The Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution? Sudden? Meaning? Costs vs. Benefits?
Industrial Revolution Powerpoint
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A Revolution in A Revolution in Transportation and Energy Transportation and Energy
SourcesSources
By Hannah Huan, Cialina Ngo, By Hannah Huan, Cialina Ngo, Sara Obeiter, and Lindsey OhSara Obeiter, and Lindsey Oh
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Steam PowerSteam Power
During the Industrial Revolution:During the Industrial Revolution: Replaced water & muscle powerReplaced water & muscle power Engines that pumped water out of flooded Engines that pumped water out of flooded
mineshafts mineshafts In 1769, built the first steam-powered In 1769, built the first steam-powered
vehiclevehicle
http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/stephensono.htm
Ultimate Train: A Celebration of the World's Greatest Trains
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Newcomen Steam Engine Newcomen Steam Engine
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v10n1/images/de_ridder1.jpg
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Steam EngineSteam EngineJames WattJames Watt
1763-1773: 1763-1773: Improved Newcomen Improved Newcomen
steam engine steam engine Pump water from their Pump water from their
minesmines
1781: rotary-motion 1781: rotary-motion steam enginesteam engine
Power different types Power different types of machineryof machinery
http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~klio/sci/steam-engine.jpg
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SCwatt.htm
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James Watt
Scottish Instrument maker, engineer, and inventor
Born on Jan. 19, 1736 and died on Aug. 25, 1819
SI unit of Power was named after Watt
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076296/James-Watt
http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9382421
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Watt Steam EngineWatt Steam Engine-Improved version of Newcomen steam engine- Separate condenserSun-and-planet gear- Double-acting engine- Automatic control speed - Pressure gauge
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Richard Trevithick
Lived from 1771-1833
English Engineer and Inventor
Victim to many business mishaps
Died in poverty just when the Railroad Age began
http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790eddce822971f2e5c69cdb9846af7eae83f93a000f168d022234a5c4ec340e3a08dc89f11d2fc958ed7fa8992c8bd8c3e9&fmt=C
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High- Pressure Engine
Designed the first efficient railway locomotive
Improved stationary steam engine that used high pressure
Adapted to Driving a iron-rolling mill Propelling a barge with paddles Powering the world’s first steam dredgers and
a threshing machine
http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790eddce822971f2e5c69cdb9846af7eae83f93a000f168d022234a5c4ec340e3a08dc89f11d2fc958ed7fa8992c8bd8c3e9&fmt=C
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George Stephenson
1781-1848 English inventor and
railroad engineer One of England’s
leading railroad engineers
http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790eddce822971f2e5c658f64399541e8af2562b55a56d0f818611d5d5389fa65324182ec0d4b17870aa7577d21b542154e9&fmt=C
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Stephenson’s Achievements
Created the Manchester and Leeds, the North Midland and the Grand Junction railways
“Blucher” “Steam blast” “Rocket”
http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790eddce822971f2e5c658f64399541e8af2562b55a56d0f818611d5d5389fa65324182ec0d4b17870aa7577d21b542154e9&fmt=C
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Railways: Advent
1825: first modern railway
England Stockton to Darlington George Stephenson 15 mph
1830: Liverpool &
Manchester Railway
Ralph, Philip Lee, Robert E. Lerner, Standish Meacham, Alan T. Wood, Richard W. Hull, and Edward McNall Burns. World Civilizations: Their History and Their Culture. 9th ed. New York: WW Norton & Company, 1997.
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Railways: Advent
Not a completely new idea Response to mines
many powerful steam engines efficient coal transporting
Power and speed
Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Revolution: 1789-1848. New York: Random House, Inc., 1962.
Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures: A Concise History. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003.
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Railways: Importance
Efficiency Transport goods quickly, cheaply, across long
distances Heavy materials made moveable
Economy Capitalist investments
Ralph, Philip Lee, Robert E. Lerner, Standish Meacham, Alan T. Wood, Richard W. Hull, and Edward McNall Burns. World Civilizations: Their History and Their Culture. 9th ed. New York: WW Norton & Company, 1997.
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Railways: Importance
Industry Demanded coal, rails, locomotives, carriages,
signals, switches Decreased time spent to sell goods Quicker return on capital investment Money used to reinvest in manufacturing of
more goods
Ralph, Philip Lee, Robert E. Lerner, Standish Meacham, Alan T. Wood, Richard W. Hull, and Edward McNall Burns. World Civilizations: Their History and Their Culture. 9th ed. New York: WW Norton & Company, 1997.
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Automobiles
Nikolaus Otto German engineer Invented gasoline-
powered internal combustion engine
Alternative to use of steam engine as power source
Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, and Anthony Esler. World History: The Modern Era. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007."Nikolaus August Otto." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434878/Nikolaus-August-Otto>.
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Automobiles
Karl Benz 1886: patented 1st
automobile (3-wheel)• Powered by internal
combustion engine
Gottlieb Daimler 1887: introduced 1st 4-
wheeled automobile
Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, and Anthony Esler. World History: The Modern Era. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007."Gottlieb Daimler." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/149896/Gottlieb-Daimler>. "Karl Benz." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61255/Karl-Friedrich-Benz>.
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Automobiles
Henry Ford Models with speeds up to 25 mph Early 1900s: assembly line U.S. became leader in automobile industry
Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, and Anthony Esler. World History: The Modern Era. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007."Henry Ford." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/213223/Henry-Ford>.
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Henry Ford
Born July 30, 1863 Died April 7, 1947 Famous for Ford
Motor Company’s automobiles and assembly line methods in the factory
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22463/Henry-Ford
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Model T
Designed to be practical and affordable by the average American.
Huge impact in a span of two decades• Farmers• Stimulated urbanization
Assembly-line method
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22463/Henry-Ford
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The Origins of Oil and Natural GasThe Origins of Oil and Natural Gas
6000 years ago6000 years ago Chinese – polish swords and Chinese – polish swords and
armorarmor Egypt – preserved mummies Egypt – preserved mummies
polish chariotspolish chariots
1800s1800s SaltSalt Lighting homes and factoriesLighting homes and factories
Whale Oil Whale Oil Make candles and fuel for Make candles and fuel for
lampslamps Supply running low & price Supply running low & price
skyrocketed skyrocketed Sperm whales – near Sperm whales – near
extinctionextinction
Petroleum gasPetroleum gas Distilled from coalDistilled from coal Skimming from ponds and Skimming from ponds and
streamsstreams Oil shale retortingOil shale retorting
http://www.teachingtools.com/CrudeEnergy/BlackGold.htm
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Origins of the Oil Industry Origins of the Oil Industry Edwin L. DrakeEdwin L. Drake
Searched for oil (Pittsburg)Searched for oil (Pittsburg) DugDug Drill Drill
Drive pipeDrive pipe Struck OilStruck Oil
Provided inexpensive lamp fuel & superior Provided inexpensive lamp fuel & superior lubricationlubrication
http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/edwin/page1.asp?secid=31
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Major Oil ProducersMajor Oil Producers
http://www.oilfreefuture.com/oil.pipeline.html
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CoalCoal
Used for a steam locomotiveUsed for a steam locomotive
http://www.astecindustries.com/images/photos/Coal_Hands.jpg
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Shift from Coal to Oil FuelShift from Coal to Oil Fuel
Coal Coal Created black fumesCreated black fumes Oil was more efficientOil was more efficient Fatality rates higherFatality rates higher
http://www.energybulletin.net/17739.html
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http://www.energybulletin.net/17739.html
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Shift from Coal to Oil FuelShift from Coal to Oil Fuel
Mid 1800s – industrial revolutionMid 1800s – industrial revolution U.S.A U.S.A Great BritainGreat Britain France France
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John D. Rockefeller
Born July 8, 1839 in New York
Died May 23, 1937 in Florida
Founder of the Standard Oil Company
Philanthropist: donated $500 million to causes
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063982
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Standard Oil Company
Built an oil refinery near Cleveland in 1863.
By 1882, Standard Oil was nearly a monopoly on oil business in the United States
Set up the standards for future US business trusts
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063982
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The Arab Oil Embargo of 1973The Arab Oil Embargo of 1973
The price of fuel increased dramaticallyThe price of fuel increased dramatically October of 1973- an oil embargo by the October of 1973- an oil embargo by the
members of the Organization of Arab members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) Cut further into the supply of oilCut further into the supply of oil Sometimes no gas at gas stationsSometimes no gas at gas stations
Energy remains a large topic in the newsEnergy remains a large topic in the news
•http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/anniversary.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/anniversary.html
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Major Disruptions in Oil SupplyMajor Disruptions in Oil Supply
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld001.htm
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OAPEC and Petroleum ConsumptionOAPEC and Petroleum Consumption
Stock shares of Stock shares of OAPEC OAPEC decreased by decreased by 25% after 197325% after 1973
Following the Following the price increase in price increase in 1973, the oil 1973, the oil consumption in consumption in the US declined the US declined for 2 years for 2 years afterwardafterward
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld008.htm
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Price InflationPrice Inflation
During the past 25 years, the price of During the past 25 years, the price of gasoline has risen approximately 5% each gasoline has risen approximately 5% each yearyear
Not taking inflation into accountNot taking inflation into account Taking inflation into account, only .25% Taking inflation into account, only .25%
increase in price each yearincrease in price each year
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld004.htm
The Price of GasolineThe Price of Gasoline
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Changes in LifestyleChanges in Lifestyle
People adapted in many different ways to the People adapted in many different ways to the increased energy costincreased energy cost
Cars became more fuel efficientCars became more fuel efficient The average rate of increase of mpg is 2.7% per yearThe average rate of increase of mpg is 2.7% per year Horsepower of cars and small trucks decreased from Horsepower of cars and small trucks decreased from
1973 to 1983, and then increased again1973 to 1983, and then increased again The number of homes using oil heat has The number of homes using oil heat has
decreased 23% since 1973decreased 23% since 1973 Energy use dropped 15% from 1978-1983 even Energy use dropped 15% from 1978-1983 even
though the population increasedthough the population increased
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld026.htm
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Changes in LifestyleChanges in Lifestyle
The efficiency of household appliances, The efficiency of household appliances, like refrigerators, nearly tripled in the 25 like refrigerators, nearly tripled in the 25 years following the Arab Oil Embargoyears following the Arab Oil Embargo From 3.84 ftFrom 3.84 ft33/kwh/day in 1972 to 11.22 /kwh/day in 1972 to 11.22
ftft33/kwh/day in 1996/kwh/day in 1996
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HorsepowerHorsepower
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ConclusionConclusion
As you can see, oil impacts today’s As you can see, oil impacts today’s economyeconomy