Industrialization: The Process What was industrialization? How did the work process change? A long, uneven, ongoing process:

1830s-1850s: “Take Off”1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism

A long, uneven, ongoing process:

1830s-1850s: “Take Off”

1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism

1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism

Industrialization: Process

A Broad Matrix of Changes1. Demographic change: Higher standard of living higher

life expectancy + immigration much larger and more diverse population

2. Family life: changes in women’s roles, child labor

Population Growth in Industrial Illinois, 1840-1910

Chicago:1840: 45001880: 500,0001910: 2.2 million

“Downstate”:1860: 1.6 million/1910: 3.2 million

Broad Matrix of Changes (Continued)

3. Law: changes to protect private property and facilitate the accumulation of capital, discipline the labor force.

4. Social Relations: notably, particularly severe class conflict

Birmingham, AL, 1850s/1870s

Industrializing People“Pre-industrial” work habits and culture – artisans,

farm girls, and peasants

Socializing workers and creating and industrial workforce – measured time, punctuality, an industrial ethic

Waves of pre-industrial people over time, 1820s to the Present – migrants and immigrants

Industrialization: The Human Dimension at Two Moments -- 1830s-1840s and 1900-1920s

Lowell Mills, 1830Model T Assembly Line, 1913

Industrialization, 1830s-Civil WarI. The Material Process:

A. Demographic Revolution: (1790: <4 mil./1860: >32 mil)Immigration, 1840-1860: 4.3 mil. (93 % from Europe)

B. Transportation Revolution:

1. 1810s-1840s: Canals link local into regional markets – e.g., Erie Canal (1825) I&M (1848) – immigrant labor

2. 1840s-1860s: Railroads link local and regional markets into a national market system, stimulate numerous industries, and

provide a model for the modern corporation – immigrant labor.

C. Urbanization:

1. 1790: 4-5% / 1870: about 25% -- greatest increase, 1840-1860

2. NE becomes urban and industrial and Midwest “takes off”3. Residential segregation by class and ethnicity4. 1870s: Most cities one-third foreign born – Chicago, 48%,

NYC – 45%

Industrialization before the factory, e.g., Philadelphia, 1850

1. Factories (28%) – textiles, boot and shoe

2. “Manufactories” (37%) – clothing, leather, boot and shoe

3. Sweatshops (23%) – clothing, boot and shoe

4. “Outwork” (?) – weaving, clothing, boot and shoe

5. The Artisan Shop (12%)

Factory Production:

1. Division of labor and mechanization – “Spinning Jenny.”

2. Separation of production from management and management from ownership.

3. Larger workforces

Lowell Mills, 1830

The early factory proletariat:

Yankee farm women

Immigrant labor – the Irish

Children

Industrial Time and Work DisciplineLowell Offering, 1840

A Lowell Factory Girl Speaks

“The Factory Bell”

“Industrial Morality”“good character” – efficiency, punctuality, temperance, time orientation

e.g., Society for the Promotion of Industry, Frugality, and Temperance (Lynn, MA, 1826)

Enforcing industrial morality:

-- Temperance agitation and “Blue Laws”-- Professionalization of the police-- Laws against “objectionable behavior”-- Centralization of education-- From “outdoor” to “indoor” poor relief

Mr. Dyott’s Plan (1833)

Mass Production and the Recreation of the Labor Force, 1900 – 1920s

Mass Production, 1900 1. Extreme Division of Labor – e.g., Meat

Packing and Ford’s Model T2. Standardized parts3. Constant Flow of Production4. Control by management5. Mechanization

Industrializing the Workers: Peasants on the Assembly Line

The “New Immigrants”, 1890s to 1920s

Ford’s Sociology Department

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)

Philips Exeter and Harvard

Medical problems Midvale Steel

Bethlehem Steel, 1898

“A Piece Rate System” (1895)

Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

Schmidt’s Story, Bethlehem Steel, circa 1900

Principles of Scientific Management

1. Scientific study of the tasks involved and determination of the “one best way to do the job”.

2. Scientifically select and train the workman to establish a scientific standard.

3. Provide detailed instruction and close supervision of each worker in the performance of the task in order to insure maintenance of the standard.

4. Set the pay scale in relation to the new standard.

Bethlehem Steel Strike, 1910