Catalina SanchezBilly Hancock

Making s’mores indoors has become increasingly popular.

With government cut backs, camping grounds and public parks are less available to families and friends seeking fun.

Determine the optimal settings for creating s’mores using a household oven. Determine the impact convection adds to baking.

Normal ovens emits radiation only. There is also conduction between the cookie sheet, graham cracker, chocolate, and marshmallow. Since the graham cracker is a fair insulator, this will be minimal.

Convection oven emits the same amount of radiation, with added convection.

% volume increase α energy input.

350°F for 5 minutes = .2 kWh 250°F for 5 minutes = .14 kWh

Time to cook s’mores = 5mins. Uniform graham cracker, chocolate,

marshmallow configuration. Same aluminum baking pan with wax paper.

Temperature (Fahrenheit) Oven Setting

Initial Height (mm)

Initial Diameter

(mm)

Volume (mm3)

Final Height (mm)

Final Diameter

(mm)

Volume (mm3)

% Volume Increase

350 Radiation and

Convection 32.8 31.5 25548.4 35.7 50.0 70307.2 174.3

Radiation 30.7 33.8 27489.3 31.2 42.8 44866.3 63.3

250 Radiation and

Convection 32.8 32.3 26919.9 35.6 38.4 41084.1 52.0

Radiation 32.4 31.9 25895.0 37.9 49.7 73526.1 183.9

Temperature (Fahrenheit)

% increase from radiative to radiative and

convective

Watt-hours for Radiative and Convective

Watt-hours for Convective

% of Power Associated with Convection

350 175.3 2.1 1.9 90.3250 67.9 0.2 0.1 40.4

When baking in a convection oven @ 350°F – convection makes up 90% of the heat

in the system @ 250°F – convection makes up 40% of the heat

in the system

The best oven settings are: 350@ + convection

If you do not have a convection oven at your disposal, use the higher temperature.

ENJOY!

Radiation and Convection t= 5 minsTemerature: 350Initial height Initial Diameter Volume Final Height Final Diameter Volume % increase

1 33 32.3 27040 35.1 53.1 77729.5 187.52 33.1 30.2 23710 34.1 47.2 59666.1 151.63 32.4 31.9 25895 37.9 49.7 73526.1 183.9

AVERAGE 32.8 31.5 25548.4 35.7 50 70307.2 174.3

Radiation t= 5 minsTemerature: 350Initial height Initial Diameter Volume Final Height Final Diameter Volume % increase

1 31.3 33.7 27919 33.3 41.5 45043.3 61.32 29.9 33.9 26987 31.9 44 48504.9 79.73 30.9 33.7 27562 28.4 42.9 41050.9 48.9

AVERAGE 30.7 33.8 27489.3 31.2 42.8 44866.3 63.3

Radiation and Convection t= 5 minsTemerature: 350Initial height Initial Diameter Volume Final Height Final Diameter Volume % increase

1 32.8 31.4 25399 32 37.8 35910.6 41.42 32.6 32.4 26878 31.8 39.3 38574.6 43.53 33.1 33.1 28482 43 38 48766.9 71.2

AVERAGE 32.8 32.3 26919.9 35.6 38.4 41084.1 52.0

Radiation t= 5 minsTemerature: 350Initial height Initial Diameter Volume Final Height Final Diameter Volume % increase

1 32.1 33.7 28632 33.6 39.1 40344.3 40.92 32.1 33 27455 34.5 37.1 37295.5 35.83 35.8 34.7 33856 36.4 37.1 39349.5 16.2

AVERAGE 33.3 33.8 29981.0 34.8 37.8 38996.4 31.0