Industry, Urbanization, Industry, Urbanization, Immigration and the Immigration and the Gilded Gilded

AgeAge

APUSH McElhaneyAPUSH McElhaneyHelpful LinksHelpful Links

http://cvip.fresno.com/~jsh33/gild.htmlhttp://cvip.fresno.com/~jsh33/gild.html

Why do they call it the Gilded Why do they call it the Gilded Age?Age?• The term Gilded Age refers to the political and The term Gilded Age refers to the political and

economic nature situation of the United States economic nature situation of the United States from approximately 1876 to 1900. from approximately 1876 to 1900.

• The expansion of commerce and heavy industry, The expansion of commerce and heavy industry, mercantilist economic policies, and federal railway mercantilist economic policies, and federal railway subsidies created a number of immensely subsidies created a number of immensely successful businessmen as public figures; these successful businessmen as public figures; these were often referred to pejoratively as the robber were often referred to pejoratively as the robber barons. barons.

• The term The term "Gilded Age""Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, ' and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, '

• Was characterized by the ruthless pursuit of profit, Was characterized by the ruthless pursuit of profit, government corruption, conspicuous consumption, government corruption, conspicuous consumption, and vulgarity in taste and manners.and vulgarity in taste and manners.

ReadingReading

Maier ChaptersMaier Chapters• Chapter 18 Big Chapter 18 Big

Business and Business and IndustryIndustry

• Chapter 19 Industrial Chapter 19 Industrial SocietySociety

• Chapter 20 Politics Chapter 20 Politics and State 1876-1900 and State 1876-1900

• Chapter 22 Chapter 22 ProgressivesProgressives

BrinkleyBrinkley• Chapter 17 Industrial Chapter 17 Industrial

SupremacySupremacy• Chapter 18 The Age Chapter 18 The Age

of the Cityof the City• Chapter 19 Chapter 19

Stalemate to Crisis Stalemate to Crisis (politics)(politics)

• Chapter 21 Chapter 21 ProgressivesProgressives

AP Says you need to know…AP Says you need to know…17. Industrialization and 17. Industrialization and

Corporate ConsolidationCorporate Consolidation• Industrial growth: railroads, Industrial growth: railroads,

iron, coal, electricity, steel, iron, coal, electricity, steel, oil, banks oil, banks

• Laissez-faire conservatism Laissez-faire conservatism – Gospel of Wealth Gospel of Wealth – Myth of the "self-made Myth of the "self-made

man" man" – Social Darwinism; survival Social Darwinism; survival

of the fittest of the fittest – Social critics and dissenters Social critics and dissenters

• Effects of technological Effects of technological development on development on worker/work-place worker/work-place

• Union movement Union movement – Knights of Labor and Knights of Labor and

American Federation of American Federation of Labor Labor

– Haymarket, Homestead, Haymarket, Homestead, and Pullman and Pullman

18. Urban Society18. Urban Society• Lure of the city Lure of the city • Immigration Immigration • City problems City problems

– Slums Slums – Machine politics Machine politics

• Awakening conscience; reforms Awakening conscience; reforms – Social legislation Social legislation – Settlement houses: Jane Addams and Settlement houses: Jane Addams and

Lillian Wald Lillian Wald – Structural reforms in government Structural reforms in government

20. National Politics, 1877-1896: The 20. National Politics, 1877-1896: The Gilded AgeGilded Age

• A conservative presidency A conservative presidency • Issues Issues

– Tariff controversy Tariff controversy – Railroad regulation Railroad regulation – Trusts Trusts

• Agrarian discontent Agrarian discontent • Crisis of 1890s Crisis of 1890s

– Populism Populism – Silver question Silver question – Election of 1896: McKinley versus BryanElection of 1896: McKinley versus Bryan

ProgressivesProgressives

• 22. Progressive Era22. Progressive Era• Origins of Progressivism Origins of Progressivism

– Progressive attitudes and Progressive attitudes and motives motives

– Muckrakers Muckrakers – Social Gospel Social Gospel

• Municipal, state, and national Municipal, state, and national reforms reforms – Political: suffrage Political: suffrage – Social and economic: Social and economic:

regulation regulation • Socialism: alternatives Socialism: alternatives • Black America Black America

– Washington, Du Bois, and Washington, Du Bois, and Garvey Garvey

– Urban migration Urban migration – Civil rights organizations Civil rights organizations

• Women's role: family, work, Women's role: family, work, education, unionization, and education, unionization, and suffrage suffrage

• Roosevelt's Square Deal Roosevelt's Square Deal – Managing the trusts Managing the trusts – Conservation Conservation

• Taft Taft – Pinchot-Ballinger controversy Pinchot-Ballinger controversy – Payne-Aldrich Tariff Payne-Aldrich Tariff

• Wilson's New Freedom Wilson's New Freedom – Tariffs Tariffs – Banking reform Banking reform – Antitrust Act of 1914Antitrust Act of 1914

Can effects of the Industrial Can effects of the Industrial Revolution be seen today?Revolution be seen today?

What is the Industrial What is the Industrial Revolution in America?Revolution in America?

The Industrial Revolution includes the process The Industrial Revolution includes the process of change in the production of goods in of change in the production of goods in America Before industry developsAmerica Before industry develops

• Goods are manufactured in traditional Goods are manufactured in traditional ways- ways- Cottage industryCottage industry, small producers, , small producers,

• Most people live in rural areas Most people live in rural areas • Laws regulating work and production are Laws regulating work and production are

limitedlimited• Production is slower, not as efficient, and Production is slower, not as efficient, and • Goods are limited, Goods are limited, • Most manufacturing goods are imported Most manufacturing goods are imported

What is the Industrial What is the Industrial Revolution about?Revolution about?• ProductionProduction• TransportationTransportation• ImmigrationImmigration• Rise of CitiesRise of Cities• Decline in pop from rural areasDecline in pop from rural areas• CorruptionCorruption• Union ActivismUnion Activism• Racism/NativismRacism/Nativism• Reform-(Progressive)Reform-(Progressive)

When does the Industrial When does the Industrial Revolution take place?Revolution take place?• Various periods of American HistoryVarious periods of American History• 11stst Industrial Revolution 1800-1860 begins in early Industrial Revolution 1800-1860 begins in early

1800’s with textile manufacturing and iron 1800’s with textile manufacturing and iron productionproduction

• 22ndnd IR really takes off in the latter part of 1800’s, ca IR really takes off in the latter part of 1800’s, ca 1870-19151870-1915

• One could argue that post 1930 with the advent of One could argue that post 1930 with the advent of World War II another Industrial Revolution takes place World War II another Industrial Revolution takes place with the needs of the Warwith the needs of the War

• Some say the advent of the computer and internet Some say the advent of the computer and internet makeup another revolution- idea is that progress is makeup another revolution- idea is that progress is pushing pushing Massive ChangesMassive Changes in production and society in production and society

What makes the development What makes the development of Industry Revolutionary?of Industry Revolutionary?

• Massive change:Massive change:

The development of factory The development of factory production has consequences for production has consequences for virtually every portion of society.virtually every portion of society.• Industrialization bringsIndustrialization brings positives effects: positives effects: • Inventions are created-Inventions are created-More products--More products--

produced faster--produced faster-- produced cheaper produced cheaper• Jobs are created---Jobs are created--- people have money to buy people have money to buy

more goods-more goods-economy gets better for everyoneeconomy gets better for everyone• Rich people get richer--Rich people get richer-- create more factories or create more factories or

businesses --businesses -- create more jobs-- create more jobs--economy gets economy gets better for everyonebetter for everyone

• Immigration-Immigration-when jobs are available-------when jobs are available-------people move to the location of jobs-people move to the location of jobs-industrialization causes industrialization causes immigrationimmigration----

• Factories are built where people live-------Factories are built where people live-------citiescities growgrow

The development of factory The development of factory production has consequences for production has consequences for virtually every portion of society.virtually every portion of society.• Industrialization bringsIndustrialization brings negative effects: negative effects:• Industrialization causes--Industrialization causes--pollution-pollution-air, waterair, water• Industrialization causes---Industrialization causes---poverty-poverty-

government doesn’t protect workers at first-government doesn’t protect workers at first- workers compete with other workers for low skill workers compete with other workers for low skill jobs-jobs- workers work long hours- workers work long hours- get low pay- get low pay- unsafe working conditionsunsafe working conditions

• Poverty is so bad-Poverty is so bad-children need to workchildren need to work• Massive wealth is created by factory owners-Massive wealth is created by factory owners-

causes corruption-causes corruption- business owners use money business owners use money to influence government officialsto influence government officials

Changes due to Changes due to IndustrializationIndustrialization• Technology: New products and inventions Technology: New products and inventions

consumer and businessconsumer and business• Business Organizations: Corporation, TrustsBusiness Organizations: Corporation, Trusts• Cities Grow: rural to urban migration and Cities Grow: rural to urban migration and

immigration, cimmigration, c• Labor Protections: unions, working conditions, Labor Protections: unions, working conditions,

benefits, safety benefits, safety • Reform Movements: the Progressives will react to Reform Movements: the Progressives will react to

the changes brought by industrialization, the changes brought by industrialization, pollution, food and drug regulations, political pollution, food and drug regulations, political reformsreforms

Pre-test Pre-test

• Basic Questions:Basic Questions:• Where does industry Where does industry

develop in US?develop in US?• What industry What industry

examples?examples?• Power Sources?Power Sources?• Describe issues what Describe issues what

we should know about we should know about Railroads in this period.Railroads in this period.

• TranscontinentalTranscontinental• SubsidiesSubsidies

• Adam SmithAdam Smith• Laissez-faire CapitalismLaissez-faire Capitalism• Sole ProprietorshipSole Proprietorship• CorporationCorporation• StockStock• DividendDividend• Limited LiabilityLimited Liability• TrustTrust• Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration• Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

BasicsBasics

• TextileTextile factories develop first in Northeast, in factories develop first in Northeast, in or near cities (population for workers and or near cities (population for workers and markets for goods)markets for goods)– Powered by water wheelsPowered by water wheels– Then steam enginesThen steam engines– Need iron parts for machinesNeed iron parts for machines– And Coal to create steamAnd Coal to create steam

• Each component- develops into separate Each component- develops into separate industries i.e., coal mining, iron production…industries i.e., coal mining, iron production…

Other Industries DevelopOther Industries Develop• Railroads spur further developmentRailroads spur further development• Iron for Engines, and rails, later steel Iron for Engines, and rails, later steel • Employment-Chinese in West, and Irish in Employment-Chinese in West, and Irish in

EastEast• Aids transportation, access to raw Aids transportation, access to raw

materials and markets, spurs construction materials and markets, spurs construction • Land is granted to RR companies in Land is granted to RR companies in

exchange for building the RR- esp exchange for building the RR- esp TranscontinentalTranscontinental RR RR

• Later RR will own tremendous amount of Later RR will own tremendous amount of land and sell it to people moving WESTland and sell it to people moving WEST

• By 1880s there are 150,000 miles of Rail By 1880s there are 150,000 miles of Rail creating an national economy.creating an national economy.

Railroads ContinuedRailroads Continued

• Chicago is a major rail hub-Chicago is a major rail hub-• Government paid Government paid subsidiessubsidies, $ to RR in order to , $ to RR in order to

complete and aid in Western railroad developmentcomplete and aid in Western railroad development• Railroads will become large and powerful concerns-Railroads will become large and powerful concerns-• Famous RR executives Famous RR executives StanfordStanford, Huntington, , Huntington,

Vanderbilt, Crocker Vanderbilt, Crocker • Farmers will be angry with RR for price fixing and Farmers will be angry with RR for price fixing and

monopolymonopoly• Grangers-Grangers- or farmer groups push state regulations on or farmer groups push state regulations on

railroads- these laws are negated by the railroads- these laws are negated by the Interstate Interstate Commerce Act 1887Commerce Act 1887, removing any jurisdiction , removing any jurisdiction over railroads by states, only the Federal Government over railroads by states, only the Federal Government can regulate trade between states.can regulate trade between states.

Free Enterprise: Free Enterprise: CapitalismCapitalism“Business and Government don’t mix.” In the United States “Business and Government don’t mix.” In the United States this statement has been argued for over for many years. Do this statement has been argued for over for many years. Do they Mix? What do you think?they Mix? What do you think?

• Adam SmithAdam Smith: : The The Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations (1776) (1776)

• Laissez-faire CapitalismLaissez-faire Capitalism: : “Let it Be”“Let it Be”

• The The Market System: Market System: • Laws of supply and demand Laws of supply and demand

regulate business- (The regulate business- (The Invisible Hand)Invisible Hand)

• According to Smith’s ideas:According to Smith’s ideas:• Business should be free of Business should be free of

government interference.government interference.• Smith understood that:Smith understood that:• Business owners or Business owners or

Entrepreneurs, as a rule, Entrepreneurs, as a rule, want to make as much want to make as much money or profit as possible.money or profit as possible.

• They don’t want to pay They don’t want to pay taxes.taxes.

• They want to provide They want to provide goods or services at the goods or services at the lowest possible price and lowest possible price and creating the most profit.creating the most profit.

• According to Smith aAccording to Smith a• Pure Market Economic Pure Market Economic

SystemSystem would achieve the would achieve the maximum good for society:maximum good for society:

• CharacteristicsCharacteristics– No government controlNo government control– Freedom of choiceFreedom of choice– Private PropertyPrivate Property– ProfitProfit– CompetitionCompetition

• The IR brings Changes in The IR brings Changes in BusinessBusiness

QuizQuiz

CorporationCorporation StockStock DividendDividend Limited LiabilityLimited Liability TrustTrust Horizontal Horizontal

IntegrationIntegration Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

Captain of IndustryCaptain of Industry Robber BaronRobber Baron RockefellerRockefeller CarnegieCarnegie VanderbiltVanderbilt PullmanPullman Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth

New Business New Business OrganizationOrganization• New Business organization:New Business organization:

Corporation-Corporation- a company sells stock or pieces of ownership a company sells stock or pieces of ownership in a company, investors buy stock which entitles them to in a company, investors buy stock which entitles them to a share in the profita share in the profit

• Owners of stock- have Owners of stock- have limited liability,limited liability, they are they are not personally responsible for loses in the business not personally responsible for loses in the business and can not lose more than their investmentand can not lose more than their investment

• Companies incorporate to eliminate liability, raise Companies incorporate to eliminate liability, raise money from sale of stockmoney from sale of stock

• Spurs the growth of corporations and the middle Spurs the growth of corporations and the middle classclass

• Dividend-Dividend- a return on profits, paid to stock holder a return on profits, paid to stock holderSole-Proprietorship

BusinessBusinesshttp://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture05.htmlhttp://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture05.html (Great Web Site) (Great Web Site)

• Trust:Trust: stockholders in individual corporations stockholders in individual corporations– transfer stocks to a group of trustees, in exchange for transfer stocks to a group of trustees, in exchange for

shares in the trust itselfshares in the trust itself• Holding Company:Holding Company: trust or corporation that buys trust or corporation that buys

stock or owns businesses in other industries, oil stock or owns businesses in other industries, oil refinery owns a railroad.refinery owns a railroad.

• Horizontal Integration:Horizontal Integration: expansion of one corporation or expansion of one corporation or owner takes over other businesses in and industry, example owner takes over other businesses in and industry, example Standard Oil- forces out of business other oil companies.Standard Oil- forces out of business other oil companies.

• Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration: form of business expansion where : form of business expansion where one industry controls aspects of the business, raw one industry controls aspects of the business, raw materials, to the distributor example: Carnegie began with materials, to the distributor example: Carnegie began with steel mills, then railroads, coal mines, iron mines, and steel mills, then railroads, coal mines, iron mines, and distributor ofdistributor of

Development of Holding Companies, Development of Holding Companies, Trusts, and CorporationsTrusts, and Corporations

• Results in the concentration of Results in the concentration of political and economic power in the political and economic power in the hands of a few people.hands of a few people.

• Results in increase in technology and Results in increase in technology and the types of products that are the types of products that are produced-produced-

• Many new products-Many new products-

Robber Baron or Captain of Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?Industry?

• Robber BaronRobber Baron– late-nineteenth-century late-nineteenth-century

industrialists, especially industrialists, especially those who ostentatiously those who ostentatiously displayed their wealth displayed their wealth

• Wealthy manipulator of Wealthy manipulator of Government, paying Government, paying corrupt officials to enact corrupt officials to enact laws the support laws the support business= congress- tariffsbusiness= congress- tariffs

• Squeezing out competition Squeezing out competition unfairly-creating unfairly-creating monopolies and then monopolies and then enacting unfair rates or enacting unfair rates or prices on consumers (RR-prices on consumers (RR-farmers)farmers)

• Exploiters of the working Exploiters of the working class- who pay the workers class- who pay the workers as little as possible and as little as possible and reap huge profitsreap huge profits

• Captain of IndustryCaptain of Industry• Or “Industrial Statesman”Or “Industrial Statesman”• Capitalist leaders helped the country Capitalist leaders helped the country

moremore• They deserve the riches they createThey deserve the riches they create• They provide progress, jobsThey provide progress, jobs• Drive technologyDrive technology• Deserve the riches they createDeserve the riches they create

• "Millionaires are the bees that "Millionaires are the bees that make the most honey and make the most honey and contribute most to the hive even contribute most to the hive even after they have gorged themselves after they have gorged themselves full."--full."--Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

Wed 1-18Wed 1-18

Newspaper ProjectNewspaper Project Robber Robber

Baron/Captain of Baron/Captain of IndustryIndustry

Supports of the Supports of the Capitalist system- Capitalist system- Alger, Darwin, Alger, Darwin, Social GospelSocial Gospel

Legal Restriction on Legal Restriction on Big BusinessBig Business

Gap between Rich Gap between Rich and Poorand Poor

Industry and Industry and WorkersWorkers

Captains of Industry or Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?Robber Barons?

• John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller– Standard OilStandard Oil– 1881 Standard Oil Trust 1881 Standard Oil Trust

controlled 90% of oil controlled 90% of oil refinery businessrefinery business

– Used Used horizontal horizontal integrationintegration to ruthlessly to ruthlessly control and conquer control and conquer the Oil industrythe Oil industry

• Fisk and GouldFisk and Gould– Corrupt Corrupt

• Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie– Carnegie Steel (J.P. Carnegie Steel (J.P.

Morgan will purchase Morgan will purchase later will become US later will become US Steel)Steel)

– Used Used vertical integrationvertical integration– Created Steel trustCreated Steel trust– Very wealthyVery wealthy

• Henry FordHenry Ford– Assembly lineAssembly line– Mass ProductionMass Production– Model TModel T

Ideas the Support the Ideas the Support the Capitalist SystemCapitalist System

• Horatio Alger “Bootstraps” Horatio Alger “Bootstraps” PhilosophyPhilosophy

• Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

• Gospel of Wealth- CarnegieGospel of Wealth- Carnegie

Individualism and Horatio Individualism and Horatio AlgerAlger

• All had in common the idea that All had in common the idea that great wealth was possible if the great wealth was possible if the individual will work hard enough for individual will work hard enough for it…it…

• Alger’s book, Alger’s book, Sink or SwimSink or Swim helped helped

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism• Based on the scientific studies of Charles Darwin- Based on the scientific studies of Charles Darwin-

Natural SelectionNatural Selection • Ideas are applied to society and businessIdeas are applied to society and business• Later will be applied to race- Classical RacismLater will be applied to race- Classical Racism• Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer, British Social philosopher , British Social philosopher

applied these ideas to business, found them a applied these ideas to business, found them a positive aspect.positive aspect.

• William Graham SumnerWilliam Graham Sumner, Yale professor , Yale professor supported these ideas alsosupported these ideas also

• Used to defend the power of new corporate elites.Used to defend the power of new corporate elites.• Only the fittest survivedOnly the fittest survived

Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890

• 1890- Congress passes law that addresses 1890- Congress passes law that addresses trusts in commerce industrytrusts in commerce industry

• ““Every contract or combination in the Every contract or combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce” is in restraint of trade or commerce” is illegal.illegal.

• Law is weak and applied on a limited basisLaw is weak and applied on a limited basis• Progressives will strengthen laws in the Progressives will strengthen laws in the

early 1900searly 1900s

Gospel of WealthGospel of WealthBy Andrew CarnegieBy Andrew Carnegie

• Contrast to Social Contrast to Social DarwinismDarwinism

• Some people with Some people with money liked this ideamoney liked this idea

• People with great People with great wealth have the wealth have the responsibility to use responsibility to use their riches to their riches to advance social advance social progress (moral progress (moral issues)issues)

• Carnegie- a self made Carnegie- a self made man, immigrant, later man, immigrant, later philanthropistphilanthropist, , believed in this, believed in this,

• ““All revenue All revenue generated beyond generated beyond your own needs your own needs should be used for the should be used for the good of the good of the community.”community.”

Acres of DiamondsAcres of Diamonds

Review QuoteReview Quote Gap Between Rich and Gap Between Rich and

PoorPoor Bellamy and George-Bellamy and George-

Critics of CapitalismCritics of Capitalism Working ConditionsWorking Conditions Lure of the city “Why Lure of the city “Why

do cities grow in this do cities grow in this period?”period?”

Immigration Immigration City problems City problems

Slums Slums Machine politics Machine politics

Awakening Awakening conscience; reforms conscience; reforms Social legislation Social legislation Settlement houses: Jane Settlement houses: Jane

Addams and Lillian Wald Addams and Lillian Wald Structural reforms in Structural reforms in

government government

Who should be associated with Who should be associated with this Quote? this Quote?

““The law of the The law of the survival of the survival of the fittest was not fittest was not made by man and made by man and cannot be cannot be abrogated by man. abrogated by man.

We can only, by We can only, by interfering with it, interfering with it, produce the survival produce the survival of the un-fittest.”of the un-fittest.”

Sumner and Social Sumner and Social DarwinismDarwinism• William Graham SumnerWilliam Graham Sumner, ,

Yale professor supported Yale professor supported Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

• Said “Millionaires are the Said “Millionaires are the product of Natural product of Natural Selection”Selection”

• Pro-Business View of Pro-Business View of societysociety

• Used to defend the Used to defend the power of new corporate power of new corporate elites.elites.

• Only the fittest survived Only the fittest survived • Pro Capitalism/Laissez Pro Capitalism/Laissez

FairFair

• Anti-SocialismAnti-Socialism

• Anti-Government Anti-Government Interference in Interference in EconomyEconomy

• Anti ReformAnti Reform

• Aide to the poor Aide to the poor hinders natural hinders natural process of progressprocess of progress

Lester WardLester Ward Anti-Darwinist Anti-Darwinist 1880’s1880’s• Said evolution does not Said evolution does not

apply to human societyapply to human society• Humans naturally use Humans naturally use

reason and can reason and can change/adapt to the change/adapt to the environmentenvironment

• Progress occurs through Progress occurs through invention and planninginvention and planning

• Laissez-fair, not naturalLaissez-fair, not natural• Government regulation will Government regulation will

help societyhelp society• Education will improve Education will improve

societysociety

• ““If nature progresses If nature progresses through destruction of the through destruction of the weak- man progresses weak- man progresses through protection of the through protection of the weak.”weak.”

• Evolution through human Evolution through human intelligence will help intelligence will help economic and social economic and social problemsproblems

Due to Excessive Capitalism Due to Excessive Capitalism Social Critics Emerge 1880sSocial Critics Emerge 1880s

• Edward BellamyEdward Bellamy

• Looking Backward: Looking Backward: 2000-18872000-1887

• Socialist viewSocialist view

• Suggested a socialist Suggested a socialist society would emerge- society would emerge- and class divisions and class divisions would disappear and would disappear and all would be equalall would be equal

• Henry GeorgeHenry George

• Progress and PovertyProgress and Poverty

• Saw excesses of Saw excesses of IndustrializationIndustrialization

• Offered a solution- Offered a solution- tax tax on land to createon land to create a a social state- to solve social state- to solve povertypoverty

Gap Between Rich and PoorGap Between Rich and Poor

• 10% of population owns 90% of wealth10% of population owns 90% of wealth

• 2/3 of the population were working class, 2/3 of the population were working class, employed by someone else.employed by someone else.

• Included skilled and unskilled workersIncluded skilled and unskilled workers

• Skilled workers were paid moreSkilled workers were paid more

• Women and children work in factories-Women and children work in factories-

Industry and the Industry and the WorkersWorkers• Working Conditions:Working Conditions:• Work in these factories was:Work in these factories was:• Dangerous: People lose fingers, limbs, become physically Dangerous: People lose fingers, limbs, become physically

handicapped, stooped over, and other health problems.handicapped, stooped over, and other health problems.• Long Hours- 12 -14 hour workdays, 6 days a week.Long Hours- 12 -14 hour workdays, 6 days a week.• Women and children paid lessWomen and children paid less• Sexual HarassmentSexual Harassment• Poor VentilationPoor Ventilation• BeatingsBeatings• AbuseAbuse• No BreaksNo Breaks• Machines forced workers to work fasterMachines forced workers to work faster• Monotonous work, or doing the same job all the time.Monotonous work, or doing the same job all the time.

Safety and UnemploymentSafety and Unemployment

• No employment insurance- if down No employment insurance- if down turn in economy, people sufferedturn in economy, people suffered

• No help if hurt on the jobNo help if hurt on the job

• No retirementNo retirement

• No minimum wageNo minimum wage

• No safety requirementsNo safety requirements

I BeamI Beam

• The I beam is a steel beam that The I beam is a steel beam that allows for more support in the allows for more support in the construction of buildingsconstruction of buildings

• Named I beam because of it’s shapeNamed I beam because of it’s shape

• It allows for skyscrapers to be builtIt allows for skyscrapers to be built

Friday 1-20Friday 1-20

Immigration Immigration City problems City problems

Slums Slums Machine politics Machine politics

Why do cities grow in this period?Why do cities grow in this period?

Answer the following Questions Answer the following Questions by the end of the Periodby the end of the Period

How and why do How and why do cities grow in the cities grow in the late 1800’s?late 1800’s?

Describe living Describe living conditions in the conditions in the cities.cities.

Compare and Compare and contrast new contrast new immigration with immigration with old immigration- old immigration- What is different What is different what is the same?what is the same?

Emma Lazarus-Emma Lazarus- Ellis IslandEllis Island How do peole react How do peole react

to immigrants?to immigrants? Describe city life Describe city life

for immigrants.for immigrants. How does a How does a

political Machine political Machine Work?Work?

Rise of CitiesRise of Cities

• Between 1830-1860 Urban population of Between 1830-1860 Urban population of the US grew by 552%the US grew by 552%

• 1830- 1.1 million1830- 1.1 million• 1860 6.2 million1860 6.2 million• Cities grow because ofCities grow because of1.1. ImmigrationImmigration2.2. Rural to urban migration-Rural to urban migration- people leave people leave

the farm due to decreased opportunity- the farm due to decreased opportunity- mechanization of agriculture, more mechanization of agriculture, more opportunity in citiesopportunity in cities

CitiesCities

• African Americans African Americans begin to move, not begin to move, not large movement large movement North until after North until after WWI.WWI.

• Move to the city in Move to the city in response to limited response to limited opportunities in rural opportunities in rural areasareas

• Mechanization of Mechanization of AgricultureAgriculture

ProblemsProblems• OvercrowdingOvercrowding• CrimeCrime• DiseaseDisease• PovertyPoverty• ExploitationExploitation

ImmigrationImmigrationhttp://http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Majorhistoryproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Major==IM&MinorIM&Minor=F=F

• The United States is a nation The United States is a nation of immigrants. By 1860 1/4 of of immigrants. By 1860 1/4 of population was born in population was born in another country.another country.

• Immigration to the United Immigration to the United States occurs in waves.States occurs in waves.

• The First Wave of The First Wave of Immigrants: 1820-1860- Immigrants: 1820-1860- – Irish- 2 millionIrish- 2 million– German- 1.5 millionGerman- 1.5 million– British- 750,000British- 750,000– ScandinaviaScandinavia

• 1825- 10,000 immigrants1825- 10,000 immigrants• 1845- 100,000 per year1845- 100,000 per year• 1854- 428,000 1854- 428,000

• Second Wave of Immigration Second Wave of Immigration 1860-19201860-1920

• 1865-1890- 9 million arrive1865-1890- 9 million arrive• 1890-1915 16 million arrive1890-1915 16 million arrive

• 1910 ½ the people of cities 1910 ½ the people of cities are Immigrantsare Immigrants

New ImmigrantsNew ImmigrantsSecond Wave of Immigration 1870-1914, 25 Second Wave of Immigration 1870-1914, 25 million European Immigrants by 1920, 40% of million European Immigrants by 1920, 40% of pop-foreign bornpop-foreign born• 1870- 1 in 7 were Irish 1870- 1 in 7 were Irish

Immigrants (New York)Immigrants (New York)• Southern and Eastern Southern and Eastern

EuropeEurope• Italians 3.6 million come.Italians 3.6 million come.• GreeksGreeks• Russian (Jews)Russian (Jews)• TurksTurks• PolishPolish• SerbianSerbian• In the West- Chinese and In the West- Chinese and

then Japanesethen Japanese

• 1880- 457,000 Immigrants 1880- 457,000 Immigrants landed in Boston, New landed in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New OrleansBaltimore, New Orleans

• Most were unskilled:Most were unskilled:• Worked in FactoriesWorked in Factories• ConstructionConstruction• DocksDocks• WarehousesWarehouses• Domestic ServantsDomestic Servants

Emma Lazarus- PoetEmma Lazarus- Poet

• ““Give me your tired, your poor,Your Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door.”lift my lamp beside the golden door.”

ImmigrationImmigration

PushPush Factors Factors• Factors that pushed Factors that pushed

immigrants out of their immigrants out of their native lands to America:native lands to America:

• Poverty-Poverty-• Lack of Economic Lack of Economic

OpportunityOpportunity• Political Repression - No Political Repression - No

freedomfreedom• Ethnic conflict-Ethnic conflict-• War- conscription War- conscription • No jobsNo jobs• No hope of a futureNo hope of a future• Famine/ starvation/droughtFamine/ starvation/drought

PullPull Factors Factors• Factors that pulled Factors that pulled

immigrants out of their immigrants out of their native lands to America:native lands to America:

• Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity• Jobs/ workers were neededJobs/ workers were needed• LandLand• $$• A future of land ownershipA future of land ownership• Peace and stabilityPeace and stability• Freedom to make a better Freedom to make a better

life life

Early ImmigrationEarly Immigration

• Irish Potato Famine Irish Potato Famine 1846-18511846-1851

• August 1845 the Irish August 1845 the Irish potato crop was blighted potato crop was blighted or stricken with a or stricken with a disease.disease.

• The disease ruined the The disease ruined the main source of nutrition main source of nutrition for the population.for the population.

• Famine, starvation, and Famine, starvation, and disease killed much of disease killed much of the population.the population.

• While the poor of Ireland While the poor of Ireland starved British land starved British land owners and merchants owners and merchants made money.made money.

• 1845- 25 million bushels if grain 1845- 25 million bushels if grain was shipped out.was shipped out.

• 1846-50 3 million live 1846-50 3 million live animals were exportedanimals were exported

• 1847 1.3 million gallons of 1847 1.3 million gallons of grain derived alcohol was grain derived alcohol was exported.exported.

• 1845-1860 the population of 1845-1860 the population of Ireland was reduced by 1/3.Ireland was reduced by 1/3.

• 1845 population = 8.2 1845 population = 8.2 million million

• 1860- Pop = 5.8 million1860- Pop = 5.8 million• 1920- Pop = 4.2 million1920- Pop = 4.2 million• 1 million died from 1 million died from

starvation and disease.starvation and disease.• 2 million left to America2 million left to America• 1860-1926 4 million more 1860-1926 4 million more

went to the US.went to the US.

How did/do people react to How did/do people react to immigrants coming to immigrants coming to America?America?

• Whenever a new group Whenever a new group enters into an established enters into an established community tension is community tension is caused and a pattern of caused and a pattern of development can be seen.development can be seen.

• Examples:Examples:• When the Irish came in the When the Irish came in the

1840’s the established 1840’s the established groups of British and groups of British and Germans did not like the Germans did not like the new Irish. new Irish.

• Irish where different: Irish where different: • Language- IrishLanguage- Irish• Religion Roman CatholicReligion Roman Catholic• Culture different from BritishCulture different from British• Lifestyles- Lifestyles-

• They were looked down upon and They were looked down upon and discriminated against. See discriminated against. See cartoons.cartoons.

• Xenophobia-Xenophobia- anti foreigner anti foreigner attitudesattitudes

• Nativism-Nativism- The idea of blaming The idea of blaming immigrants for problems.immigrants for problems.

• Established groups blamed the Established groups blamed the new groups for problems:new groups for problems:

• Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply”Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply”

• People said they were responsible People said they were responsible for: Crimefor: Crime

• Immorality- alcohol abuseImmorality- alcohol abuse• Catholics- not loyal to AmericaCatholics- not loyal to America• Dirty- Dirty- • Inferior, Damaging to the United Inferior, Damaging to the United

StatesStates

City life for ImmigrantsCity life for Immigrants

• The “New”The “New” group usually congregates together and forms group usually congregates together and forms an almost isolated community and institutions in the giant an almost isolated community and institutions in the giant and growing cities of America.and growing cities of America.

• The Irish came together in great neighborhoods and The Irish came together in great neighborhoods and sections of all Eastern Cities.sections of all Eastern Cities.

• They formed their own political groups and parties.They formed their own political groups and parties.• They used their large numbers to build powerful political They used their large numbers to build powerful political

groups that dominated some large Cities and industries in groups that dominated some large Cities and industries in those cities.those cities.

• Example: Police and Firemen in New York, Boston, Chicago, Example: Police and Firemen in New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia.Philadelphia.

• They set up:They set up:• Churches, Hospitals, Welfare Organizations, Schools, Social Churches, Hospitals, Welfare Organizations, Schools, Social

Clubs, Political OrganizationsClubs, Political Organizations• They helped each other in exchange for loyalty during the They helped each other in exchange for loyalty during the

voting season.voting season.• Jobs, security, Jobs, security,

Political Machine:Political Machine:• The best example of ethnic group The best example of ethnic group

organization was called the Political Machine.organization was called the Political Machine.• This was an organization of political and This was an organization of political and

community leaders that manipulated community leaders that manipulated democracy for material gain. Leaders of an democracy for material gain. Leaders of an ethnic community would use their influence ethnic community would use their influence to raid public funds and offer rewards to to raid public funds and offer rewards to loyal community members. loyal community members.

• Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall of New Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall of New York CityYork City, were infamous for their political , were infamous for their political strength and corruption. They were reputed strength and corruption. They were reputed to have stolen millions in public funds.to have stolen millions in public funds.

Marxism and the Union/Labor Marxism and the Union/Labor MovementMovement

Social GospelSocial Gospel

01- 27- 0601- 27- 06

Notes Notes chapt. 19 chapt. 19 and 20 is and 20 is duedue

News Articles News Articles due- Mondaydue- Monday

See Weblokrz See Weblokrz for Study for Study guide for guide for final.final.

Warm up- list and Warm up- list and summarize key issues summarize key issues and topics related to and topics related to politics in Gilded Age.politics in Gilded Age.

For example:For example:PresidentsPresidentsPolitical PartiesPolitical PartiesLegislationLegislationEtc.Etc.

1876-1890’s 6 Pres 4 were 1876-1890’s 6 Pres 4 were RepublicansRepublicans• Hayes- (Repub)Hayes- (Repub) 1876- disputed election Secret Deal, ie., 1876- disputed election Secret Deal, ie.,

Reconstruction Compromise of 1876, did not run again Reconstruction Compromise of 1876, did not run again in 1880. in 1880.

• GarfieldGarfield ( (RepubRepub) 1881, Assassinated by Guiteau, Office ) 1881, Assassinated by Guiteau, Office Seeker, Seeker,

• Arthur-Arthur- VP under Garfield, allegations of corruption VP under Garfield, allegations of corruption earlier in career, supported Civil Service Reform, not earlier in career, supported Civil Service Reform, not nominated for the next electionnominated for the next election

• Cleveland (Dem)Cleveland (Dem) close election against corrupt Blaine close election against corrupt Blaine (Repub), lots of Mudslinging, adultery… pro-capitalist, (Repub), lots of Mudslinging, adultery… pro-capitalist, low tarrifflow tarriff

• Harrison- (Repub)Harrison- (Repub) 1888, close election, pro-tariff and 1888, close election, pro-tariff and big businessbig business

• Cleveland (Dem)Cleveland (Dem) 1892- Runs and wins again 1892- Runs and wins again• McKinley (Repub)McKinley (Repub) 1896- Extremely pro business, pro- 1896- Extremely pro business, pro-

gold standard- will advocate strong laissez faire attitude gold standard- will advocate strong laissez faire attitude in government, supported by the supreme courtin government, supported by the supreme court

Pendleton Civil Service Act Pendleton Civil Service Act 18831883

• The Pendleton Civil Service Act The Pendleton Civil Service Act established an independent established an independent three-member Civil Service three-member Civil Service Commission that would fill Commission that would fill government jobs on the basis of government jobs on the basis of an entrance exam and not an entrance exam and not favoritism- favoritism- Anti-Corruption Anti-Corruption measuremeasure

• William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

• President William McKinleyPresident William McKinley President Garfield & ClevelandPresident Garfield & Cleveland Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act

Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison 18881888• Cleveland won the popular vote but lost in Cleveland won the popular vote but lost in

the electoral college in an election noted the electoral college in an election noted for paid votesfor paid votes

• Harrison had seemed to support some type Harrison had seemed to support some type of reform, but many of his appointments of reform, but many of his appointments were questionablewere questionable

• He did appoint Theodore Roosevelt to the He did appoint Theodore Roosevelt to the Civil Service Commission Civil Service Commission

• In 1890 to repay the veterans for their In 1890 to repay the veterans for their support Congress passed the Dependent support Congress passed the Dependent Pension Act which almost doubled the Pension Act which almost doubled the pension rollspension rolls

• Republicans controlled Congress allowing Republicans controlled Congress allowing Harrison even greater freedomHarrison even greater freedom

Farmer’s AllianceFarmer’s Alliance• The first alliance was formed in 1873 The first alliance was formed in 1873 • Like the Grange it was aimed at improving Like the Grange it was aimed at improving

the social and recreational conditions of the social and recreational conditions of the farmersthe farmers

• They too, soon became involved in politicsThey too, soon became involved in politics• The movement was especially popular in The movement was especially popular in

the South and Midwest as farmers sought the South and Midwest as farmers sought help to fight increasing debt and declining help to fight increasing debt and declining pricesprices

• In 1886 the Colored Alliance was formed In 1886 the Colored Alliance was formed to represent black farmersto represent black farmers

• Also in 1886, Texas suffered a severe Also in 1886, Texas suffered a severe drought. President Cleveland vetoed a drought. President Cleveland vetoed a bill that would have helped the farmersbill that would have helped the farmers

• In response the farmers challenged the In response the farmers challenged the Democrats in the pollsDemocrats in the polls

• In 1887 a blizzard swept through the West In 1887 a blizzard swept through the West and devastated many farms. Without and devastated many farms. Without government aid many farmers became government aid many farmers became supportive of the idea of a third-partysupportive of the idea of a third-party

• Although many parties appeared the most Although many parties appeared the most successful was the Populist partysuccessful was the Populist party

The People’s Party or The People’s Party or PopulistsPopulists• A coalition Party idea A coalition Party idea

to includeto include– FarmersFarmers– WorkersWorkers

• Issues:Issues:– Government Ownership Government Ownership

of RRof RR– Graduated Income TaxGraduated Income Tax– Immigration RestrictionImmigration Restriction– 8 hour work day8 hour work day– Free SilverFree Silver– Outlaw- private police Outlaw- private police

against laboragainst labor

• Significance:Significance:– Third party could take Third party could take

votes away from one of votes away from one of the major parties (it the major parties (it could make the could make the difference in the difference in the electionelection

– Becomes an significant Becomes an significant part of the 1896 part of the 1896 electionelection

Populist PartyPopulist Party• Involved in the elections between Involved in the elections between

1892-1908 the won control of many 1892-1908 the won control of many state legislatures and Kansas even state legislatures and Kansas even elected a Populist candidate to the elected a Populist candidate to the SenateSenate

• In 1892 the Populist party met in In 1892 the Populist party met in Omaha to decide on a national Omaha to decide on a national platform and nominated James platform and nominated James Weaver as their candidateWeaver as their candidate

• The platform was finance, The platform was finance, transportation, land, a one-term transportation, land, a one-term presidency, and limiting immigrationpresidency, and limiting immigration

Sherman Antitrust Act Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)(1890)

• The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first legislation to limit trustslegislation to limit trusts

• It was based on the constitutional power to It was based on the constitutional power to regulate interstate traderegulate interstate trade

• Stockholders transferred their shares to one Stockholders transferred their shares to one person or trustees who then controlled the person or trustees who then controlled the company and eliminated competitioncompany and eliminated competition

• The Sherman Act authorized the government to The Sherman Act authorized the government to dismember trusts and to prevent monopoliesdismember trusts and to prevent monopolies

• In 1895 the Supreme Court In 1895 the Supreme Court abolished the Sherman Act in the abolished the Sherman Act in the United States v. E. C. Knight United States v. E. C. Knight CompanyCompany

Election of 1896Election of 1896• The Republicans nominated The Republicans nominated William William

McKinleyMcKinley from Ohio (good war record, from Ohio (good war record, congressional track record, well-liked)congressional track record, well-liked)

• At the democratic convention in At the democratic convention in Chicago the party was in disarray and Chicago the party was in disarray and could not find a good candidatecould not find a good candidate

• William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan took the stage took the stage and delivered his “and delivered his “Cross of GoldCross of Gold” ” speech and immediately gained the speech and immediately gained the nominationnomination

• He was a silverite from NebraskaHe was a silverite from Nebraska• The democrats demanded unlimited The democrats demanded unlimited

coinage of silver at a ratio of 16-1coinage of silver at a ratio of 16-1

William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan• Democrat, Strongly Christian, reflected traditional Democrat, Strongly Christian, reflected traditional

farmer valuesfarmer values• Pro-silver, farmers, and westernersPro-silver, farmers, and westerners• Becomes the Democratic Nominee for the Becomes the Democratic Nominee for the

Election of 1896Election of 1896• Populists support himPopulists support him

• Later will defend the teaching of Creation in the Later will defend the teaching of Creation in the Scopes Trial, Tennessee vs. Evolution in schools.Scopes Trial, Tennessee vs. Evolution in schools.

““Cross of Gold Speech”Cross of Gold Speech”• ““I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as

holy as the cause of liberty- the cause of holy as the cause of liberty- the cause of humanity,”humanity,”

• Burn down your cities and leave your farms and Burn down your cities and leave your farms and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country”streets of every city in the country”

• ““Having behind us the producing masses of the Having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world, supported by the nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them; demand for a gold standard by saying to them;

• You shall not press down upon the brow of labor You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!”mankind upon a cross of gold!”

Settlement HousesSettlement Houses

• Jane Adams and Hull HouseJane Adams and Hull House