Inequalities and the Post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals in the EECCA region
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Transcript of Inequalities and the Post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals in the EECCA region
Inequalities and the Post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals in
the EECCA region
Sascha Gabizon
WECF International
Women‘s Major Group
Sustainable Development Goals result from other UN process (Rio+20)
• Universal (not just for developing countries)
• 15 years (2015-2030)
• Measurable (indicators key)
• Ambitious and transformative
• Address root causes of inequalities
• Implementable (Means of Implementation)
End of the “Trickle Down” Myth
• MDG’s aimed at halving extreme poverty
• MDG has not been achieved
• Despite progress in GDP, majority of population no progress
• What did increase is inequality, more rich people
Inequality core issue for Post2015
• Oxfam report “Wealth: Having it all and wanting more”
• The combined wealth of the richest 1 per cent will overtake that of the other 99 per cent of people next year
Inequality – concentration of power• The 80 richest individuals now have the same wealth as the bottom
50% of the world’s population (in 2010 were still 388 people)
• There is increasing evidence from the e.g. International Monetary Fund, that extreme inequality is not just bad news for those at the bottom but also damages economic growth.
Source: Ortiz and Cummins (2011) UNICEF
Source: Ortiz and Cummins. 2011. Global Inequality. UNICEF
Intra and inter-Country Inequality, 2007
Co
nst
ant
US$
, 20
00
val
ue
Power to lobby policy makers
• Elite groups mobilise their vast resources to ensure global rules are favourable towards their interests.
• 20% of billionaires have interests in the financial and insurance sectors. These sectors spent $550m lobbying policy makers in Washington and Brussels during 2013
• Billionaires of the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors saw their collective net worth increase by 47 %. During 2013, they spent more than $500m lobbying policy makers in Washington and Brussels
Inequalities barrier to implementation of Post2015 agenda
• Inequalities in wealthy countries barrier to implementation of SDGs
• Race to the bottom, increases nb of people in poverty
• Funds needed from increasing ODA funding from OECD countries – not charity
• “Median annual income” can be indicator for SDGs
• Median income has stagnated for decades at poverty line of less than 2$ per day – despite MDGs
• Even though economic growth in many countries, majority of population has not seen increase income
What works to reduce inequalities?• Social protection floors
– Minimum income guarantee– Universal, free public services, health, education, housing, water• example Brazil 50 million people out of poverty in Lula’s presidency period
• Share the tax burden fairly, shifting taxation from labour and consumption towards capital and wealth – Introduce financial transaction taxes a.o.
• Introduce minimum wages and ensure a living wage for all workers
• Introduce equal pay legislation and promote economic policies to give women a fair deal
• Reduce and redistribute women’s burden of unpaid work• Stop tax dodging by corporations and rich individuals• Debt restructuring
Beyond GDP as key indicator
• Nigeria has had growth in per capita in come in the last 10 yrs, the efforts have not been shared, the median has not gone up.
• In Brazil, median income has gone up more than GDP, is admirably shared growth. – Brazil has already forms of FFT (cc, dividends)– The Social Protection floor cost only 1% of GDP
• Uganda, median income has tracked GDP growth, equally shared.
• In US, the median household income has not increased: Median income as a universal indicator
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• 1.1 by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day
• 1.2 by 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
• 1.3 implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
• 1.4 by 2030 ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership, and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology, and financial services including microfinance
• 1.5 by 2030 build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
• 1.a. ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular LDCs, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
• 1.b create sound policy frameworks, at national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies to support accelerated investments in poverty eradication actions
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• 5.1 end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere• 5.2 eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in public and private spheres,
including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation• 5.3 eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital
mutilations• 5.4 recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services,
infrastructure and social protection policies, and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate
• 5.5 ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life
• 5.6 ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the ICPD and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences
• 5.a undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources in accordance with national laws
• 5.b enhance the use of enabling technologies, in particular ICT, to promote women’s empowerment
• 5.c adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
10.1 by 2030 progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average10.2 by 2030 empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status10.3 ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including through eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and actions in this regard10.4 adopt policies especially fiscal, wage, and social protection policies and progressively achieve greater equality10.5 improve regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen implementation of such regulations10.6 ensure enhanced representation and voice of developing countries in decision making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions10.7 facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies10.a implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with WTO agreements10.b encourage ODA and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to states where the need is greatest, in particular LDCs, African countries, SIDS, and LLDCs, in accordance with their national plans and programmes10.c by 2030, reduce to less than 3% the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5%
19
WECF focus on MDG3+7 1000 individual UDDT
50 school UDDT in rural areasAccess to WATSAN for 35,000 people
Mapping of Inequalities MDG3+7
Region No daily
access to
running
water[1]
Acceptable
level of access
to running
water[2] (12-24
hours per day)
Villages
without
CRWSS[3]
Safe water
in more
than 500m
distance
Access to
improved
sanitation[4]
Water
Quality[5]
Water-
related
diseases[
6]
Normalize
d poverty[7]
Female
representati
ves in
parliament
2008
Jalalabat
oblast1.57% 19% 48% 24.1% 15% 56% 18.2%
Osh oblast1.92% 24% 42% 23.8% 14% 63% 14.8%
Batken
oblast1.77% 28% 49% 23.1% 6% 34% 14.5%
Talas
oblast3.48% 38% 18% 16.5% 9% 39.5% 11.5%
Issyk-Kul
oblast3.36% 51% 22% 20.2% 15% 28% 16.2%
Naryn
oblast0.06% 68% 24% 11.6% 9% 40% 13.3%
Chui
oblast1.01% 72% 7% 11.6% 39% 17% 24.8%
Bishkek
city0% - - - 81% 21% 13.6%
Conditions in rural areas of the region
Huge gap between urban and rural areas
Minorities such as the Roma population are especially affected by poor conditions
84% of people without an improved water source live in rural areas (WHO Europe)
(UNICEF/WHO 2011)
Access to Water in Households and Schools in rural areas
Unconnected household
Public well
Public tap
School well
Household
Household
School
School
Kindergarten
Access to Sanitation in Households and Schools in rural areas
WASH and Gender
Great inequalities in water sector – women most affected
• The population without an improved drinking water source living in rural area is 5 times higher than in urban areas (UNICEF/WHO 2012)
• The poorest people have the lowest levels of services• Women and girls shoulder the largest burden of collecting water
(resp. 62% and 9%)• Poor women living in rural areas are disproportionately affected
Current ODA not sufficiently addressing those most in need• Almost 66% of the official development assistance (ODA) is
targeted to the development of large systems
Surveys women, school girls
Focus group discussions in rural villages
Q: Is your toilet at home/at work/public toilet offer sufficient privacy and adequate facility to manage menstruation in a good way?
A: “No, 100 % toilets in the village without any privacy or adequate facility. Usually toilets are far from houses at 50-100 meters. It causes problems not only in winter, but at night also.” Women and girls do not have adequate private facilities which can be locked.
MHM Case study Kyrgyzstan
Focus group discussions on Menstruation Hygienic Management (MHM)
• Lack of communication and knowledge on menstruation, reproductive health rights for girls.
• “The girls cannot talk about their problem even with friends as talks will cause gossips. “
• They do not have doctors for consultancy in the village.• High cost of sanitary pads, affordable sanitary pads are of poor
quality. Women use leftovers from the sewing workshops which often lead to leaks, shame.
Women‘s disadvantaged position
• Georgia, in general suffers from relatively high unemployment and self-employment rates for both men and women.
• Women, however, are further disadvantaged at the labour market, as demonstrated by the gaps in labour force participation rate, employment rate and salaries.
• According to official data, as of 2012, only 57.4% of women are considered as economically active, while the respective indicator for men stands at 78.2%.
Women‘s inequal opportunities
• In Georgia, women lack control over land and property which limits their ability to benefit equally to men from energy facilities - such as solar systems, wind turbines, and bio-fuel plantations - that require land
• Women lack income which is a barrier for investing in technology that improves the productivity of women’s labour
• Women lack access to credit which limits their ability to pay the up- front costs of improved energy technology or connection fees to the electricity grid
• Women have limited access to extension service and education which limits their abilities to become energy entrepreneurs and earn an income.
Water Goal 6
• 6.1 by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
• 6.2 by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
What was lost / is missing
• Title does not say “ensure universal access to..”• Reference to WASH in schools, hospitals, refugee
camps..– Replaced by “in vulnerable situations”, no (more)
reference to Menstrual Hygiene Management
• Reference to a hierarchy of water use that prioritizes human needs, small-scale food production, ecosystem needs and cultural use before uses for industrial agriculture, energy and industry
• Participatory trans-boundary co-operation
Missing Means of implementation
• Sufficient public financing for water and sanitation services to ensure universality and sustainability
• The protection of water and sanitation services from privatization/liberalization through loan conditionalities, trade agreements and investment treaties
• The recognition of indigenous and community rights to empower frontline communities in the protection ofwatersheds
• International and regional cooperation in knowledge and technology transfer through public-public partnerships
Proposal indicators
• All women and girls should have access to safe sanitary facilities and be enabled to manage their menstrual hygiene (MHM) in a dignified fashion – All women and girls have access to menstrual sanitary
material
– Including• privacy in sanitary facilities (doors)
• waste-bins for sanitary materials
• washing facilities – to clean their own pads, and hands