Industrialization and Dominant-Minority Relations

From Paternalism to Group Relations From Slavery to Segregation Postindustrial Society Competitive Relations Gender Relations

Freedman’s Bureau

First established in March 1865; Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands

 To provide provisions of food and clothing Administer abandoned and confiscated land; rented 40 acres to loyal refugees and

freedom with an option to buy in 3 years (on limited land) Administer labor contracts between freedmen and planters

Power of bureau threatened at every turn by Johnson and his assistant commissioner chosen from the Confederacy

  Greater rates of success happened when the bureau worked with groups like the

American Mississippi Association and Freedman’s Aid Society

1866—Freedman’s Bureau was extended over Andrew Johnson’s veto, moderates and radicals joined forces in Congress to override Johnson’s veto

Civil Rights Act

Passed in response to black codes  Declared all citizens equal under the law

14th Amendment (officially ratified July 28, 1868) Defined US citizenship (note, not for women—they have defacto citizenship)

Citizens can expect: freedoms outlined by the Bill of rights (the 1st 10 amendments); states are forbidden from passing unequal laws

  Voting protection and voter rights were compromised out of this bill. Angered a

large faction of the women’s rights group

Black Codes

Commonalties of the codes throughout the states

Designed to create new caste system Attempt to control new labor like old master/servant days All had vagrancy provisions that required paper documentation

that meant you had to verify your right to be away from your home area.

Violation meant stiff fines that you couldn’t pay so you were put in jail and bailed out to a master to work off your debt

Reconstruction Acts—1867

After gaining a 2/3 majority in the House and Senate, the Radicals sought to protect their program from the president by enacting 3 measures

Military Reconstruction Acts—formation of governments that would begin again.

Compromise fell short of true radicalismSouthern confederacy divided into 5 military districtsSouthern governments had to reconstruct in order to be readmitted into union

Frame new constitutions Grant universal male suffrage Ratify 14th amendment

Second Act—register all qualified adult males Third Act—hold open and fair elections

Benefits and Failures of Reconstruction

Benefits

Extended civil and political rights

New Southern constitutions

Reformed local governments (somewhat)

Reformed judiciary and made it more accessible to all the people

Began process of rebuilding Southern infrastructure

Failures

Left blacks without real protection

Left majority of South under rebel control

Left legacy of bitterness

Basic economic questions were never addressed

DuBois v Washington

Niagara Movement

Formed by 29 young blacks led by WEB Dubois in 1905.

Came together to counter widespread lynching and racial segregation

Demanded equal rights for black citizens

Goals Immediate (meaning full) manhood

suffrage Ceasing of discrimination in public

accommodations Constitution enforced fairly throughout

country Equal access to public school education

Tuskegee Institute

Focused on education for job

Occupational training

Language skills

Avoided political aspirations

Economic Structure

Primary Activities– Brown Collar: Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, & Forestry

Secondary Activities– Blue Collar: Steel Making, Food Processing, Furniture Making, Textile

& Garment Manufacturing

Tertiary Activities– White Collar: Warehousing, Retail Stores, Personal Services,

Commercial Services, & Entertainment

Quaternary Activities– Gold Collar: Data Processors, Information Retrieval, Education, &

Research and Development

Percent of the Population 25 Years and Over with a High School Diploma or Higher by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, for the United States: 1940 to 2000

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

.White

.Black

.Asian and Pacific Islander

.American Indian and Alaska Native

.Hispanic

Agricultural v Non Agricultural Employment in the US, 1950-2000

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Non Agriculture

Agriculture

24%

17%

23%

9%

14%

13%

Civilian employed population 16 years and over

Management, professional, and related occupations

Service occupations

Sales and office occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Construction, extraction, maintenance and repairoccupations

Civilian Employed Population 16 and Over

Key Terms

Reconstruction Service or tertiary occupations Manufacturing or secondary occupations Rigid competitive group relations Fluid competitive group relations De jure segregation Extractive or primary occupations Equal status contact hypothesis Past-in-present institutional discrimination Secondary labor market Primary labor market Sharecropping Modern Institutional Discrimination Deindustrialization Jim Crow system Maquiladoras

In-Class Exercise

Using chapter 4 and tonight’s lecture, explain the concepts of rigid and fluid competitive group relations.