TOTAL LENGTH - 3,180 kmBasin Area - 1,165 million SqDischarge - 6,600m cu/sCountries - INDIA & PAKISTANSources - Tibetian plateau,Gar river,Senge zangbo

INDUS RIVER

INTRODUCTION Indus river originates in the Tibetian plateau

in the vicinity of lake Mansarovar,runs across through the Ladakh region of J&K towards Gilgit-Baltistan & then its flows southerly direction along the entire length of Punjab,Pakistan to merge with Arabian sea near the port city of Karachi

It is the longest river of Pakistan and 21st largest river of world in terms of annual

flow.

Its left bank tributary is Chenab & has its own 4 tributaries namely the Jhelum, the Ravi,the Beas, the Sutlej.

Its right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, the Kurram.

The flow of rivers is determined by seasons- it deminishes in winter while flooding in monsoon months from July to September.

Around two-third of water supplied for irrigation and in homes comes from the Indus and its associated rivers.

IND

US VALLEY CIVILISATIO

N- EARLIEST CIVILISATIO

N IN

HUAM

N

HISTO

RY

ISSUES:- Sindh/Indus river is stratigically vital resource for

Pakistan. After Pakistan and India declared independence

the use of the waters and its 5 tributaries became a major dispute between them.

The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley & the Bari Doab were split, with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India disrupting supply in some parts of Pakistan.

Some Major Dams on India’s Part of Indus River Basin

The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political constraints due to inherent mistrust and suspicion.

This led to the signing of Indus Water Treaty in 1960.

INDUS WATER TREATY

INDUS WATER TREATY It is the eastern distribution treaty between India

and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for reconstruction and development).

Treaty signed on sept 19’1960 by India Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru and president of Pakistan Ayub Khan.

According to the agreement, control over the 3 eastern rivers ,the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej was given to India & 3 western rivers , the Indus, the Chenab, the Jhelum to Pakistan.

INVOLVEMENT OF THE WORLD BANK Initially the bank was reluctant to get

involved. World bank refuses loans to both countries

even though they were economically viable.

Offered an impartial third party . Offered an option taking into account both

countries’ needs.

ROLE OF WORLD BANK In 1951, David E. Lilienthal, former chairman

of Tennessee Valley Authority, visited India and Pakistan.

Lilienthal wrote an article with suggestions that Indus Basin be treated, exploited, and developed as a single unit.

World Bank mediated from 1952 onwards, and Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in September 1960 although Pakistan, not fully convinced ,refused to sign until 1958.

IWT conferred rights over 3 western rivers of Indus river system (Jhelum, Chenab and Indus) to Pakistan, and over 3 eastern rivers (Sutlej, Ravi and Beas) to India.

PROVISIONS The treaty under Article 5.1 envisages the

sharing of waters of the rivers of the Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum, Chenab which joins the Indus River on its left bank(eastern side) in Pakistan.

According to this treaty, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas which constitute the eastern rivers are allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan.

However a transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilisation of water.

Pakistan has exclusive use of western rivers- the Jhelum, the Chenab & the Indus.

Pakistan also recieved one time financial compensation for the loss of waters from eastern rivers.

Since march 31,1970, after 10 years moratoriam, India secured full rights for use of waters of 3 rivers allocated to it.

The treaty resulted in the partitioning of the rivers rather than sharing of the waters.

It was successful in settling the disagreement over Baglihar dam (Jammu & kashmir).

ARTICLES AND APPENDICES OF IWT :- Article 1- definitions Article 2-provisions regarding eastern rivers Article 3- provisions regarding western rivers Article 4 - provisions regarding eastern & western

rivers. Article 5- financial provisions Article 6 - exchange of data Article 7 - future cooperations Article 8 – permanent indus commission Article 9 – settlement of differences and disputes Article 10 – emergency powers Article 11 – general provisions Article 12 – final provisions

Annexure A- exchange of notes between government of india and pakistan.

Annexure B – agricultural use by pakistan from certain tributaries of the ravi.

Annexure C – agricultural use by india from the western rivers.

Annexure D – Generation of hydroelectric power by india on western rivers.

Annexure E – storage of waters by india on western rivers

Annexure F – neutral expert Annexure G – court of Arbitration Annexure H – transitional arrangements.

HOW THE WATER COULD BE USED As per provisions of the treaty, India could

use only 20% of the total water carried by Indus.

All the waters of the eastern rivers shall be available for unrestricted use in India.

Except for domestic and non-comsumptive uses agricultural uses, and generation of hydroelectric power. Pakistan shall be under an obligation to let flow and shall not permit any interference with the waters of Sutluj, Ravi main in the reaches where these rivers flow in Pakistan and have not yet finally crossed into Pakistan.

Pakistan has unrestricted use of all those of waters of western rivers.

THE 3 DISPUTES

THE TULBUL NAVIGATION PROJECT( WULLAR BARRAGE)

1. It was prosed to be built at the mouth of wullar lake in baramulla district of kashmir valley.

The plan was to construct a barrage to increase the flow of water in jhelum to make it navigable during the lean season.

Pakistan objected that it violets the provisions of the treaty. They believed that the project would adversely affect the triple canal project,

upper chenab canal, upper jhelum canal,& lower bari doab canal. India would control the jhelum river during winters. Mangla dam would be adversely affected. Project seemed to be a security threat to pakistan’s sovereignty.

IN 1986 Pakistan reffer the project dispute to Indus water commission ,but after 1 year the commission recorded failure to resolve it subsequently India stops the construction.

From 1986-1991, 13 rounds of talks held but dipute remained unresolved.

However India agreed to some of Pakistan’s condition but after Pakistan added the condition that of not constructing Kishanganga project. India refused to accept the condition.

Dispute dominated Indo-Pak talks, the Agra summit of 2001, secreatary level talks of 2011, but not much development have been achived yet.

THE BAGLIHAR PROJECT DISPUTE The dispute emerged in 1999, when Pakistan

challanged the design of the project. Pakistan saw it as the violation of the treaty The project gives India a strategic leverage to

manipulate the flow of river during any critic situation (wars etc).

A neutral expert Prof. Raymond Lafitte of Switzerland instructed India to make some changes in the structure of project but Pakistan was not satisfied with the verdict as he did not consider much of Pakistan’s objection

The Baglihar party settled by third party but relation between two countries beacame hostile when water was to be filled in the Baglihar dam

Pakistan demanded compensation for its loss Finally differnces over filling dam was resolved in 2010.

THE KISHANGANGA PROJECT DISPUTE It is a project by India over Kishanganga river at Gurez. Project’s power generation capacity is 330 MW. Pakistan was of the view that the diversion will reduce

the the flow of water to the Neelum valley. A series of talks were held to resolve the diferences

and dispute but talks remaine unresolved and problematic.

CRITICS Critics of IWT highlight that it does not

consider the effect of climate change on water availability, sedimentation.

The treaty does not address the issue of quality or pollution of water from industrial or agricultural runoff, deforestation etc.

It does not provide for watershed management in respect of rivers whose catchment areas are located across borders.

There are no restrictions on how many dams India could built in indus basin.

Nor the water is distributed quantitatively, thus creating a potential for water exploitation by India.

SUGGESTION

India and Pakistan need to intiate a serious dialogue on strengthening the dispute resolution mechanism and develop strategy and plans for co-operation on water related challenges.

The long term water security of India and Pakistan which is linked to their food and energy security can only be achieved if they estabilish mutual beneficial co-operation on water resources.

THANK YOU

SUBMITTED BY:-

RANJANA DALAL31318414