BIOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL MICRO ORGANISMS

ByS Vinitha B.Sc

An industrial important microorganism must: Produce the product of interest in high yield Grow rapidly on inexpensive culture media

available in bulk quantities Be amenable to genetic manipulation If possible, be nonpathogenic.

Some Antibiotics produced by Microorganisms

Antibiotic Producing microorganism Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acrimonium Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelae Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvin Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Tetracycline Streptomyces aureofaciens Gentamicin Micromonospora purpurea

PENICILIUM LIFE CYCLE:

Asexual Reproduction: Conidiospores not enclosed in a sac. Become airborne easily. Form chains (broom-like structures).

Sexual Reproduction: Ascospores enclosed in a sac-like structure (ascus).

CONIDIOSPORE– Multiple (chains) or single spores formed at the end of

an aerial hypha – Not enclosed within a sac– Eg: Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.

Life Cycle of penicillium (Ascomycete)Reproduces Asexually and Sexually

INDUSTRIAL USES OF PENICILIUM :

• Species of Penicillium and Aspergillus serve in the production of a number of biotechnologically produced enzymes and other macromolecules, such as gluconic, citric, and tartaric acids, as well as several pectinases, lipase, amylases, cellulases, and proteases.• Some Penicillium species have shown potential for use in bioremidiation because of their ability to break down a variety of xenobiotic compounds. Penicillium also prevents bacteria from affecting the body.

• Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug and a potential chemotherapeutic agent  that was discovered in P. griseofulvum. Additional species that produce compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in vitro include: P. pinophilum, P. canescens,] and P. glabrum.

S. cerevisiae cells can reproduce both asexually and sexually. In fact, environmental conditions often determine the method of reproduction of these cells. Asexual reproduction of S. cerevisiae cells is called budding, while sexual reproduction of the cells is called sporulation. 

During the budding process, the nucleus of the parent cell splits and locate itself towards the daughter cell. The bud continually grows and when it is fully matured, it can separate from the parent cell and function as an independent cell. Interestingly, diploid cells can undergo meiosis to produce four haploid spores that is composed of two a spores and two α spores upon facing stressful conditions, such as nutrient depletion. Haploid cells are capable of mating with other haploid cells, but of the opposite mating type (an a cell can only mate with an α cell, and vice versa) to produce a diploid cell. This process begins with the fusion of the cytoplasm, and then the haploid cells become fertilized and become a diploid zygote. After this, the zygote can undergo meiosis and form an ascus which will split into four ascospores.

SACCHAROMYCESLIFE CYCLE:

Finally, these haploids can then undergo germination and become haploid cells again. With sufficient and appropriate nutrition, S. cerevisiae cells can reproduce every 100 minutes. Their average replicative lifespan lasts about 26 cell divisions.

LIFE CYCLE OF HANSENELA

H. polymorpha, is a model organism for studying the functions of peroxisomes and their underlying molecular biology.

SPIRULINA

Streptomyces has a complex life cycle that includes formation of spores and other cell types. Typically, a spore germinates under the right conditions to generate a vegetative or substrate mycelium. This consists of a net of branching hyphae that grow and "dig" into the substrate to reach nutrients. Remarkably, there are few partition walls in the substrate mycelium: as a result, several copies of the genome are contained in every "cell". When nutrients are scarce (or in response to other signals), some hyphae start growing away from the substrate and into the air. In the new kind of hyphae (or aerial mycelium), partition walls are more frequently formed. At the same time, the substrate mycelium suffers a process of programmed cell death and its content is reused by the growing aerial mycelium. Finally, on the distal parts of aerial hyphae, the partition process is complete and yields beautiful chains of spores. Each spore contains a single copy of the genome.

LIFE CYCLE

STREPTOMYCES

LIFE CYCLE OF STREPTOMYCES

Streptomyces and their close relatives became famous thanks to their ability to produce (among other stuff):

•antibiotics (antibacterials): streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, 

neomycin,chloramphenicol, vancomycin, gentamicin•antifungals: nystatin, amphotericin•anticancer drugs: doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin•immunosuppressants: rapamycin•herbicides: bialaphos

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