Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the...
Transcript of Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the...
![Page 1: Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the future 1 Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes Abhiman Hande,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e9584580a6aee597e732492/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1Challenge the future
Indoor solar energy harvesting
for sensor network router nodesAbhiman Hande, Todd Polk, William Walker,
Dinesh Bhatia – University of Texas at Dallas
2007
Speaker: Victor Spiridon
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2Challenge the future
Free Solar EnergyWhy not harvest it for WSN
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3Challenge the future
Outline
• Challenges of Indoor solar energy harvesting
• Indoor solar energy applications
• Implementation
• Experimental results
• Conclusions
• Personal conclusions
![Page 4: Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the future 1 Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes Abhiman Hande,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e9584580a6aee597e732492/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4Challenge the future
Outline
• Challenges of Indoor solar energy harvesting
• Indoor solar energy applications
• Implementation
• Experimental results
• Conclusions
• Personal conclusions
![Page 5: Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the future 1 Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes Abhiman Hande,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e9584580a6aee597e732492/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Challenge the future
Harvesting solar energy
• Solar panel size
• Duty cycle
• Energy storage• Rechargeable batteries
• Capacitors
• Backup energy.
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6Challenge the future
Harvesting solar energy… indoors
• Light intensity:• Outdoor: 100-1000 W/m2
• Indoor: 1-10 W/m2
• Cell efficiency:• Monocrystaline silicon cells: 1-3%
• Amorphous silicon cells: 3-7%
• Trade-off: price vs. panel size (no. of panels).
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7Challenge the future
Outline
• Challenges of Indoor solar energy harvesting
• Indoor solar energy application
• Implementation
• Experimental results
• Conclusions
• Personal conclusions
![Page 8: Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the future 1 Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes Abhiman Hande,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e9584580a6aee597e732492/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8Challenge the future
Suited ApplicationsBuildings with “always on” lights
• Hospital & industrial environments
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9Challenge the future
Outline
• Challenges of Indoor solar energy harvesting
• Indoor solar energy applications
• Implementation
• Experimental results
• Conclusions
• Personal conclusions
![Page 10: Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the future 1 Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes Abhiman Hande,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e9584580a6aee597e732492/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10Challenge the future
Harvesting system:
Hardware
• Crossbow MICAz• Chipcon CC2420, Zigbee radio
• ATMega 128L
• Size: 2.5” x 2.25” x 1”
• Solar Cell• Solar World 4-4.0-100 monocrystaline
• Size: 3.75” x 2.5”
• Ultracapacitors:• 2 x Maxwell PC5-5, 5 Vdc, 2 F, in parallel
• Philips 34W fluorescent lights.
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11Challenge the future
Harvesting system:
Solar cells
• Output: 2 mA @ 3.2 VDC
• Needed: 25 mA @ ~3 VDC
• V – I profile @ 1 cm
from the light source
12 cells
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12Challenge the future
Harvesting system:
Dual Router Algorithm
• 100% availability for receiving sensor packets
• Minimize no. of solar cells / router node
• 50% duty cycle
• Alternative Sleep/Wake Routine
• Partner searching
• 1 second interval (reasons?).
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13Challenge the future
Start Initialize RouterNode Parameters
Locate Network
Determine shortest path to Base Station
Acquire ID from Base
Find a Route Partner
Start/Resume Sleep/Wake Routine
Forward message
Already Received
ID?
Route Partner stillAvailable?
Message to be
forwarded?
Lost network
connection?
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Router Node Flowchart
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14Challenge the future
Start
Initialize SensorNode Parameters
Locate Network
Determine shortest path to
base
Send Sensor Reading
Go to SleepWake Up
Sensor Node Flowchart
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15Challenge the future
Harvesting system:
Circuit + battery back-up
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16Challenge the future
Prototype router node
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17Challenge the future
Outline
• Challenges of Indoor solar energy harvesting
• Indoor solar energy applications
• Implementation
• Experimental results
• Conclusions
• Personal conclusions
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18Challenge the future
Experimental results
• Determining the no. of solar cells• Experiment with a variable power source
• Current 12 mA, 14mA (with PM circuit)
• 8 solar cells – just to be sure
• PM circuit efficiency @ 25 mA load• Drop of 60 mV & 5 mA 82%
• Q1 pmos (on): 50 mV drop @ 25 mA
• Leakage through Zener diode: 10 mV
• Ripple through a charge/discharge cycle• 15 mV – 0.5%. – due to high capacity.
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19Challenge the future
The solar cell set up
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20Challenge the future
Testing application
• 1 sensor node, 2 router nodes (1 pair)
• Sensing data: Vload reading• Sensor: each 10s
• Router: each 25s
• Results over 24h confirmed the system’s robustness
• Vload stabilized at 3 Vdc
• Similar results with 2 router pairs.
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21Challenge the future
Outline
• Challenges of Indoor solar energy harvesting
• Indoor solar energy applications
• Implementation
• Experimental results
• Conclusions
• Personal conclusions
![Page 22: Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the future 1 Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes Abhiman Hande,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e9584580a6aee597e732492/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22Challenge the future
Conclusions
• The harvesting technique is effective
• 50% duty cycle – reduced no. of solar cells
• Efficiency of power management circuit: 82%
• The network protocol – fairly robust
• Vload stabilized at about 3 Vdc
• Future Work: Interface the MICAz sensor node• A&D Medical UA767PC BP monitorBlood pressure, heart rate.
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23Challenge the future
Outline
• Challenges of Indoor solar energy harvesting
• Indoor solar energy applications
• Implementation
• Experimental results
• Conclusions
• Personal conclusions
![Page 24: Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes · 2011-10-28 · Challenge the future 1 Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes Abhiman Hande,](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042117/5e9584580a6aee597e732492/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24Challenge the future
Personal conclusions
• No. of solar panels fairly large
• Router node – always close to light source• Why not use power from the grid?
• 100% routing availability is not needed• Same functionality: sync-ed nodes
• TinyDB
• Thorough system testing.
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25Challenge the future
Requiered experiments
• Power w.r.t. the distance from light
• Node survival on back-up power
• Influence of temp over solar cell efficiency• Above 40°- 1% less power / degree
• Network protocol testing over a complex topology
• Power usage at low / high traffic
• Is initial capacitator charging time neglectable?.
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26Challenge the future
Questions…
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27Challenge the future
R1
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28Challenge the future
R1 – Ch 2, 3 ; R2 – Ch 1, 4
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29Challenge the future
Test app
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30Challenge the future
No. of solar cells testing circuit
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31Challenge the future
Solar panel power – temperature
relations