Industrial Revolution

Industrialization and Urbanization

Urbanization/Industrialization Urbanization -

movement of people to cities

Industrialization – use of machines to make goods

Why Did People Migrate to the Cities?

Changes in farming (enclosure movement)

Soaring population growth Increasing demands for workers

(JOBS!!)

City Life Air pollution Slums/Tenement

Buildings (crowded) Filthy/Smelly (no

sewage or sanitation system/waste and garbage filled the streets)

Lack of running water or indoor plumbing

Diseases were common

Working Conditions Long hours Low pay Dangerous/hazardous

(accidents with machines)

No benefits (healthcare, vacation, etc…)

Women and children were paid less than men kept costs of production low and profits high

Labor Unions Purpose – increase

wages and improve working conditions

Collective Bargaining (labor and management) – working together, workers could get more from their employers (power in numbers)

Labor Unions Cont’d - Actions Outlawed child labor Banned the employment of women in

mines Improved safety conditions in mines

and factories Limited work hours – example (8

hour day for British coal workers) Disability insurance for hurt or ill

workers

Growth of Middle Class

Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchants

Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich middle class (aristocrats had land but new middle class had lots of money!!)

Impact on Women and Children

Women and children were cheap labor

Introduction of reforms to end child labor

Growing demand from women for suffrage – voting rights

Expansion of education

Impact on Slavery

Cotton Gin increased the demand for slave labor on plantations – more slaves to grow more cotton

The United States and Great Britain outlawed the slave trade then slavery

Improved Transportation

Needed to transport goods from place to place (fast and cheap)

Turnpikes & canals (connect rivers) Railroads – steam locomotive Steamboats and steamships

Rising Standards of Living

Skilled workers earned more than unskilled workers

Men earned more than women Lives of workers improved –

advances in medicine (healthier lives), nicer homes, affordable clothing (low prices and high productivity), and healthier diets (a variety of foods)