Infancy and Childhood. What are our basic needs for development?
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Transcript of Infancy and Childhood. What are our basic needs for development?
Attachment: an emotional tie with another person
Contact comfort: in primates,the innate pleasure derivedfrom close physical contact
Origins of Attachment
Stranger anxiety: the fear of strangersthat infants commonly display, beginningabout 8 months of age
Focus is on the “reunion” with mother
Securely Attached:seeks contact upon reunion
Insecurely Attached:anxious or avoidant upon reunion
Mothers were sensitive and responsive
Mothers were insensitive and unresponsive
Parenting Styles Authoritarian: impose rules and expect
obedience
Permissive: submit to their child’s desires, make
few demands, and use little punishment
Authoritative: both demanding and responsive;set rules, but also explain them
Children tend to have high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence
Children tend to have less social skills and self-esteem
Children tend to be more aggressive and immature
Culture and Child-RearingIndividualist vs. Collectivist
Individualist – values independence; focus on individual goals
Collectivist – Group harmony is more important than the individual
Culture: the enduring behaviors, values, and
traditions shared by a group of people andtransmitted from one generation to the
next
Does Parenting Matter?Yes….and no.
Environmental influences account for only about 10% of a child’s personality
However…parents influence their child’sattitudes, values, manners, faith, and
politics
The power of parenting is clearest at the extremes (abusive, neglectful)
Do Peers Matter?True or False?
Preschoolers who reject a certain food despite parents’ urgings often will eat the food if put at a table with a
group of children who like it.
A child who hears English spoken with one accent at home and another in the neighborhood and at school will
adopt the accent of the parents, not the peers.
Teens who start smoking typically have friends who model smoking, suggest its pleasures, and offer
cigarettes.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
peers