Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

BackgroundBackground

• Change in manufacturing methods Change in manufacturing methods 1818thth C C– From wind/water to coal/steamFrom wind/water to coal/steam– From work by hand to machine From work by hand to machine – From home/From home/cottagecottage to factory to factory

• Old (1Old (1stst)) – 1750-1870 – 1750-1870 – first factories, steam, expansion of first factories, steam, expansion of

output of coal, ironoutput of coal, iron

BackgroundBackground

• New (2New (2ndnd)) – 1870 – ongoing – – 1870 – ongoing – – new sources of power - electricity, new sources of power - electricity,

petroleum, atomicpetroleum, atomic– use of science in industry to create use of science in industry to create

artificial (synthetic) products – nylon, artificial (synthetic) products – nylon, plasticsplastics

– better transportation & better transportation & communicationcommunication

BackgroundBackground

• Renaissance spiritRenaissance spirit– life in this worldlife in this world– material comfortsmaterial comforts– scientific approach scientific approach – Enlightenment – intellectual revolutionEnlightenment – intellectual revolution

• Commercial Revolution Commercial Revolution – European expansion - new markets, European expansion - new markets,

vast demand for goodsvast demand for goods

Begins in EnglandBegins in England

• New agricultural methods:New agricultural methods:– Increased food, population growthIncreased food, population growth– People could afford mfg. goodsPeople could afford mfg. goods

• Prosperous colonial nation – colonies Prosperous colonial nation – colonies provided raw materials and marketsprovided raw materials and markets

• Had skilled craftsmen, wealthy Had skilled craftsmen, wealthy capitalists, large # of workerscapitalists, large # of workers

• Had natural resources – coal, iron ore, Had natural resources – coal, iron ore, good harborsgood harbors

Improvements in TextilesImprovements in Textiles

• John Kay – flying shuttle – sped up John Kay – flying shuttle – sped up weaving by loomweaving by loom

• James Hargreaves – spinning jenny – James Hargreaves – spinning jenny – spun 8 threads at one timespun 8 threads at one time

• Richard Arkwright – water frame – used Richard Arkwright – water frame – used water power for spinningwater power for spinning

• Edmund Cartwright – power loom – used Edmund Cartwright – power loom – used water power for weavingwater power for weaving

• Eli WhitneyEli Whitney (American) – cotton gin & (American) – cotton gin & interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts

New Sources of PowerNew Sources of Power

• Steam Power (used coal – no longer Steam Power (used coal – no longer had to live near water)had to live near water)

• James WattJames Watt constructed efficient constructed efficient steam enginesteam engine

• Robert FultonRobert Fulton – Steamboat – Steamboat “Clermont”“Clermont”

• George StephensonGeorge Stephenson – Steam – Steam locomotive “Rocket” 29 mph!locomotive “Rocket” 29 mph!

Stephenson’s Rocket

Power cont.Power cont.

• Coal – to change water to steamCoal – to change water to steam• Iron & Steel – Iron & Steel – Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer

developed method to refine iron developed method to refine iron into steel (stronger)into steel (stronger)

• Electricity – Michael Faraday Electricity – Michael Faraday created electric currentcreated electric current

• Telegraph – Telegraph – Samuel F.B. MorseSamuel F.B. Morse (US) (US)

Other AdvancesOther Advances

• Telephone – Telephone – Alexander GrahamAlexander Graham Bell Bell (US)(US)

• Electric Light Bulb – Electric Light Bulb – Thomas EdisonThomas Edison (US); phonograph(US); phonograph

• Marconi Marconi – first radio– first radio• Television – Vladimir Zworkin (US)Television – Vladimir Zworkin (US)

TelegraphTelegraph

TelephoneTelephone

Other AdvancesOther Advances

• Petroleum – Edwin Drake (1859) first oil Petroleum – Edwin Drake (1859) first oil wellwell

• Automobile – Automobile – Gottlieb DaimlerGottlieb Daimler – practical – practical combustion engine (gas)combustion engine (gas)

• Henry FordHenry Ford – mass production, assembly – mass production, assembly line, Model Tline, Model T

• Leads to new industries: oil, rubber, Leads to new industries: oil, rubber, glass, steel, aluminum; gas stations, glass, steel, aluminum; gas stations, garages, parking lots, motels, garages, parking lots, motels, highwayshighways

Other AdvancesOther Advances

• Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur – germ theory; heated – germ theory; heated milk to kill bacteria; pasteurizationmilk to kill bacteria; pasteurization

• Joseph ListerJoseph Lister – antiseptics in hospitals, – antiseptics in hospitals, surgery surgery

• MendelMendel – science of genetics – science of genetics• Marie and Pierre CurieMarie and Pierre Curie – discovered – discovered

radioactivity (radium)radioactivity (radium)• FreudFreud – father of psychoanalysis – father of psychoanalysis

Model T 1908Model T 1908

Model T 1915Model T 1915

Model T 1925Model T 1925

Other AdvancesOther Advances

• Airplane – 1903 Airplane – 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wilbur and Orville WrightWright flew for less than one flew for less than one minuteminute

• Diesel – Rudolf Diesel – less Diesel – Rudolf Diesel – less expensive than gasolineexpensive than gasoline

• Later natural gas, solar, atomicLater natural gas, solar, atomic

Social ImpactSocial Impact

• Rapid growth of citiesRapid growth of cities• Deplorable, crowded filthy conditions in Deplorable, crowded filthy conditions in

the citiesthe cities• Rise of industrial middle class Rise of industrial middle class

((bourgeoisiebourgeoisie))• Included professionals & factory owners; Included professionals & factory owners;

craftsmencraftsmen• Laissez faire economicsLaissez faire economics – government – government

stays out of business (stays out of business (Adam SmithAdam Smith))

Working ClassWorking Class

• 12-16 hour work days; 6 days per week12-16 hour work days; 6 days per week• No minimum wage, job securityNo minimum wage, job security• Dangerous machinery, cold, dirtyDangerous machinery, cold, dirty• Coal mines particularly dangerousCoal mines particularly dangerous• Women and children worked – could pay Women and children worked – could pay

them lessthem less• Factory conditions – dirty, dangerousFactory conditions – dirty, dangerous• No protection, minimum wageNo protection, minimum wage

Some overall effects IRSome overall effects IR

• Factory systemFactory system• Mass productionMass production• Assembly lineAssembly line• Capitalism based on laissez faireCapitalism based on laissez faire• Rise of middle class/working classRise of middle class/working class• New products, inventionsNew products, inventions• Higher standard of living; pop.Higher standard of living; pop.

Reaction & ReformsReaction & Reforms

• Children suffered abuse, injuriesChildren suffered abuse, injuries• Loss of childhood, educationLoss of childhood, education• Factory Act 1833Factory Act 1833 – set 9 as the – set 9 as the

minimum ageminimum age for children; 8 for children; 8 hour hour days (9-13), 12 hour days (13-18)days (9-13), 12 hour days (13-18)

• Led to men becoming main wage Led to men becoming main wage earnersearners

SocialismSocialism

• Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists – believed in equality; – believed in equality; replace competition with cooperationreplace competition with cooperation

• Robert OwenRobert Owen – New Lanark (Scotland), – New Lanark (Scotland), New HarmonyNew Harmony (Indiana) ; failed (Indiana) ; failed

• Socialism – Socialism – The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto, , by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engelsby Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Socialism cont.Socialism cont.

• Saw Saw capitalismcapitalism as the cause of horrible as the cause of horrible factory conditionsfactory conditions

• Class struggleClass struggle between oppressor and between oppressor and oppressed (owners vs. workers)oppressed (owners vs. workers)

• Bourgeoisie (middle class) vs. proletariat Bourgeoisie (middle class) vs. proletariat (working class)(working class)

• Saw factory owners as the oppressorsSaw factory owners as the oppressors

Socialism cont.Socialism cont.

• Ultimate goal was a Ultimate goal was a classless classless societysociety

• Socialist groups grewSocialist groups grew• Beginnings of Beginnings of laborlabor unionsunions

demanding better working demanding better working conditions in factoriesconditions in factories