Industrial Revolution 2
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Transcript of Industrial Revolution 2
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Why did it begin in Great Britain?
1.Farming (more land new crops, better food)
2.Britain had many workers (pop)
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3. British had money or CAPITAL to invest.
4. ENTREPRENEURS: businessmen who want new opportunities to make money.
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5. natural resources such as coal, iron, & water for power & shipping.
6. Colonies create markets to sell goods
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1765:. James Hargreaves-invented spinning jenny- makes thread. Cotton industry grows!!
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Other inventions:•1775: James Watt- improved steam engine- run machines, faster transportation
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•Edmund Cartwright- water powered loom- factories next to rivers, weaves cloth
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COAL & IRON•Henry Cort invents PUDDLING- process to burn away impurities in iron to make hi quality iron
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•1804: Robert Trevithick
1st steam locomotive•Built 100s miles of RR•New trains go 50 mph •Creates new jobs, mkts & lowers costs
of shipping.
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•Robert Fulton credited w/ Clermont, 1st steamboat
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•Factories built.•Owners have shifts to run machines constantly.
•Employees work assembly lines, repeating same task.
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•Fined & beaten for being late
•Many workers were kids (young as 5) who worked 12-16 hr days, little pay, beaten
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•INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM- an eco system based on industrial production –
•New classes developed as a result
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NEW MIDDLE CLASS were people who built factories,
bought machines & planned markets
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• Industrial Working Class- factory workers.
•Worked 12-16 hr days, 6 days a weeks
•Little pay. •Dangerous & dirty conditions
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LABOR RULES •DON’T WRITE!!!!!!!!!!•People often locked in.
• Mills & mines worst •Factory Act of 1833 set 9 as min age for employment & limits workday to 9 hours
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•Society changed:•Most factory laborers were farmers.
•2/3 were women & kids.
•Factories advertised for families to work.
• (pg 366)
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•Women paid ½ & were 50% of factory laborers.
•Many also work out of home (called a COTTAGE INDUSTRY) doing cleaning, laundry, etc
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NORTH AMERICADON’T WRITE btw 1800-1860 Us pop grew from 5 mil to 30 mil
•canals & RRs link US•50% of people live on farms in US.
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City growth factors include:
•Pop doubles in Europe. (266 mil)
• Less wars, diseases & better food led to growth.
• people come to city to work in factories
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EUROPE BY 1815
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•Living conditions poor in cities
•Rats, trash, disease, sewage poor sanitation
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•Conditions worsen
•socialism grows: Idea that govt (society), should take control of means of production such as factories & utilities
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REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
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•GB, AUS, PRU, RUS meet Sept 1814 for peace settlement at CONGRESS OF VIENNA
•Led by Klemens Von Metternich
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•Principle of Legitimacy- restore monarchies to power
•Divide territories so that so no one too strong
•GB, Rus, Pru Aus, Fr meet to keep peace
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•adopt PRINCIPLE of INTERVENTION- right to send in armies if rev occurs. But Britain refused
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•New ideas:• LIBRALISM-idea people should be free from govt restraint (freedom of speech, separation
of church & state, want a constitutional
monarchy)
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•NATIONALISM- a unique cultural identity of a people based on a common language, religion, history. Often leads people to want own nation. Starts revolutions, upsets balance of power
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• GERMANY was 38 states (German Confederation)
• Rulers promise new constitutions & meet as Frankfort assembly to write one. Draft it, but can’t enforce.
• ITALY: 9 states, some owned by Austria.
• Revolts break out to create unified Italy w/ liberal constitutions, but Austrians stop it.
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SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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•DON’T WRITE!!!•Second Industrial Rev lasted from 1870s into 1900s.
•1st rev focused on railroads, iron, coal, and cloth. 2nd focused on:
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1. Iron replaced by steel- light, strong
2. electricity- heat & light, factories could run 24 hrs
3. chemicals & oil
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NEW INVENTIONS
1.telephone in 1876- Alexander Graham Bell
2.Radio- Guglielmo Marconi
3. Plane- Wright brothers
4. Internal combustion engine- Daimler
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OTHER CHANGES•Wages increased & prices drop due to cheaper transportation & factories
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• Italy, Aus-Hungary, SP, Port & Rus still agricultural, not industrial.
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ORGANIZING THE WORKING CLASS
•Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels upset by factory conditions & blame industrial capitalism.
•Wrote in Communist Manifesto that:
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COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
a.history is a class struggle
b. Oppressors or Bourgeoisie are middle class who own means of production (land, $$$) & control govt
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COMMUNIST MANIFESTOc. Oppressed or Proletariat are working class & depend on oppressord. Huge struggle will occur w/ violent revolution
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KARL MARXe. Proletariat will overthrow bourgeoisie & form dictatorship to organize production.
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KARL MARX
f. Creates no social or economic classes or differences.
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TRADE UNIONS•Trade unions dev
•Fight to raise wages, improve conditions & earn collective bargaining- negotiate btw worker & employer
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Top- wealthy 5% of pop own 30-40% of money
•Middle Class- Drs, lawyers, civil servants
•Lower-middle class- shopkeepers
•Lower class- sales people, secretaries.
• Working class- 80% of pop (servants, farmers)
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GROCERY STORE late 1800s
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•Women- new jobs open up. Shortage of men create jobs as clerks, secretaries, typists
•Women work until marriage in working
class families.• Feminism grows. •Can divorce, own property, go to college
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FUN!!!! •People had time & $$$$ for leisure
•Pro sports (Reds 1869)
•Amusement parks & dance halls
open
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CONEY ISLAND
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CONEY ISLAND
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CONEY ISLAND
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CONEY ISLAND RIDES
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CONEY ISLAND RIDES
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CONEY ISLAND’S 1st COASTER
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•State financed schools set up for boys & girls to:
•train labor for factories•Increase literacy•Create patriotism