Industry and Urban Growth
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Transcript of Industry and Urban Growth
INDUSTRY AND URBAN GROWTHChapter 18
Section 1
A New Industrial Revolution
Factors Leading to the Industrial Boom
Westward expansion provided access to vast deposits of coal, iron,
lead, and copper. Pacific Northwest furnished lumber for building
Government policies Congress gave land grants and other subsidies
to railroads and other businesses. kept tariffs high, which made foreign goods
expensive Railroads
Trains carried people and goods west.
Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Bessemer process allowed people to make stronger steel at a
lower cost Steel replaced iron as the basic building
material of industry. Oil refining methods
Crude oil refined into lubricants for machines and gasoline to power engines and automobiles
Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Electrical power plant Thomas Edison opened first one in 1882
in New York City allowed people to use inventions such as
the light bulb , the phonograph, and the motion picture camera
Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Telegraph improved
communication for American Business
Underwater telegraph sped up
communications with Europe
Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell in
1876 device that carried human voice
Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Typewriter made office work
faster and cheaper
Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Automobile • ushered in an era of freer and faster
transportation Assembly line
• introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 to mass produce cars
Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation
Gas powered airplane first tested by the Wright Brothers in
1903 later used by the military during WWI
(World War 1)
Section 2
Big Business and Organized Labor
Corporation businesses owned by investors raised capital by selling stock run by a board of directors limited risk for investors shareholders received share of the
profits
Trust consisted of a group of corporations run
by a board of directors by 1900, dominated many of the
nation’s key industries used Social Darwinism to justify
efforts to limit competition
Let’s think: What is a trust?What is Social Darwinism?
Monopoly a company that controls most or all
business in a particular industry
Let’s think: What are some examples of monopolies in the late 1800s?
Banks huge loans helped industry grow
faster J. Pierpont Morgan: most powerful force
in the American Economy
Andrew Carnegie controlled steel
industry according to
Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth philosophy, the rich had a duty to improve society
Andrew Carnegie Video
John D. Rockefeller used profits from
his first oil refinery to buy other oil companies
formed the Standard Oil Trust , which ended competition in the oil industry
Debate over big business
Lowered the price of goods
Built up the economy
Created jobs
Threat to free enterprise
Business leaders used their wealth to influence politicians
Arguments for: Arguments against:
Let’s think: What is big business? What is free enterprise?
Workplace Conditions
Hours: longPay: lowConditions: often
dangerousemployers not required
to pay compensation for workplace injuries
Goals: safer working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours
Early Unions: Knights of Labor AFL –American
Federation of Labor
Workplace Labor Unions
Let’s think: What were the conditions like for factory
workers? What is a union?
Strikes become Violent 2 major strikes occurred in or near Chicago
The Haymarket Square Riot in 1886 At a rally in support of striking
workers a bomb went off Killed 7 police officers and
numerous rioters 8 men were tried in
connection with the bombing, although we still don’t know who put the bomb there
The Pullman strike in 1894 Pullman made railroad cars Strikers walked off their jobs Rail lines were shut down Federal troops were sent in to
end the strike *The public typically sided with
the owners not the strikers*Child Labor and Unions
Section 3
Cities Grow and Change
Urbanization Urbanization: the rapid growth of
City population Why people were attracted to cities:
industry provided jobs in cities To meet the needs of shoppers,
merchants developed the department store, which sold many kinds of goods in one store
Kinds of leisure activities cities offered: shopping, museums, orchestras, art galleries, theaters, parks, circuses, sporting events.
Expanding Cities Public transportation:
subways, streetcars, elevated trains.
Public transportation gave rise to new living areas called suburbs.
Steel bridges helped speed up growth of suburbs.
New types of buildings: Skyscrapers Tenements
Skyscrapers and Steel BridgesFlat Iron Building: completed 1902
Brooklyn Bridge: completed 1883
Living Patterns Lived in oldest sections at cities’ centers:
poor families Lived away from city centers in row
houses and apartments: middle class Lived in fine homes on outskirts of cities:
the rich
Rich
Poor
Problems of Urban Life Fires endangered
those in overcrowded neighborhoods.
Tenement life was bleak and crowded.
Slum streets were littered with garbage.
Disease was caused by poor sanitation.
Let’s think: What are some of the cons, or negatives, to living in the city?
Many times more than one family would live in a small tenement apartment
Solutions to Problems Provided by cities:
Installed street lights Setup fire, sanitation, and police departments Waged war on disease
Provided by religious groups: Setup hospitals and clinics for the poor Gave food, clothing, and shelter to the homeless
Provided by reformers: Setup settlement houses, where volunteers
helped the poor by teaching immigrants English, sponsoring music and sports for young people, and providing nurseries for children of working mothers
Jane Addams and Hull House Set up Hull House in Chicago Hull House became a safe place for
the poor Taught English to immigrants, opened
day care centers, sponsored music and dance classes, opened the city’s first public play ground, served meals
Jane Addams was the 1st American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Review 18.1
1. What is an assembly line?2. What was the Bessemer process?3. What are tariffs?
How did they affect the American Economy in the late 1800s?
4. Who was Henry Ford? What did he do?
Review 18.2
1. Who was Andrew Carnegie?2. How did Rockefeller control the oil
industry?3. What is a trust?4. What were some arguments for and
against big business?5. Who were the Knights of Labor? Who
were the American Federation of Labor?
Review 18.31. What is Urbanization?2. What are some problems with urban
life?3. What were some solutions to the
problems of urban life?4. What were the causes and effects of
the rapid growth of cities?5. What leisure activities did people who
lived in the city enjoy?