. HAI ADD @$5 BILLION IN EXTENDED CARE AND TX
• HAI OCCUR IN ABOUT 7-10% OF HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS AND ACCOUNT FOR @ 90,000+ DEATHS PER YEAR (CDC)
• MOST HCW RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF H/W BUT ROUTINELY OVERESTIMATE THEIR OWN COMPLIANCE (CDC)
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HAND HYGIENE
• ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE TO PREVENT HAI
• SKIN, NARES COLONIZATION CAN BE PATHOGENIC TO PTS
• PROTECTS PATIENTS, HCWS, VISITORS
• OBSERVATIONS IN PUBLIC RESTROOMS: ONLY 68% H/W BEFORE LEAVING
• WHEN SHOULD HCW WASH THEIR HANDS?
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• ARRIVAL/DEPARTURE
• BEFORE/AFTER ALL PT CONTACT
• ANYTIME CONTAMINATION OCCURS
• BEFORE/AFTER GLOVES/PPE
• AFTER PICKING ANYTHING UP OFF FLOOR
• AFTER BATHROOM USE
• AFTER COUGHING, SNEEZING, BLOWING NOSE
• INBETWEEN PROCEDURES TO PREVENT CROSS CONTAMINATION
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• AFTER HANDLING ANY SPECIMEN
• AFTER HANDLING ANY CONTAMINATED/SOILED ITEMS
• BEFORE/AFTER ANY CONTACT W/ MUCOUS MEMB
• BEFORE EATING
• AT LEAST 30 SECONDS!
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EFFICACY OF HAND HYGIENE PREPARATIONS IN KILLING
BACTERIA
Good Better Best
Plain Soap Antimicrobial soap Alcohol-based handrub
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1. Plain soap and water
2. Antimicrobial soap and water
3. Alcohol-based handrub
WHICH HAND HYGIENE METHOD IS BEST AT KILLING BACTERIA?
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Which of the following hand hygiene agents is LEAST drying to your skin?
1. Plain soap and water
2. Antimicrobial soap and water
3. Alcohol-based handrub
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Ability of Hand Hygiene Agents to Reduce Bacteria on Hands
Adapted from: Hosp Epidemiol Infect Control, 2nd Edition, 1999.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0 0 60 180 minutes
0.0
90.0
99.0
99.9log%
Ba
cte
rial R
edu
ctio
n
Alcohol-based handrub(70% Isopropanol)
Antimicrobial soap(4% Chlorhexidine)
Plain soap
Time After Disinfection
Baseline
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• WATERLESS HANDRUB:
• INCREASES COMPLIANCE
• REDUCES A GREATER NUMBER OF BAC
• MUST APPLY TO ALL HAND SURFACES (CDC)
• HANDWASHING:
• SUDSY ACTION, ALKALI CONTENT OF SOAP, FRICTION REDUCE PATHOGENS
• USE WARM WATER, GOOD LATHER, POINT FINGERTIPS DOWN WHEN RINSING
• USE PAPER TOWEL TO TURN ON/OFF FAUCETS
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TIME SPENT CLEANSING HANDS:
ONE NURSE PER 8 HOUR SHIFT
HAND WASHING WITH SOAP AND WATER: 56 MINUTES
• BASED ON SEVEN (60 SECOND) HANDWASHING EPISODES PER HOUR
ALCOHOL-BASED HANDRUB: 18 MINUTES
BASED ON SEVEN (20 SECOND) HANDRUB EPISODES PER HOUR
.
Alcohol-based handrubs reduce time needed for hand disinfection
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Can a Fashion Statement Harm the Patient?
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Avoid wearing artificial nails, keep natural nails <1/4 inch if caring for high risk patients (ICU, OR)
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STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
• CDC REGULATIONS
• ALL BODY FL/ALL PT ARE POTENTIAL SOURCES OF INF
• ALL HCW ALL THE TIME FOR ALL PT!!
• BREAKS THE CHAIN OF INF
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STANDARD PRECAUTIONS GUIDELINES
• USE ANYTIME THERE IS POSS CONTACT W/: BODY FL
• RULES:
• H/W GUIDELINES
• PPE WHERE INDICATED
• NO JEWELRY
• DO NOT REUSE GLOVES
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• MASKS MUST BE CHANGED Q 30 MIN OR IF WET
• SHARPS DISPOSAL, NO RECAPPING
• SPILL/SPLASH CLEAN-UP
• MOUTHPIECES FOR RESUSCITATION
• CONTAMINATED WASTE, LINEN HANDLING
• EXPOSURES MUST BE REPORTED!
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TRANSMISSION BASED ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
• FOR PT WITH COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
• USED IN ADDITION TO SP
• TYPE OF ISOLATION USED DEPENDS ON PATHOGEN INVOLVED, HOW IT IS SPREAD AND WHETHER IT IS ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT
• SEVERAL TYPES:
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1.CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
• MOST COMMON
• MICROORGANISMS SPREAD BY DIRECT/INDIRECT CONTACT (VRE, MRSA, C-DIFF)
• ALSO: GI,SKIN, EYE INF
• STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PLUS:
• GOWN, GLOVES. MASK IF IN NARES, SPUTUM
• LIMIT PT TRANSPORT
• DEDICATED PT CARE EQUIPMENT
• PINK SIGN AT TH (NO MC STUDENTS IF C-DIFF)
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2. DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
• INF TRANSMITTED BY LG PARTICLE DROPLETS THAT ARE EXPELLED BY COUGHING, SNEEZING, TALKING
• MENINGITIS, PNEUMONIA, INFLUENZA, R/O MRSA
• STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PLUS:
• MASKS IF W/IN 3 FEET OF PT
• MASK PT DURING ANY TRANSPORT
• ORANGE SIGN
• NO MED CAREERS STUDENTS
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3. AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS
• PATHOGENS TRANSMITTED BY AIRBORNE DROPLET NUCLEI
• TB, CHICKEN POX, RUBELLA
• STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PLUS:
• SPECIALIZED AIR FILTRATION (NEG PRESS)
• FIT TESTED MASKS: N-95,P100 HEPA
• LIMIT PT TRANSPORT; PT MUST BE MASKED
• GREEN SIGN
• NO MED CAREERS STUDENTS!
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4. PROTECTIVE/REVERSE ISOLATION
• FOR IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS
• STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PLUS:
• PRIVATE ROOM
• FREQUENT DISINF OF ROOM, EQUIP
• PPE FOR ALL WHO ENTER
• SPECIALIZED AIR FILTRATION
• LIMIT PATIENT TRANSPORT
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BLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS
• HBV, HCV, HIV
• REQUIRES ALL HC FACILITIES TO:
• HAVE A WRITTEN EXPOSURE PLAN
• TX EXPOSURES
• PROVIDE HEP B VACCINE
• PROVIDE PPE, H/W FACILITIES, DECONTAM PROCED, SHARPS DISPOSAL, EE TRAINING
• NO RECAPPING
• POST SIGNS FOR ANY POSS BIOHAZARDS
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• @6-800,000 NEEDLESTICK INJ OCCUR ANNUALLY; HALF GO UNREPORTED
• POST INJ RISK OF TRANSMISSION: HIV .3%, HCV 1.8%, HBV 2-30% (CDC)
• TX: LABS, HBV IMMUNOGLOB AND REVACC, TETANUS, PROPHYLACTIC
ANTIVIRALS AND
ANTIBIOTICS
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NEEDLESTICK SAFETY ACT
• UPDATE OF BBP STANDARD
• EMPLOYERS REQUIRED TO:
• USE SAFER DEVICES
• INCORPORATE TECHNOLOGY CHANGES
• SOLICIT INPUT FOR DIRECT PT CARE HCW
• MAINTAIN SHARPS INJURY LOG