Supply, Demand & Market Equilibrium Principles of Microeconomics Boris Nikolaev.
Industrial Applications of Equilibrium Principles Lesson 4.
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Transcript of Industrial Applications of Equilibrium Principles Lesson 4.
![Page 1: Industrial Applications of Equilibrium Principles Lesson 4.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051114/56649f2a5503460f94c440f7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Industrial Applications of Equilibrium Principles
Lesson 4
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The Yield of a Reaction
High yield
The yield is the amount of products.
reactants products⇌
Low yield
reactants products⇌
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The Haber Process is used to make ammonia
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + energy
4 2
To ensure a high yield- Think: what will drive the rxn to products side?
low temperature
high pressure
remove NH3
add N2 and H2
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The Haber Process is used to make ammonia
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + energy
4 2
To ensure a high rate
high temperature- 600 0C
high pressure- 20000 Kpa
add N2 and H2
add catalysts
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1 2
N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g) + 59 KJ
Increasing the yield
low temperature
low pressure
add N2O4
remove NO2
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1 2
N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g) + 59 KJ
Increasing the rate
high temperature
high pressure
add N2O4
add a catalyst
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Yield is the amount of product relative to reactants at equilibrium.
Know the difference between Rate and Yield!
Rate is how fast you get to equilibrium.
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1. What conditions will produce the greatest yield?
P2O4(g) ⇋ 2PO2(g) ∆H = -28 kJ
A. high temperature & high pressure
C. high temperature & low pressureD. low temperature & high pressure
+ 28KJ
B. low temperature & low pressure
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2. What conditions will produce the greatest rate?
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
A. high Zn surface area, low [HCl], low temperatureB. low Zn surface area, high [HCl], high temperature
D. high Zn surface area, high [HCl], low temperature
C. high Zn surface area, high [HCl], high temperature
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3. What increases the rate?
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
A. removing H2
B. removing ZnCl2(aq)
C. lowering pressureD. adding HCl
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Graphing Equilibrium
Graphing changes imposed on the system
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Graphing Equilibrium N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g) + 59 KJ
1. Adding [N2O4]
[N2O4]
[NO2] 2x
x
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Graphing Equilibrium
N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g) + 59 KJ
2. Removing [NO2 ]
[N2O4]
[NO2]
2x
x
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Graphing Equilibrium N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g) + 59 KJ
3. Increase Temperature
[N2O4]
[NO2] 2x
x
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Graphing Equilibrium N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g) + 59 KJ
[N2O4]
[NO2]
2x
x
4. Decrease Volume- all concentrations + pressure goes up!
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Page 55
Questions 27 + 28