inf5722: Participatory Design: methods & techniques ...Participatory Design: methods & techniques &...
Transcript of inf5722: Participatory Design: methods & techniques ...Participatory Design: methods & techniques &...
inf5722:ParticipatoryDesign:methods&techniques&designasaresearchapproach
ToneBra)eteig
inf5722:15.September2016
Institutt for Informatikk
methods(informationsystemsdevelopment)
• applica1onarea– whatkindofsystemsisthemethodapplicablefor?
• perspec1ve/worldview– e.g.,PD
• guidelines– techniques– tools– principlesfororganiza1on
Bra)
eteigetal2012And
ersenetal1986
Institutt for Informatikk
dimensionsofITdesign
Ande
rsen
eta
l1986
Reflection
Change
Visions Exist
Information technology design project
Performance Management
Design
Realization
Planning
Regulation
Product- oriented
Process- oriented
Exist Visions
Evaluation Analysis
Institutt for Informatikk
STEPS SoNwareTechnologyforEvolu1onaryPar1cipatorySystemsdevelopmentChris1aneFloydetal
Institutt for Informatikk
Par1cipatoryDesignProject
Projectorganisa1on
• Projectestablishment• Strategicalignment• Ethnographicanalyses• Visionsdevelopment
Principles• Coherentvision• Genuineuserpar1cipa1on• Firsthandexperiencewithusers’prac1ces• Anchoringvisions
Techniquesandtools• Observa1on• Diagnos1cmapping• DeadSeascrolls• Hearingetcetra
Concepts• VisionPhases• Technologyusage• Standardsystem• Etcetera
Bratteteig et al 2012
MUST
KeldBød
ker,Finn
Ken
sing,Je
sperSim
onsen
Institutt for Informatikk
Design Analysis Computer Supported Supported Management Work Realisation
Technology
Developers’ Practices Users’
Practice
Visions
Bratteteig et al 2012
Cooperative Experimental SD
Cooperative Experiments and
Interventions
Project Assignment
MortenKyngeta
l
Institutt for Informatikk
!!!
! planning!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!inves'gate!the!! ! !problem!situa'on!
!!!“see3move3see” ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!mutual!learning!!!!!test!&!evaluate! ! ! ! ! !!!!inves.gate!prac.ces!
!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!
!! ! !!
!problem!solving ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!problem!definion!!!!!materialize, ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!iden5y!needs!&!!!!!!!concre.ze ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!wishes!
!!!! ! ! !!!!!concre'ze!!! ! !!!!!evalua'on!criteria!! ! !!!!requirements!spec.!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!
use-orienteddesign
Ifi:DesignBra)eteigetal2012
Institutt for Informatikk
designuse
time
taskdeliverable
designusebuyuseinac1vi1esthrowaway
usecontext
Institutt for Informatikk
principlesinPD
• havingasay– havingavoice≠havingasay– power
• mutuallearning– two-waylearning
• co-realiza1on– speaktheirownlanguage– intertwininganalysis&design
Bra)
eteigetal2012
-modelpower-agendacontrol-problemsecng
-levelsofinfluence
-tacitknowledge-prototyping
Institutt for Informatikk
why include users?
SampsaHy
ysalo
andhow?
• improveknowledgebasis• easeintroduc1on• increaseuserautonomy
Institutt for Informatikk
11
make
tell enact
APar1cipatoryDesignprac1ceentailstoolsandtechniquesthatcombinetelling,makingandenac1ng.(Brandtetal2012,p.165)
• tellingaboutexis1ngprac1ces• introducingchangeperspec1ves• tellingaboutneedsanddreams• balancebetween“whatis”and
“whatcouldbe”
• inspira1onfromtheatretechniques• scenarios• performanceswithprops,mock-ups&
prototypes• developingknowledgethroughprac1ce
• par1cipatoryprototyping• mock-ups• paperprototypes
• probes• meansofexploringexperience• emo1ons• ambiguous
• genera1vetools• ambiguityandcrea1vity
Institutt for Informatikk
techniquesandtools
• documentanalysis• interviews• observa1ons• futureworkshop• thinkingaloud• workshops(variouskinds)• scenarios• cartographies
Bra)
eteigetal2012
• prototypes• brainstorming• storyboard• roleplay• probes• walkthrough• …
Institutt for Informatikk
futureworkshop
Phase 2-day 1-day 1/2–day schedule schedule schedule
Prepara1onphase 1h ½h 1/2hDesigningtheroom,introducingtheThemeandworkingmethodCri1quephase 4h 2½h 1hCrea1ngaricher;commonimageOftheproblema1csitua1onFantasyphase 6h 2h 1½hGenera1ngvisionsofanimprovedSitua1onwithoutrestric1onsRealiza1onphase 4h 2h 1½hBringingthevisionsdowntoearthandDevelopingaplanFollow-UpPhase
Institutt for Informatikk
fourelementsofresearch• asking• collec1ng• analyzing/theorizing• answering
Kalleberg
asking:basicallytwotypes• descrip1ve/explanatory
– iden1fysomething– documen1ng– comparing– explaining
• norma1ve/evalua1ve– construc1ve(whatcanXdotoimproveY)
– varia1on(good&badexamples)
– interven1on(Ac1onResearch)– imagina1on(experiments)
Researchapproaches
Institutt for Informatikk
Designas(partof)research
• twohats:– research:produceknowledge manyofthesameac1vi1es– design:producear1facts thesameac1vity,twohats
• Par1cipatoryDesignasinterven1on– solvearealproblemwiththe(future)users makingis– intheircontext partof
• Par1cipatoryDesignasimagina1on asking&– explorepossiblefutures answering– developtechnologycri1queontheshopfloor
Institutt for Informatikk
ParticipatoryDesign(PD)basics
• futureusersoftechnicalsolu1onsshouldhaveasayinthedesignofthosesolu1ons1) providingknowledgethatwillimprovethedesign2) easetheintroduc1onofthenewtechnology3) influencefutureworkingcondi1ons/changesthatwillaffectthem
• havingasayismorethanhavingyourvoiceheard
• theorganiza1onofthedesignprocessshouldfacilitateuserpar1cipa1onthroughouttheprocess– inmutuallearning(problemsecngandsolving)– inco-construc4onofthenewsolu1oninitsenvironment
Institutt for Informatikk
Design(alsoinPD)
• design:formingideasinmaterials• decision-making–choosingbetweenpossibili1es
(thespaceofdesignideas)
• see–move–see– evalua1ngthesitua1on,bringinpossibili1es/choices– selec1ngonechoice– tryingitout:concre1zingit– evalua1ngifitleadsintherightdirec1on(vision)
• evalua1ngtheresult(incontext,over1me)
Schön Stolterm
an
Institutt for Informatikk
PDisaformofActionResearch
• Ac1onResearchintegratesanac1onasanapproachtoanswertheresearchques1on(s)– carryingoutanac1onisthebest(only)waytoanswertheresearch
ques1on(s)
• theac1oninARisaresearchapproachANDawaytosolveaprobleminanorganiza1on– theproblemoriginatesintheorganiza1on– buttheprocessofsolvingtheproblemaswellasthesolu1onarrivedat
arecentraltotheresearchques1ons
• ARstartswithareallifeproblemwhilePDsome1mescanstartwithanewtechnologicalpossibilityorawishtoexplorepossiblefutures
Institutt for Informatikk
butPDisalsodesign&making
• researchonmakingisdiscussedas“researchfor,byandthroughdesign”where– researchfordesignreferstoresearchaboutdesignprocesses,howtheyarecarriedoutandwhataretheirresults
– researchbydesignreferstomakinganar1factwherethethinkingisembodiedinthear1fact
– researchthroughdesignreferstoresearchintomaterialsandforms,exploringpossibili1es
• PDcanbeallthreetypesofresearch
Frayling
Institutt for Informatikk
Qualitativeresearch
• credibility,believability– howwellistheresearchissueiden1fiedanddescribed
• transferability,generalizability– howtransferableandapplicablearethesefindingstoother
people/secngs
• dependability– howisthestudydependingonthepeopleandsecng
• confirmability– howthestudyreflectsthepar1cipantsratherthana
fabrica1onfromtheresearcher’sbiasesandprejudices
Marshall&
Rossmann/Lincoln&
Guba
internalvalidity
objec<vity
externalvalidity
replicability
Institutt for Informatikk
Designas(partof)researchmethods
• twohats:– research:produceknowledge manyofthesameac1vi1es– design:producear1facts thesameac1vity,twohats
• Par1cipatoryDesignasinterven1on– solvearealproblemwiththe(future)users makingis– intheircontext partof
• Par1cipatoryDesignasimagina1on asking&– explorepossiblefutures answering– developtechnologycri1queontheshopfloor