INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1750-1914

BRITAIN LEADS THE WAY

• 1750-1914• Why Britain• New Methods in

Production• Factory System• New sources of power• Improved

transportation and communications

WHY BRITAIN?

• Large Iron and Coal Resources• Commercial Nation

– Merchants had capital to invest

• Cheap Labor• Colonies to Supply Raw Materials• Market for finished goods• Government encourage improvements in

transportation• Navy to protect trade

NEW METHODS IN PRODUCTION

• Machines replaced hand tools

• Faster production of thread and weaving cloth

• Steam and electricity replace human and animal power

FACTORY SYSTEM

B rit ish T e xtile In d u s try

W O R K E R S M A C H IN E S

S p in n in g M ills (W a te r W h e e ls ) fo r E le c tric ity

R IV E R S

F A C T O R Y

NEW SOURCES OF POWER

• Steam replaces water– James Watt/Steam

Powered Engine

• Coal• Iron• Steel

• Bessemer

• Leads to growth of other industries

IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION AND

COMMUNICATIONS

• Nation now connected– Roads, Bridges, Canals

• Steam Powered Railroads and Ships

• Telegraph

RAILROADS

• Entice people to move west and build towns– If you provide water

towers, hotels for workers, supply wood, and give us a tax break…We will run railroad through your town

• More people more money

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

• Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad compete against each other in a race to lay the most railroad track across the nation– The more track laid…

the more land received

WORKERSR a ilro a d W o rke rs

U n sk ille d W o rke rsR e ce ive p a y, ro o m , a n d b o a rd

Irish Im m a g ra n ts

U n io n P a c if ic

U n sk ille d w o rke rsR e ce ive P ay

H a ve to S up p ly o w n ro o m a n d b o a rd

C h in e se Im m a g ra n ts

C e n tra l P a c if ic

WORKING CONDITIONS

• Blizzards

• Floods

• Avalanches

• Attack from Indians

• Pressure from bosses

FROM SEA TO SHINING SEA

• May 10, 1869• Golden Stake is driven

in connecting Union Pacific and Central Pacific

• Promontory Summit, Utah

1850’s-OTHER COUNTRIES INDUSTRIALIZE

• Belgium, France, Germany, United States, and Japan

• 1890’s US overtakes Great Britain as leading industrial power

• 1900 Germany rivals US and Great Britain

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY

• Electricity developments further the industrial revolution– Generators

– Telephones

– Radios

– Phonograph

– Light bulb

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

• Used to power automobiles

• Set stage for revolution in the transportation industry

• Growth of Auto-Industry leads to booms in…– Steel Production

– Rubber Production

– Petroleum Production

NEW METHODS OF PRODUCTION

• Assembly Line– Henry Ford– Complex assignments broken down into

smaller tasks• Each task is performed by an individual worker\

– More efficient and reduces cost

SOCIAL CHANGES

WOMEN

• Now working outside home– Factories

– Domestic Servants

– Get paid less than men

URBANIZATION

• New jobs• Greater variety of

cheaper goods• Advances in

diagnosing and treating diseases

• Chances for advancement

• Dark, smoky factories• Poorly built houses• Working families living

together in 1-2 rooms• No water or sewage system• Crime rate high…police

force small• Open sewers, polluted rivers,

factory smoke, filthy streets-disease spread

• 26 out of every 100 children die before age of 5

WORKING IN THE CITIES• Entire family works• Men, Women, Children• Come from local poorhouses

– Orphaned children/homeless adults

• 12-16 hours a day-6 days a week• Injured on job-No Compensation• Sick- No Sick leave can be fired• Wages low• No job security• No laws restricting child labor

– Start at age 6– Supervisors beat children to keep awake and alert

CHANGING VALUES• Sense of belonging to

disappearing as people move to cities

• Weakened family– Long hours and irregular

schedules– Supervision of children hard

• Runaways and abandon youngsters wandering streets

– Men and women turn to alcohol

• Older Citizens– Lost authority and respect

once had

BENEFITS OF URBANIZATION

• Factory made goods plentiful and priced within reach of most

• Chances for advancement

• Workers acquired special skills

• Education available