The Roots of The Roots of SocializationSocialization

Emotions in InfancyEmotions in InfancyNon-verbal encodingNon-verbal encoding

The non-verbal expression of The non-verbal expression of emotionemotion

Infants display similar kinds of emotionInfants display similar kinds of emotion

The degree of emotional The degree of emotional expression variesexpression varies

Experiencing Experiencing EmotionsEmotionsNot the same as adultsNot the same as adults

Non-verbal expression may be Non-verbal expression may be reflexivereflexive

With maturity, emotional expression With maturity, emotional expression increases in rangeincreases in range

Reflects a greater complexity developing in Reflects a greater complexity developing in the brainthe brain

Separation & Stranger Separation & Stranger AnxietyAnxiety

Stranger AnxietyStranger AnxietyInfant’s wariness in the Infant’s wariness in the presence of an unfamiliar adultpresence of an unfamiliar adult

Increased cognitive abilities Increased cognitive abilities play a role in stranger anxietyplay a role in stranger anxiety

As memory develops they As memory develops they respond positively to familiar respond positively to familiar facesfaces

Separation AnxietySeparation AnxietyDistress displayed by an infant Distress displayed by an infant when the usual caregiver when the usual caregiver leavesleaves

With the growth of cognitive With the growth of cognitive abilities, familiar faces become abilities, familiar faces become bonded with the infantbonded with the infant

SmilesSmilesEarliest SmilesEarliest SmilesEarliest smiles are meaninglessEarliest smiles are meaningless

by 6 – 9 weeks they smile at things that by 6 – 9 weeks they smile at things that please themplease them

Anything that amuses them brings a Anything that amuses them brings a smilesmile

Social SmilesSocial SmilesSmiles directed toward particular Smiles directed toward particular personspersons

By 18 months their smiles are directed By 18 months their smiles are directed toward their mothers & other toward their mothers & other caregiverscaregivers

Decoding Others’ Decoding Others’ ExpressionsExpressions

Discrimination Discrimination of Emotionsof EmotionsCan tell when caregiver is happy to Can tell when caregiver is happy to see him/hersee him/her

Can discriminate vocal expressions Can discriminate vocal expressions of emotion earlier than facial of emotion earlier than facial expressionsexpressions

Can discriminate between Can discriminate between happy & sad vocal happy & sad vocal expressions at 5 monthsexpressions at 5 months

Infants learn to produce & decode Infants learn to produce & decode emotions & begin to learn the effect emotions & begin to learn the effect of their emotions on othersof their emotions on others

Experiencing Others’ Experiencing Others’ FeelingsFeelings

Social Social ReferencingReferencingLooking to the emotional Looking to the emotional responses of caregivers or responses of caregivers or other adults when in an other adults when in an unfamiliar setting for cues unfamiliar setting for cues to interpret the situationto interpret the situation

Search others’ facial Search others’ facial expressions & expressions &

imitates itimitates it

Occurs in ambiguous Occurs in ambiguous or or uncertain situationsuncertain situations

Development of Development of the Selfthe Self

Self-Self-AwarenessAwarenessKnowledge of oneselfBegins around 12 monthsCulture affects self-recognition

Theory of MindTheory of MindKnowledge & beliefs of how the mind works & how it influences behavior

Capacity to understand Capacity to understand another’s another’s intentions grows intentions grows during infancyduring infancy

EmpathyExperiencing another’s feelings

RelationshipsRelationshipsAttachmentAttachmentAffectionate, reciprocal relationship Affectionate, reciprocal relationship formed between an infant & the formed between an infant & the primary caregiverprimary caregiver

Bonds form between infants & parents, siblings, other family members, & others

When children experience attachment to a given person they feel comfortable around them

Harlow’s Harlow’s ExperimentExperiment

Types of Types of AttachmentAttachment

Secure AttachmentSecure AttachmentMother is used as a Mother is used as a base for explorationbase for explorationAs long as the mother is As long as the mother is present the infant explores present the infant explores independentlyindependentlyBecomes upset when mother Becomes upset when mother leaves & seeks her upon leaves & seeks her upon returnreturn

Avoidant AttachmentAvoidant AttachmentProximity to the mother Proximity to the mother is unimportant to the is unimportant to the infantinfantUpon mother’s return, avoids Upon mother’s return, avoids herher

Ambivalent AttachmentAmbivalent AttachmentDisplays positive & Displays positive & negative reactions to the negative reactions to the mothermotherDoesn’t explore much due to Doesn’t explore much due to extremely close contact with extremely close contact with mothermotherAmbivalent with mother’s returnAmbivalent with mother’s return

Disorganized-disoriented Disorganized-disoriented AttachmentAttachmentInconsistent, Inconsistent, contradictory, confused contradictory, confused behaviorbehaviorLeast securely attachedLeast securely attachedRuns to mother upon return but Runs to mother upon return but doesn’t look at herdoesn’t look at her

Interactional Synchrony

When caregivers respond to When caregivers respond to infants appropriately & caregiver infants appropriately & caregiver & child match emotional states& child match emotional states

Produces secure attachmentProduces secure attachment

Responding of mothers Responding of mothers separates secure from insecure separates secure from insecure attachmentattachment

Fathers & Fathers & AttachmentAttachment

Fathers Seen as Having Fathers Seen as Having Secondary Child-rearing Secondary Child-rearing RoleRoleSome infants form a primary relationship Some infants form a primary relationship with their fatherswith their fathers

Father’s Nurturance, Father’s Nurturance, Warmth, Affection, Warmth, Affection, Support, & Concern are Support, & Concern are Important to the Child’s Important to the Child’s Emotional & Social Well-Emotional & Social Well-beingbeingCertain kinds of psychological disorders (e.g. Certain kinds of psychological disorders (e.g. substance abuse & depression) are related to substance abuse & depression) are related to the father’s behaviorthe father’s behavior

Infants can develop attachments to other Infants can develop attachments to other than mothersthan mothers

Differences in Differences in AttachmentAttachment

Differences in Mother Differences in Mother & Father Attachment& Father AttachmentAttachment with the father Attachment with the father and mother depend on how and mother depend on how they deal with the childthey deal with the child

Mothers spend more time Mothers spend more time tending the child; fathers tending the child; fathers spend more time playingspend more time playing

Play of the mother & father Play of the mother & father is differentis different

Attachment Across Attachment Across CulturesCulturesCertain attachment Certain attachment patterns seem more likely patterns seem more likely in particular culturesin particular cultures

Attachment is viewed as Attachment is viewed as subject to cultural norms & subject to cultural norms & expectationsexpectations

Multiple InteractionsMultiple InteractionsMay develop multiple attachments & May develop multiple attachments & these can change over timethese can change over time

Mutual Regulation Mutual Regulation ModelModelInfants & parents learn to communicate Infants & parents learn to communicate emotional states to each other & emotional states to each other & respond appropriatelyrespond appropriately

Reciprocal Reciprocal SocializationSocializationAs an infant is being socialized by the As an infant is being socialized by the parents, the parents are being parents, the parents are being socialized by the infantsocialized by the infant

Interaction with PeersInteraction with Peers

SociabilitySociabilityLevel of sociability increases with ageSocial games such as peek-a-boo and crawl-and-chase are the foundation for social interactionsImitation of peers are part of the social experience & a teaching tool

Erikson’s Erikson’s Psychosocial StagesPsychosocial StagesTrust v. MistrustTrust v. MistrustBirth to 18 monthsBirth to 18 months

The infant develops a sense of The infant develops a sense of trust in the environmenttrust in the environment

This is based mainly on how the This is based mainly on how the needs are metneeds are met

If met properly it develops a If met properly it develops a sense of hope that the needs will sense of hope that the needs will be met successfully in the futurebe met successfully in the future

Autonomy v. Shame & Autonomy v. Shame & DoubtDoubt18 months to 3 years18 months to 3 years

If the child is allowed to If the child is allowed to explore, a sense of explore, a sense of independence developsindependence develops

If there is restriction & If there is restriction & overprotection it produces a overprotection it produces a sense of shame & doubt in sense of shame & doubt in him/herselfhim/herself

Stabilities in Infant Stabilities in Infant BehaviorBehavior

TemperamentTemperamentConsistent style or pattern of Consistent style or pattern of behaviorbehavior

Refers to patterns of arousal & Refers to patterns of arousal & emotionality that are consistentemotionality that are consistent

Refers to how children behave Refers to how children behave rather than what they do or rather than what they do or why they do itwhy they do it

It is reflected in It is reflected in activity levelactivity level which reflects the which reflects the degree of degree of overall movementoverall movement

Categorizing TemperamentCategorizing TemperamentEasy BabiesEasy BabiesPositive disposition & adaptablePositive disposition & adaptable

Difficult BabiesDifficult BabiesNegative moods & slow to adaptNegative moods & slow to adapt

Slow-to-warm Slow-to-warm BabiesBabiesInactive & relatively calm in their Inactive & relatively calm in their reactions to the environment & slow reactions to the environment & slow to adaptto adapt

Moods are generally negative & Moods are generally negative & withdraws from new situationswithdraws from new situations

Shy BabiesShy BabiesWithdraws from social situations & is Withdraws from social situations & is anxious in new situationsanxious in new situations

Importance of Importance of TemperamentTemperamentSome temperaments are more Some temperaments are more adaptive than othersadaptive than others

Some temperaments are weakly Some temperaments are weakly related to attachmentrelated to attachment

Cultural differences have a major Cultural differences have a major influence on certain influence on certain temperamentstemperaments

Biological Basis Biological Basis of Temperamentof TemperamentTemperament excites the limbic Temperament excites the limbic system, especially the amygdalasystem, especially the amygdala

GenderGender Issues IssuesGenderGenderSocial perceptions of maleness or Social perceptions of maleness or femalenessfemaleness

Gender Gender TreatmentTreatmentBoys & girls are treated differentlyBoys & girls are treated differently

Parents play with boys differently than Parents play with boys differently than girlsgirls

Fathers tend to interact more with boys Fathers tend to interact more with boys than with girls from birththan with girls from birth

The behavior of boys is interpreted The behavior of boys is interpreted differently than girlsdifferently than girls

All cultures have gender roles for males All cultures have gender roles for males & females& females

Gender Gender DifferencesDifferences

Activity LevelActivity LevelMale infants tend to be more activeMale infants tend to be more active

Boys grimace moreBoys grimace more

Boys have more disturbed sleepBoys have more disturbed sleep

Male neonates are more irritable Male neonates are more irritable than femalesthan females

There’s no difference in the amount There’s no difference in the amount of cryingof crying

Gender RolesGender RolesGender differences emerge via Gender differences emerge via gender roles set by the societygender roles set by the society