Indoor Air Quality and Student Performancey

IAQ for North Carolina K12 SchoolsIAQ for North Carolina K12 Schools American Lung Association in North Carolina

Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools

Prepared by:Brian K. Kasher, CET

Manager, Environmental Health and SafetyCharlotte Mecklenburg Schools

brian.kasher@cms.k12.nc.us

Industrial Hygieneyg“Industrial hygienists” are committed to

protecting the health and safety ofprotecting the health and safety of people in the workplace and the community Industrial hygiene iscommunity. Industrial hygiene is

considered a "science," but it is also an “art” that involves judgmentan art that involves judgment,

creativity and human interactionAmerican Industrial Hygiene AssociationAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association

History of EHS Concerny

In Leviticus Chapter 14:33-57, God is quoted giving the first

known mold clean-up procedureknown mold clean up procedure to Aaron and Moses.

Ci 1446 B CCirca 1446 B.C.

History of EHS ConcernHippocrates • Greatest Known

Physician in Antiquity • Noted lead toxicity in the

mining industry• Hippocratic oath (Ethics)• Circa 400 BC• Circa 400 BC

History of EHS Concern• Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus, (23–79)

• Roman Historian 160 Volume• Roman Historian -160 Volume “Naturalis Historia”

• Noted Asbestos Zinc Sulfer• Noted Asbestos, Zinc, Sulfer and Lead Related Illness

• Recorded the Animal Bladder• Recorded the Animal Bladder as First Known Respirator

• Lost Studying Eruption of Mt• Lost Studying Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius at Pompeii

• Dr Alice HamiltonHistory of EHS Concern

Dr. Alice Hamilton– Founder of Occupational Medicine –

1st Occupational Disease Commission

• Florence Kellyo e ce e y– Child Labor and Working Conditions

• Francis Perkins– 1st Women to Hold Presidential Cabinet

Florence Kelly1 Women to Hold Presidential Cabinet

Position as Secretary of Labor for FDR

• Jane Adams Hull House– Settlement Houses

• Two Branches Social Work

C it B d (I di id l/S i t l) F i R h l – Community Based (Individual/Societal) – Industrial Based (Owners/Workers)

• Rachel CarsonSil t S i

Francis Perkins

Rachel Carson

– Silent Spring

The Business Plan Casefor Sustainabilityfor Sustainability

National Trends in K-12 Facilities Benchmarks

• M&O Spending as a percent of budget is much less now than 15 years ago – an unsustainable trend

• Deferred Maintenance Far Too High• Regulations & Risk Management Costs Increasing• Community, Regulatory, & Customer Expectations

Escalating• Energy Costs increasing as a percent of Budget• Energy Costs increasing as a percent of Budget

World Class Models for Performance ExcellencePerformance Excellence

• ISO & Baldrige standards Drive World Class

World Class SystemDrive World Class Management

• Standards Integration ::ISO 9001 2000 id

Baldrige

• ISO 9001:2000 provides foundation

• ISO 14001 adds the EMS

ISO14001

OSHAS 18001

• OSHAS 18001 adds safety system

• Baldrige adds high level ISO 9001components and results

ISO standards compliance audited internally and by a third party externally; audits scheduled at three tiered levels for NCAfEexternally; audits scheduled at three tiered levels for NCAfE.

Environmental Health AspectsL dLead• Drinking Water (community or well)

• Plumbing• Plumbing• Painted Windows and

other componentsL i Aid /T• Learning Aids/Toys

• Lighting Systems • Body Powdersy• Folk Medicines• Reduces mental abilites in

youthy• Impacts sexual and other

physical traits in adultsWater iss es go be ond lead and incl de b t are notWater issues go beyond lead and include but are not

limited to: nitrates, chlorine, suspended solids, droughts….

Environmental Health AspectsGeneral Chemical Exposure• Over 500,000 Compounds in use Child Exposure vs. Adult Exposure

– Children breath more air by weight– Children's bodies, organs, and minds

still under developmentAdult exposure limits determined for– Adult exposure limits determined for healthy adult labor force exposure

– Adult workers in workplace voluntarily;Children compelled to attend school

• HAZCOM Inventories w/MSDS Library• VOC mVOC Formaldehydes• VOC, mVOC, Formaldehydes • Amines, isocyanates.........

OSHA E pos re Limits not Intended for ChildrenOSHA Exposure Limits not Intended for Children

R d

Environmental Health AspectsRadon

• The Surgeon General has determined Radon to be thedetermined Radon to be the number two (2) cause of Lung Cancer in the US second only to cigarettes.second only to cigarettes.

• Schools may be a significant source of radon exposure for children and staff accordingchildren and staff according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)Agency (USEPA).

• Carcinogen

Radon Mapping Available through USEPA Radon Program

Environmental Health Aspects

CCA Treated Woods

• CCA 22% Arsenic by Weight• Used through 2003

Pl lk d ki• Play areas, walk ways, decking• Bleachers, dug outs

R l 2• Remove or seal every 2 years• Cover or remove soils• Carcinogen• Carcinogen

Copper Chromium ArsenateCopper Chromium Arsenate

Environmental Health Aspectsp

Environmental Health Aspects

Communicable Disease

• MRSA• VRSA

/• Avian/Pandemic Flu• Hepatitis• Whooping Cough• Whooping Cough• Others Florence Nightingale

Coined Ventilation The First Cannon ofThe First Cannon of

Nursing

Asbestos Program Framework

Designated Person

Management Planning

Inspection

Project Design

Government Relations

Lawyer

Consultants g(1)

EHS Administrator

j g

TrainingRecord Keeping

Planning/Design CPS ACM Contractor(2)

Project Monitor(3)

Maintenance/Engineering Custodial Services

•Training•Training •Certification•Certification

Property Mgt

•Training•Training•Training

•Awareness

•Cleaning Procedures

•Work

•Awareness

•Coordinate

• Project MGT

•Licensure

• Project Design Enforcement

•Licensure

• Project Design Compliance

•Awareness

•Surveillance

•School Liaisons

•Awareness

•Cleaning Procedures

•Awareness

•Trigger

•Scope of Work •Work

Practices

•O&M

•Finance

•Scheduling

•Finance•Air Monitoring Plan (SAM)

•Air

p

•NESHAP Notifications

•Permits

LiaisonsWork

•Design Coordination

•Air Monitoring

•Clearance

•Work Performance

Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools

CMBOE Asbestos ProgramRe

OpCharlotte Mecklenburg Schools

(Local Education Agency/LEA)

LEA Designated PersonO&M Program

egula

perat

Inspector

Management PlannerWork Permits

Inspection Reportstory

ions

Management Planner

Project DesignerNotification

Training/MedicalEnvi

Envi

Contractor

Project Monitor/SAM Surveillance

Cleaning ProceduresASBESTOS HAZARD

i ronme

i ronmeSupervisor

Workers Labels

FRE ReportsEMERGENCY RESPONSE ACT OF 1986

(AHERA)

Legal Mandate

ent

ent

Record Keeping

Respirator Program

All K-12 NFP Schools

Pathway

Poll tant People

THREE P’ FOR IAQ

Pollutant People

THREE P’s FOR IAQ

“Why Should Schools Take IAQ Seriously?

“The quality of the indoor air can either impede or

y y

assist a school in meeting its core mission –educating students... poor IAQ may directly reduce a person’s ability to perform specificreduce a person s ability to perform specific

mental tasks requiring concentration, calculation, or memory.” - USEPA

Why are IAQ and Asthma Issues Increasing?Issues Increasing?

• Buildings used to be made of brick, stone, mortar, metal and woodmetal and wood

• Today thousands of compounds are used in our b ildi th t did t i t i th tbuildings that did not exist in the past

• Buildings are much tighter and offer less natural b hi bili d l f h ibreathing ability and less fresh air

• People are spending more time indoorsp p g

• Outdoor air has many and much more contaminants today than historicallycontaminants today than historically

TYPICAL HVAC SYSTEM

INADEQUATE VENTILATION

TYPICAL HVAC SYSTEM

VentilationVentilation

• Brick and Mortar Shut Air Supply

• Sheet Metal Shut Air Supplypp y• Closed Mechanical System

Dampers Preventing Outside Air From Getting In

• Clogged Systems

Ventilation is Key to Achieving StudentVentilation is Key to Achieving Student Performance Potentials

Classroom Air Delivery Systems

Squirrel Cage Fan Coil System

Cleaning HVAC systems increases efficiency, reduces energy consumption and improves air quality

IAQ Problem Sources 1

Building SystemsHVAC– HVAC

– Plumbing– Roofing Fresh Air Intake Roofing– Landscaping– Electrical

Loaded with Vegetation HVAC Pipe Insulation

With Mold Growth

– Interior Design – Windows– Building Seal

Supply Air Register

with Mold Filtrationwith Mold

IAQ Problem Sources 2Building Materials

Carpets

Wall Molded after Flood

– Carpets– Sheet Rock– Flooring

Floor destroyed by Mold & Moisture

Bookshelf g– Paneling– Surface coating

Adh i L b Si k D t i t d

Bookshelf Underside Molded

– Adhesives– Fire Proofing– Insulation

Lab Sink Deteriorated and Mold

Bookshelf Wicking Moisturesu at o

Wall Molded

IAQ Problem Sources 3Building Operations– Custodial/Maintenance

Tasks and ProductsTasks and Products– Exhausts (cafe, shops,

bathrooms)O t S li (A t– Occupant Supplies (Art, Lab, Chemicals)

– Animals/Insects – Product Incompatibility– Lawn Mowing, Watering

A i /F t i– Aquariums/Fountains– Change in purpose of

space

IAQ Problem Sources 4

• Human Factors– Open Windows/DoorsOpen Windows/Doors– Body Odors– Viruses– Perfumes– Individual Susceptibility– Psychosomatic response– Group Hysteria

Carbon Dio ide– Carbon Dioxide

IAQ PROBLEM TRENDSIAQ PROBLEM TRENDS

Portable Classroom HealthPortable classroom environments may affect the education processthe education process • Inadequate ventilation• Wide heating/cooling temps• Inadequate lighting • Excessive moisture/humidity• Noise above backgroundg• Formaldehydes • VOC’s in adhesives & materials• Adverse air from outside• Adverse air from outside• Asbestos in older stock• Molds

??Anti-Idling Campaign

EHS BUILDING SURVEYS

Unstable environment

Stabile environment Carbon Dioxide Testing

ASHRAE has established standards for thermal and humidity comfort ranges as well as ventilation rates for acceptable IAQ

Routine Facility Audits

O t

Regional Property Managers (RPM) monthly inspections of all facilities

• Occupant concerns • Fresh air source location

and conditionand condition• Water marks on ceiling tiles • Musty odors y• Damp carpets• HVAC discharge • Condensate line issues• Water accumulations

Preventive/Predictive MaintenanceCMS maintenance custodial services and engineeringCMS maintenance, custodial services and engineering participate in O&M program including: paint, grounds, carpentry, roofing, sheet metal, plumbing, electrical and HVAC

• Thermal Graphic Imaging

• Ventilation & HVAC Cleaning

• Exhaust Fan Updates w/DDC

• Quarterly HVAC Filter Change

• Building Envelope Updates

• Roofing Maintenance

• Electrical System Updates• Electrical System Updates

•Inspections/Surveys

•Grease Trap Clean-outGrease Trap Clean out

O&M Training ProgramCMS Building Services provides Mold, IAQ, asbestos, HAZCOM and related training programs for custodial,training programs for custodial, maintenance and RPM staff creating a large district-wide inspection team

IAQ conferences, workshops, staff meetings add nurses, teachers, admin staff and outside groups e.g. health g p gdept and peer districts

Mentoring through educational forums g gallows CMS to share and learn new approaches for creating healthy school environments

CMS High Performance Design Guidelines

EIGHT SECTIONS

1 Quality Management1. Quality Management2. Site3. Water4. Energy and Atmosphere5. Materials and Resources6. Indoor Environmental

Quality7. Safety and Security8. Innovations8. Innovations

Integrated Pest Management• Alternate to Pesticides as Primary• Reduces Chemical Load on Schools

North Carolina ESI Partners

CMS

Secretary Ross Recognizing CMS

Asthma Education ProgramGOAL: To provide a safe, healthy environment in which

students can learn, especially those with asthma.

• 11,000 (6%) Students with asthma• 110 Nurses: 1/1200• Staff Training • Programs for Students with asthma:

> Nurse Case Management> In-school respiratory care> Open Airways> Open Airways> Asthma On Wheels

Case Study•Five Year Old Middle School •History of Mold Urban Legends on Campus •No Previous Mold Issue Verified or Documented•HVAC Responds to Classroom “Odor” Work Order

3 Site Visits With No Finding of Moisture Mold or• 3 Site Visits With No Finding of Moisture, Mold, or Elevated Humidity, Though Odor Noted

IAQ Survey

EHS Survey Conducted1 Initial Walk Through & Interviews1. Initial Walk Through & Interviews

Conducted 2. Item by Item Evaluation

(Process of Elimination) 3. Check Behind Wall Hangings for

Visual Growth

Francis P ki

Visual Growth – Very Strong Odor Behind Albert

Einstein PosterPerkins– Pink Discoloration Noted

4. “Rossettes” observed on vinyl wall coveringwall covering

Investigation Expanded

• 1 Inch incision made in wall cover to visual wall surface.

• Wall should be white, though has significant black growth.

• Teacher and students relocated to alternate classroom locationclassroom location

• Three wings of school surveyed with 16 interior walls identified havingwalls identified having moisture impacts.

Moisture Impacts

Wall and Cover Should Be White as Shown Here

Extensive Multi-Species Colonization White as Shown Here

Plume Indicates Loss of Academic Moisture Path Materials Also

Hidden Mold Resulted in Occupant Complaints, Destruction of School Property and Distraction From the Education ProcessSchool Property, and Distraction From the Education Process

Two Layers of Sheetrock

Containment and Negative Pressure

Mold Inside and Out

"Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings“Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings USEPA http://www.epa.gov/mold/mold_remediation.html

Root Causation Analysis

Control Joint Left

Open Behind Stud

Control Joint Open Behind Downspout,

Moisture Enters Here

Control Joint

Sealed Where Visible

NOTE: Clearance air samples collected both Inside work areas and outside building. Outside air samples collected as baseline near outside air intakes. Always collect outside samples as baseline!

“Spores” “Hyphae”

Sample M1 400X Sample M3 100X

Sample M2 400X Sample M4 100Xp p

Results1) Study Of Campuses With Vinyl Wall

cover Resulted In ID Of Additional Schools With Moisture Impacts (Healthier Condition at ~60(Healthier Condition at 60 Classrooms To Date)

2) Second Source of Moisture Discovered in Walls: Electrical Conduit Penetrations Often Not Sealed When Concealed Within Interior Walls.

3) Changes in Design Specification3) Changes in Design Specification Added Increased Vapor Barriers Including Penetrations Seals.

4) Vinyl Removed From 2 Schools;4) Vinyl Removed From 2 Schools; Partially Removed From 1.

If Moisture Enters Wall Cavity And Can Not Permeate, yIt May Condense and Foster Mold Colonization.

IAQ Tools For Schools•National Program to Provide Schools with Tools to Identify and Resolve Existing IAQ Problems

•IAQ Teams for Each School MadeUp of Teachers, Administrators, Custodians, Students and Parents,

•Action Checklists Used to IdentifyProblems that may lead to or already lead to Poor IAQ

•Auxiliary Services Support to P tl R d C t IPromptly Remedy Current Issues

In December 2007CMS was awarded with the USEPA National Model of Sustained Excellence Award for IAQ programmingModel of Sustained Excellence Award for IAQ programming

& National Mentor of the Year in 2008

Videos

Informative Guides

Problem Solving Wheel

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/

USEPA NATIONAL MODEL OF SUSTAINED EXCELLENCE &

NATIONAL MENTOR OF THE YEAR