Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. 'PERCIK' Vol 6 October 2004

From the Editor 1Your Voice 2Main Feature

Drinking Water is Still a Dream 3Drinking Water Philosophy Enhances Improvement Within PDAM 7A Glimpse of Drinking Water and Sanitation Condition in Indonesia 8Looking Into MDGs Drinking Water 10

ArticleBatam: Water Flows through the kiosks 13Water in Australia and Sustainable Development 15Privatization 17Strategy in Improving Community Awareness 21

TelescopeThe Real Drinking Water 24CEO of PDAM Kota Bogor: It Can Be Expanded Further 25

ReportageBetween A need and A Pity 26

InterviewCEO of Perpamsi: We Need Water Management Agency 28

Book Info 31Website Info 32CD Info 33WASPOLA About

Revision of Draft Document of National Policy forInstitutionally Based WSS Development 34Facilitation of Implementation of National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Development in the Regions 35

WSS AboutWorld Water Monitoring Day 37It Takes a Firm Commitment to Handle Leakages 38World Habitat Day 2004 Seminar 39Workshop on National Action Plan (NAP); Drinking water,Wastewater, Solid Waste 39Presentation CLTS Concept 40National Workshop on Domestic Water Source Conservation 41Dissemination of Technical Guidelines for the Development of Infrastructures in Agropolitan Areas and Environmental Sanitation in the Western Regions 41Interim Consolidation of WSLIC-2 Project 42Socialization of the Manual for the Management ofVillage Level WSS Facility 43Handwashing Saves Lives 43WSS Monitoring Visit to Kabupaten Belitung 44National Seminar for Socialization of Law No. 8/2004 45SANIMAS of Balong Asri, Mojokerto is Well Maintained 46Official Inauguration of WSLIC-2 Project in Kabupaten Kediri 47ProAir Project Planning and Evaluation Meeting 47Workshop for Improvement of Proposal forSanitation Development Program in Indonesia 48Workshop for Formulation of WASPOLA Workplan 2005 48

VisitWSLIC-2 Has Changed Desa Pakel Into a Healthy Village 49

WSS Bibliography 50Agenda 51Glossary 52

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Ministry of Settlement andRegional Infrastructure

Board of Head:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning AgencyRepublic of Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,Ministry of Settlement and Regional

Infrastructure Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Ministry of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,

Ministry of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa,

Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda

Pramudhy, Joko Wartono,Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto

Design:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Anggie Rifki

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113e-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]@bappenas.go.id

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accom-panied by identity.

Photo cover : www.firstsmilesolution.com

Dear Readers, Percik is now coming back to greet

you. Two months have past and it seemsquite a long time. We hope this editionwill ease your feeling of longing.

If in the last edition Percik brought toyou the solid waste issue, this time wepresent to you about drinking water.Why? Because this is very important.Water is a basic need for human life. Itsposition cannot be replaced by anythingelse. Are we aware of this? Unfortuna-tely, our attention to drinking water is notup to what it should be.

Almost all regions of Indonesia have apublic drinking water company (PDAM),but almost all of them do not provide aservice in accordance with the title it car-ries, i.e. a public company producingdrinking water. What happens is, PDAMprovides its consumers with clean water.

This of course is a new challenge forPDAM. Considering that the majority ofthe PDAMs are in debt. A sizeableamount of debt. Several others are strug-gling within the mesh of inefficiency andmismanagement. On the side of the coin,the demand for an improved service isbecoming inevitable especially due to thefact that Indonesia has committed itselfto the fulfillment of the targets asdeclared in Johannesburg Summit 2002document as a manifestation of the Mil-lennium Development Goals.

Somewhere in the document it is men-tioned that by 2015 half of the world popula-tion currently are without access to safe drin-king water must be relieved from the bur-den. Then, in 2025 all of the world popula-tion must have access to safe drinking water.

To achieve these targets there must bea change in paradigm from clean water todrinking water. This change in philoso-phy will, according to Basah Hernowo,the Director of Human Settlement andHousing, Bappenas, have a significantimpact not only on PDAM but also on thedrinking water consumers.

Then what position PDAM is in ful-

filling the above demand, Percik tookeffort to interview Ridwan SyahputraMusagani, Chairman of Persatuan Per-usahaan Air Minum Seluruh Indonesia(Association of All Indonesian DrinkingWater Companies, Perpamsi). Manythings about PDAM were brought to light,including his ideas about subsidy fordrinking water just like it is with fuel oil.

Not less interesting is the experienceof PDAM Tirta Pakuan of the city ofBogor, that has managed to develop adrinking water service in the real sense ofthe meaning. Its product meets therequirement to be taken as drinking wa-ter. It is in a small scale, though. Howe-ver, it is a pioneer to a service the commu-nity demands.

Dear readers,This time the perspective column does

not appear in the way it used to be. Thereis a rather long article about the Strategyin Improving Community Awareness. Itdiscusses various different ways in how toincite community awareness for waterresources conservation from various di-fferent angles and by different parties.

We should also inform you that theWSS Working Group has a lot of things todo and this we accommodate in AboutWASPOLA column. Other informationrelates to article writing competition ondrinking water and environmental sanita-tion management is now in evaluationstage. Announcement of winners will bemade in November.

Lastly, we hope Percik will continueas your reference in the subject of drin-king water and environmental sanitation.Best regards.

R O M E D I T O RF

1PercikOktober 2004

CARICATURE BY RUDI KOSASIH

Happy Eid Mubarak 1425 H

Want to get Percik

Let me introduce myself. My name isKesit Kanigoro and currently working foran NGO called World Vision Interna-tional, Jakarta. I came to know about thismagazine from a friend who attended ameeting with several institutions lastSeptember. I find it quite informativethat may help me in broadening my viewsabout sanitation. It happens that I am be-ing assigned to deal with this programsince recently, so that I have to learn a lotabout drinking water and environmentalsanitation.

Please let me know how I may get thismagazine. I have tried it through internetwhere I have found the website, but still Ihave difficulty in downloading it. Wherecan I get the CD or the printed copy ofthis magazine. Thanks in advance.

Kesit KanigoroJakarta

Percik is obtainable at WSS WorkingGroup Office or Percik Editorial Secre-tariat at Jl. Cianjur No. 4 MentengJakarta Pusat, every day during officehours. You may come in person or con-tact us through telephone. (Editor)

Want to get CD and Book

To improve the library of the De-partment of Environmental Engineeringof the Technical Faculty, University ofDiponegoro, Semarang and to broadenthe students' views we would appreciate itif you could send us some CDs and booksas the following:

1. Reducing Energy Cost in MunicipalWater Supply Operations

2. Water Supply and Sanitation forSmall Towns and Multivillage Schemes,Proceeding International Conference.

3. A manager's handbook for the ma-nagement of city waste material (In Indo-nesian). Depkimpraswil, Directorate Ge-neral for Urban and Rural SettlementSystems, 2003.

4. An executive and legislative hand-book for the management of city wastematerial (In Indonesian). Depkim-praswil, Directorate General for Urbanand Rural Settlement Systems, 2003.

5. Handbook for determining thestandards for drinking water service. (InIndonesian). Depkimpraswil, DirectorateGeneral for Urban and Rural SettlementSystems, 2003.

6. Guidelines for the management ofdomestic solid and liquid wastes. (In In-donesian). Directorate General for Urbanand Rural Settlement Systems, 2003.

On behalf of the students and our de-partment we would thank you in advanceyour kind attention and cooperation.

Ir. Syafrudin CES, MT.NIP 131 764 877

Dept. of Environmental EngineeringFor the Dean of Technical Faculty,

UNDIPSemarang

We will do our best to help youaccording to the availability of the CDsand the books. (Editor)

The real topic of the day

Thank you very much for your kind atten-tion by sending Percik of June edition to ouroffice. This has served as a media for informa-tion sharing. As we went through it we mustsay that the magazine contains a rich varietyof information. For improvement we wouldsuggest that in the future editions, the refe-renced themes consist of those that will be orbeing our common concern such as ondrought as it is presently and possibly alsoflood threat in a few months to come, all inrelation to WSS service at that specific time.

[email protected] Bappeda Subang

Thank you for the suggestion. We will tryour best to continuously improve the contentsof Percik magazine. Various inputs from thestakeholders, are too precious for theprogress of this magazine. We are even verypleased that the stakeholders all over thecountry are able to write some actual factsfrom their own places, including their experi-ence related to WSS, for us to publish inPercik. (Editor)

O U R V O I C EYP E R C I K A RTo o N

2 PercikOctober 2004

CARICATURE BY RUDI KOSASIH

Costumer

PAiD

...PAiD........PPAAiiDD....

yeah...its FREE..

....but howthe serviceto public?....??!!!...?

Water is life. The statement hasan every deep connotation, yetmost of us and the govern-

ment level decision makers are not awareof it. As evidence, let's take a look at thelist of basic human need. It says food,clothing, and housing. Water is notincluded. Let's be more specific. We useto say sembako (sembilan bahan pokok,nine basic materials) as life sustainingmaterials, nether does it make any men-tion about water.

If we try to ponder a while, we willfind out that the role of clean/drinkingwater is indispensable. If we don't haverice, we may eat cassava, maize or others.If we don't have frying oil we can do awaywithout it. But if we don't have water,what can we do with the sembako wehave? It will become useless.

At this time we do indeed find watereverywhere. But does it meet the stan-dard quality for drinking/cooking? Waita minute. If we use water unscrupulous-ly, instead of getting healthy one may turninto sickness. In 1855 Dr. John Snow, anepidemiologist, found out that choleraspread out together with depraved water.There was a close linkage between con-taminated drinking water with prevalenceof cholera in England at that time. In1880s Louis Pasteur developed the germtheory of disease that explained microbialinfection of disease through water medi-um. A World Bank study (1992) revealedthat diarrhoeal disease from taking waternot worthy for dinking has caused thedeath of more than 3 million people ayear, mostly children. This all shows ushow important is water to health and life.Drinking water is a basic human need.

The effort towards fulfillment thedemand for drinking water serviceincluding achievement of MDGs targets is

inseparable from the role of drinking watercompany (PDAM). Even for urban areasPDAM is the backbone for drinking waterservice. For this case, the main feature of thisedition will highlight the performance ofPDAM.

Background of PDAM EstablishmentThe existence of PDAM is the conse-

quence of Article 5 verse 4 of Law No.5/1962 on the Regional GovernmentOwned Companies which stipulates "Themain production branches that are of themost importance to the regions and thatgovern the life of the people of the respec-tive region is managed by the regional go-vernment owned companies, the capital ofwhich is a separate asset of the region".

A I N R E P O R T

Drinking Wateris Still a Dream

M

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

3PercikOctober 2004

Total Number of PDAMBased on the latest data quoted from

Perpamsi Directory 2000 there are 290PDAMs all over the country. Besides,there are at this time 6 private companiesin operation, PT. Palyja and PT. ThamesWater Jaya which obtain a concessionfrom PAM Jaya; PT. Tirta Adhi Mulia inBali, a joint venture with PDAM ofKabupaten Badung providing services toNusa Dua Bali area; PT. Aditia TirtaBatam, a joint venture between anIndonesian private firm with Biwater ofEngland obtains a concession to provideservice covering all Batam island from PT.Otorita Batam; PT. Dream in Ambon, is ajoint venture between PDAM Ambon withDrente of the Netherlands to provideservices to the city of Ambon.

PDAM Service CoverageIn urban areas the drinking water

service is provided by PDAM, whereas inthe rural areas this is handled mostly bythe local community organization withvarying form from one place to another.It is not surprising therefore, that theservice coverage of the rural is currentlyonly to approximately 5 percent, while intowns and cities the level is now at 51,7percent (BPS, 2000). The total popula-

tion with access to service is 56,6 millions,consisting of 4.748 million home connec-tions and 85.700 public hydrants.

However, there is only 20,3 percent ofthe total PDAM with a service coveragereaching 25 percent of the respective localpopulation, of which 8,6 percent servesup to 50 percent while the remaining 79,7percent provides service to less than 25percent of the population.

Problems and ConstraintsOne cannot deny that PDAM provide a

significant contribution to water service,yet the water quality is still far below theexpected standard. It is even mispro-nounced as Bathing Water ProducingCompany.

PDAM effort to improve the quality ofdrinking water is very much constrainedby the scarcity of acceptable source of rawwater, both in terms of quality as well asquantity. Although the Indonesian waterreserve comprises 6 percent of the totalglobal water or 21 percent of Asia Pacificreserve (KLH, 2003), but water scarcity isgetting more prominent from year to year.At the national level, water availability issufficient but if we look into regions wecan see that Java-Bali and Nusa Tenggaraareas are suffering from water deficitespecially during dry monsoon.

A review on PDAM based on the num-ber of customers reveals that many PDAMoperates below the level of viable econom-ic scale (approx. 10.000 subscribers).There are only 14 PDAMs book 50.000customers, as compared to 168 compa-nies each with a total of below 10.000 cus-tomers. With such a small number of cus-tomers it is unlikely for a PDAM to oper-ate efficiently. One can be sure that theregional government has set aside a size-able amount of subsidy to keep PDAMoperating.

Based on PDAMs financial situation,(i) only 18 percent of them run profitably;(ii) 22 percent operate at a negative equi-ty; (iii) 44 percent set a tariff level below

A I N R E P O R TM


Based on the latest data there areat least 4 PDAMs which produce

ready for drinking water inIndonesia, i.e. PDAM Buleleng, PDAMMalang City, PDAM Medan, and PDAMBogor City. But the coverage is still

limited.

PDAM Ready fordrinking water

D rinking water is that with orwithout prior process meets

health standard and can be takendirectly for drinking (potable)water. (Minister of HealthDecision No. 907 Year 2002)Cleanwater is water used for daily activ-ity that meets health standard andcan be taken for drinking afterboiling. In academic term cleanwater refers to water that is pro-duced from an engineering effortof human and animal waste waterand of economic activity to make itworthy of recycling back into sur-face water.

Drinking WaterTerminology

PDAM Serv ice Coverage by Region in 2000

Region

Western Region Eastern Region

Sulawesi

INDONESIA

Sumatera

Perc

ent

Source: Infrastruktur Indonesia, Bappenas 2003

Lainnya

Jawa - Bali Kalimantan

O&M costs; (iv) only 10 percent of thePDAMs are in a favourable financial con-dition. The total PDAMs debts amount toat least Rp5 trillion from a principal ofRp3 trillion. Only 89 PDAMs are freefrom debt.

The principle that places drinkingwater as a basic human need has imposedupon PDAM a social burden from the go-vernment. As a result the tariff level isdecided more from the social and politicalaspects rather than technical and finan-cial. Revenue is negative because incomefrom sales is lower than the productioncost, the tariff does not reflect the princi-ple of cost recovery.

On the one hand the tariff is decidednot to cover the production costs, but onthe other any proposal for tariff increaseis always strongly counteracted by thecommunity as well as the legislative. Itseems this denial is because of the indi-fference in the part of the community andthe legislative members. This can beexplained from (i) the average familyexpenditure for drinking water is only aslow as 2 percent of the total expenditure,(ii) drinking water consumption which isone of basic human need is not sensitiveto a change in tariff level.

It can be summarized that the poorPDAM condition is the result of severalfactors, namely (i) bureaucracy andpolitician intervention in PDAM man-agement; (ii) incompatible law and reg-ulation; (iii) increasing difficulty inobtaining and more costly treatment ofraw water; (v) high water loss rate; (vi)tariff level does not allow for coveringproduction cost; (vii) lack of informa-tion to the customers and the legislativemembers regarding what the tariffshould be like; (viii)lack of technicaland managerial capacity.

The combined problems and con-straints have made PDAM unable to pro-vide the best service. Never dream of pro-vision of ready for drinking water (potablewater).

Policy for the FutureA decision on drinking water policy is

not an easy thing to take. Why? Becausethis sector involves many stakeholderswith many different interests. And as weknow, sector egoism is so thick inIndonesian government structure. At thistime the formulation of the NationalPolicy for Institutionally Based Water

Supply & environmental sanitationDevelopment which serves as an umbrel-la policy for PDAM management is in itsfinal stage. However, as in a book entitledInfrastructures of Indonesia published byBappenas in 2003, there are several rele-vant policies, namely (i) the need for aderegulation of laws in connection withdrinking water. In this case there is a

A I N R E P O R TM

The formulation of the National Policyfor Institutionally Based Drinking WaterService Development which serves as

an umbrella policy for PDAM managementis in its final stage and is one part of the initial

100 day program of theIndonesia Bersatu Cabinet


5PercikOctober 2004

need for an improvement of the laws inrelation to technical, institutional, finan-cial, cooperation with private sector orthe community, hygiene standard andlevel of tariff. In addition, it is also neces-sary to improve the participation of busi-ness sector and the community in thedevelopment and management of drin-king water service through establishmentof a conducive business climate; (ii) notless important is improvement in waterresources and environmental protectionefforts. Water resources protectionshould be done through multi-sectorinvolvement and inter-regional arrange-ment through the establishment of waterboard authority with members consistingof representatives of all the stakeholders.This effort has to be supported by aviable program in nature conservation,environment, and water resources toorder to sustain the availability of rawwater. From the water use point ofview, the extraction and management

raw water is operated under the princi-ple of optimum intake and most effi-cient use of watershed resource; (iii)with respect to restructuring on PDAMmanagement it is considered necessaryto make a regrouping of the agenciesresponsible for developing and manag-ing drinking water service into aregional institution. Regulatory func-tion must be clearly separated fromoperational function so that PDAM

management may have the freedom torun professionally without interventionfrom bureaucracy or the politician. Asfor the tariff, it must be reformatted totake into account the principles ofinvestment and operational costsrecovery, social equity, sustainable ser-vice, application of conservation costand consideration about water as aneconomic good. Besides, managementefficiency must also be made throughminimizing technical as well as admin-istrative leakages. In terms of invest-ment it is necessary to consider alterna-tive funding sources for drinking waterdevelopment and management throughan issuance of municipal bonds guaran-teed by the regional government orthrough sale of part of PDAM share tothe business sector and the community;(iv) other policy includes cost sharingbetween different levels of governmentin the development and expansion ofdrinking water services; (v) it shouldreminded our obligation to formulatean action plan and investment planningin order to achieve the 50 percent po-pulation who must have access todrinking water in accordance withMDGs target.

Considering all the constraints, isPDAM capable to make the dream to pro-duces the really potable water come true. Itseems that for the time being it will remaina dream for all of us. (OM and MJ)

A I N R E P O R TM


A ccording to the EnvironmentalControl Office of the Province

of West Jawa the rate of coli bacte-ria contamination in Cisadane,Ciliwung, Cileungsi, Citarum and

Cimanuk rivers have reached anapprehending level. Their water isno more worthy of a source fordrinking water.

Source: Kompas, July 8, 2003

Big Rivers of Java Are Not Worthy of RawMaterial for Drinking Water


A I N R E P O R TM

7PercikOctober 2004

Drinking water is human being'sbasic need. And this has beenthere since the Dutch colonial

time. But as we started with Pelita (FiveYear Development Plan) I and II, whenwe incessantly developing drinking waterfacilities, the concept about drinkingwater gradually shifted as we put toomuch emphasis on physical aspect of thedevelopment. It is right, that in terms ofphysical development we are able toreach the expected target, butin terms of manage-ment we have failedto sustain the quali-ty at drinking waterstandard. That wasthe time when theswitch from drinkingwater to clean watertook place. However, ifwe look back, the costitem differences bet-ween clean water anddrinking water arenot too significant.The difference may bein the management level, how to main-tain drinking water quality and safelydeliver it to users, e.g. through main-taining the pressure and prevent any lossduring conveyance.

Actually with the drinking water phi-losophy all parties are required to per-form excellently both the PDAM and theusers. For example, if there is a tariffincrease, that means the actual cost mustindeed be as much. Compare now withthe clean water condition, sometimes itcontains worm, dirt, etc., the customersare reluctant to accept any tatriff increasebecause the quality is poor. But if thequality is comparable with the costly bot-tled water, it won't be difficult for the usercommunity to accept the tariff increase.

That is why it should be necessary tostress that water quality should be theend goal in a drinking water service.

If we compare with the US, what isconsidered as clean water is water is good forflowing back into any main water body. Thatmeans it is free from any polluting agent.While safe drinking water is one which con-tains contaminating agents below the tolera-ble level for human consumption. Thus oneis for admission to body of water and theother for human body.

With a clearly defined standard thePDAM cannot play around anymore. Therate of leakage which is currently reaching 35percent must be prevented, otherwise theusers will claim: "You are selling drinkingwater to us, but why is it not drinkable?" The

a users' supervision, PDAM will improve itsperformance. As of the present condition,the company has no counter actor.

Thus the philosophical change is deemedquite necessary. Why? Because PDAM ma-nagement is facing a dilemma. The formerCoordination Minister has issued a strategyfor improving PDAM condition, but still it

did not work because too many in-terests are mingling in it. But

now if we directly compelPDAM to serve its users

with drinking water,every one will lis-

ten and care.With thiscompulsion

PDAM will have to take a look into its inter-nal condition, for example too many brokenpipes, poor administrative condition, thus itbecomes a necessity to call for an assistancefrom the central government to work out animprovement. Whether, for instance thecentral government would be willing to faci-litate an additional budget request andimprovement to the existing system.

On the other hand the central govern-ment may also demand PDAM for anexcellence in the level of conduct andmanagement performance. The govern-ment will also speak to its owner, i.e. theregional government. Therefore, this canbe considered as one of our efforts tosolve the problems in drinking waterservice by PDAM. (MJ)

Basah Hernowo, Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas

"Drinking Water Philosophy EnhancesImprovement within PDAM"

SOURCE: OM

Human Development Report2004 collaboratively publishedby Bappenas, BPS and UNDP

reveals a number of interesting factsrelated to drinking water and sanitation.In reference with BPS data contained inthe book the drinking water and sanita-tion condition among different kabu-patens/kota and provinces can be made.

The goals set in the MDGs have beencommonly agreed. One of them is drin-king water and basic sanitation as Target#10 which states that half of the popula-tion proportion currently is withoutaccess to drinking water and basic sanita-tion shall have to be provided for withsuch services in the year 2015. As weknow, pursuant to the MDGs documentthe target for drinking water forIndonesia is 70 percent while for sanita-tion 63,5 percent levels.

It should always be reminded howe-ver, that the target is countrywide and anational average, while the responsibilityfor drinking water and sanitation servicesmanagement is with the kabupaten/citygovernments. More attention should befocused to drinking water/sanitation con-dition of the kabupatens/cities. As anillustration, although Indonesia meetsthe prescribed targets but as we go deep-er into the details we will find many of thekabupatens/cities with a poor drinkingwater/sanitation condition.

Both from theoretical point of view aswell as empirical observation qualityimprovement and availability of drinkingwater and sanitation facilities willincrease welfare or in other words redu-cing poverty. This article will try to illus-trate the drinking water and sanitationservice in its relation with poverty atkabupaten/city level.

The method applied will of course bethe simplest but at least it will provide theregional picture. The method employs a

classification of kabupaten/city andprovince into four quadrants as presentedabove.

Through the above class distinctionone can decide the priority order forhandling, priorities one to four. Theregions which need the most seriousattention in terms of drinking water andsanitation development are classified aspriority one.

Based on the above classification,there are several prioritized areas fordinking water, sanitation and combina-tion of both at provincial as well as kabu-

paten/city leves. There are 13 provinceswhich need serious attention in terms ofwater and sanitation but only eight ofthem are classified as priority one: NAD,South Sumatra, Bengkulu, NTB, NTT,Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo and Papua.The remaining four belong to thosewhose drinking water needs a seriousattention but priority one is given toLampung province. The are 6 provinceswith poor sanitation condition, the firstpriority in four, namely Central Jawa,East Jawa, Southeast Sulawesi, andMaluku.

A I N R E P O R T

A Glimpse of Drinking Water andSanitation Condition in Indonesia

M


Drinking water/sanita-tion condition belowIndonesia averagePoverty conditionbelow Indonesia ave-rage

PRIORITY IDrinking water/sani-tation condition abo-ve Indonesia averagePoverty conditionabove Indonesia ave-rage

PRIORITY III

Drinking water/sanita-tion condition belowIndonesia averagePoverty conditionbelow Indonesia ave-rage

PRIORITY IIDrinking water/sani-tation condition abo-ve Indonesia averagePoverty conditionabove Indonesia ave-rage

PRIORITY IV

Pove

rty

leve

l abo

veav

erag

ePo

vert

y le

vel b

elow

aver

age

Drinking water/sanitationcondition above average

Drinking water/sanitationcondition below average

There are 8 provinces which are not inthe top priority in terms of drinking waterand sanitation problem. Drinking watercondition of West Sumatra, Central Javaand East Java are not in top priority, simi-larly with sanitation in the provinces ofLampung, Riau, Jambi and West Java.

If we want to go into more details, wecan use this classification method forkabupaten/city condition. The result isillustrated in the following table:

From the above table it can be seenthat the total kabupatens/cities which

need a serious attention is more or lesssimilar to those with a relatively accept-able drinkling water and sanitation condi-tion. In general, we can say that there are87 kabupatens/cities which belong to toppriority in solving their drinking waterand sanitation problem. There are 28which call attention for drinking wateronly, similarly with 26 for sanitation only.

However, the above priority rankingshould not be literally translated in a waythat once a region is not included in apriority is free from the obligation for

water supply and sanitation sector deve-lopment. The above illustration is madeas an attempt to provide a clearer pictureabout the real condition of drinking waterand sanitation service in the regions ofIndonesia and not as a national average .Hopefully this presentation will serve asan input for the the effort in achieving theMDGs target.

The complete result of by kabupa-ten/city drinking water and sanitation inIndonesia is accessible in WSS websitewww.ampl.or.id (OM)

A I N R E P O R TM

PRIORITY PROVINCES FORDRINKING WATER

Lampung

Riau, Jambi, WestJava.

Central Java,

East Java,West Sumatra.

PRIORITY PROVINCESFOR SANITATION

Central Java, East Java,SE Sulawesi, Maluku

West Sumatra,North Maluku

Riau, Jambi,West Java

Lampung

PRIORITY PROVINCES FOR DRINKINGWATER AND SANITATION

NAD, South Sumatera,Bengkulu, NTB, NTT,Central Sulawesi,Gorontalo, Papua

DIY

Babel, Banten, WestKalimantan, CentralKalimantan, SouthSulawesi

North Sumatera, DKIJakarta, South Kalimantan,Kalsel, East Kalimantan,North Sulawesi

PRIORITY KABUPATENS/CITIES FORDRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

PRIORITYI II III IV

Drinking water and sanitation 87 37 27 79Drinking water 28 40 31 15Sanitation 26 15 18 40Total 141 92 76 134

Source: Indonesia Human Development Report 2004Legend:

* = Province which underwent a split** = New province result from the split

*** = Province with a new name

DKI JakartaDI Yogyakarta

East Kalimantan Riau

LampungNorth Sumatera

West Jawa*North Sulawesi

JambiBali

South KalimantanINDONESIA

South Sumatera*NTT

Banten**Central Kalimantan

Central Jawa East Jawa

North Maluku **Bengkulu

West Sumatera Nangroe Aceh

West Kalimantan S.E.Sulawesi

South SulawesiBangka Belitung**

MalukuCentral Sulawesi

Gorontalo**Papua***

NTB

BaliDKI Jakarta

North Sulawesi East Jawa

East KalimantanDI YogyakartaCentral Jawa

S.E. SulawesiSouth Kalimantan

North SumateraWest SumateraEast Maluku **

Maluku*INDONESIA

BengkuluSouth Sulawesi

LampungNTT

JambiNangroe Aceh

Bangka Belitung**NTB

South Sumatera *West Jawa *

Central SulawesiBanten**

RiauPapua***

GorontaloCentral Kalimantan

West Kalimantan

PRO

VINC

E

P E R C E N TP E R C E N T

PRO

VINC

E

Households with access to sanitation facility,by Province 2002

Households with access to drinking waterfacility, by Province 2002

9PercikOctober 2004

Why MDGs are so important?MDGs represent an agreement of the

world leaders to engage in a common effortto solve the problems faced by the develo-ping nations, such as poverty, illiteracy,hunger, high infant mortality rate, lack ofeducation, lack of access to drinking waterand sanitation service, and environmentaldegradation.

The said problems cannot be solvedwithout any assistance and cooperationamong the nations of the world. This con-science becomes the basic principle under-lying the declaration of MDGs with a hopeto enable to unite the nations of the worldin a war against the basic problems ofhuman beings.

Drinking Water Objective and Targetin MDGs

With 8 objectives and 18 targets of theMDGs Drinking Water and Sanitation isdirectly linked with Objective 7 namelyensure environmental sustainability andTarget 10 Halve by 2015 the proportion ofpeople without sustainable access to safedrinking water & basic sanitation.

What are the indicators used in me-asuring the performance for achie-ving MDGs target?

Each nation is given a flexibility todetermine her own indicator for the targetachievement. For Indonesia, and in accor-dance with "Progress Report on TheMilliennium Development Goals" publi-shed in February 2004, the indicator con-sists of proportion of population withaccess to acceptable water supply facility.

There are 2 conditions to meet therequirements for acceptable water supply,namely (i) water supplied through pipingsystem; (ii) a protected water source whichis located at least 10 metres from humanwaste disposal system (pit, septic tank,etc.). Therefore, an acceptable water sup-

ply system includes pipe conveyed watersupply system, pumped up ground water,protected pit well, protected water source,rain water.

How will the MDGs target achieve-ment be measured?

First we have to agree on the propor-tion of population with access to accept-able water supply system in 1990, that isapproximately 40 percent. This meansthat the remaining 60 percent is the pro-portion without such a facility. So that in2015, the additional proportion of popula-tion with such an access is 30 percent (orhalf of 60 percent). This gives us a total of70 percent consisting of 40 percent fromthe initial number in 1990 plus additional30 percent from the level that must be

reached through 2015. A simple computa-tion.

What is our condition in terms ofMDGs development goals in 2015?

At national level at this time (2002) 50percent of the population has the access toacceptable drinking water facility. This isstill 20 percent to cover before we reached.

Based on rough estimate, as stated inInfrastructures of Indonesia (Bappenas)the annual investment requirement mayreach Rp4-5 trillion. The available fund isonly Rp600 - 1.000 billion. To cover thebalance it is therefore necessary to look foradditional financial sources such as com-munity contribution, private sector, grantand overseas loan funds.

What needs a more serious attention isthat pursuant to the existing laws thedrinking water management responsibilityhas been relinquished to the regional go-vernment. Thus in reaching the target theparticipation of the regional government isdefinitely unavoidable.

As we look more closely into drinkingwater service coverage of each kabupaten/-city in Indonesia, we will find that many ofthem are lagging far behind. For example,there are 45 kabupatens/cities with servicecoverage of below 45 percent level.

When in 2015 the average national wereach 70 percent coverage, we will askabout the possibility that there are stillmany regions are lagging far behind. Itshould be commendable that in achievingthe 70 percent target the condition of eachregion be considered as far as possible, sothat in 2015 when the national target isachieved there are at the same time lesskabupatens/cities which are left too farbehind. This complies with the spirit oftogetherness and common agreement ofMDGs. (OM)

A I N R E P O R T

A Closer Look into MDGsDrinking Water

M


Unconsciously there have been a commonmisinterpretation in our attitude towards

MDGs, among others (i) MDGs is consideredmerely as a set of goals to be achieved. Actuallythe targets set forth in MDGS should be seen asa means to mold togetherness and commonagreement among the world leaders in ways tosolve the basic problems of the developingnations. Togetherness and common agreementis the key; (ii) The drinking water and basic san-itation targets in MDGs are expressed in propor-tion rather than absolute number. This is pur-posely made in order to prevent any debate inconnection with population estimate in 2015; (iii)the estimate is based on the condition of 1990.In the National Action Plan re Drinking Water theestimate is based on the data of 2000 as theyear of reference; (iv) drinking water is notdefined in accordance with that of Ministry ofHealth decision No 907 year 2000; each nationis given a freedom to define it in a more flexiblemanner. As it was mentioned earlier, the spirit oftogetherness and common agreement comesfirst before anything else. (OM)

Commonmisinterpretation re MDGs

A I N R E P O R TMDrinking Water Service Coverage Rating By Kabupaten/City 2002

No. Kabupaten/City Coverage ( % )

121 Lampung Tengah 59.3122 Kota Probolinggo 59.3123 Kota Gorontalo 59.3124 Kendal 59.0125 Madiun 58.9126 Tuban 58.9127 Purworejo 58.6128 Luwu 58.6129 Kota Mojokerto 58.4130 Mojokerto 58.2131 Gowa 58.2132 Nias 58.0133 Pesisir Selatan 58.0134 Bungo 58.0135 Jombang 57.8136 Bantul 57.7137 Sleman 57.6138 Kota Kediri 57.6139 Sumedang 57.4140 Probolinggo 57.1141 Tapin 56.9142 Pasir 56.8143 Muna 56.8144 Kota Yogyakarta 56.7145 Banggai 56.5146 Tana Toraja 56.5147 Halmahera Pusat 56.5148 Bengkayang 56.4149 Kota Bekasi 56.1150 Deli Serdang 56.0151 Bolaang Mongondow 56.0152 Pangkajene Kepulauan 55.8153 Bengkulu Utara 55.7154 Kota Banjar Baru 55.7155 Jakarta Timur 55.4156 Kota Mataram 55.4157 Alor 55.2158 Kota Binjai 54.9159 Boyolali 54.3160 Dompu 54.3161 Cilacap 54.0162 Sumbawa 54.0163 Pandeglang 53.9164 Kota Depok 53.8165 Lampung Selatan 53.5166 Kota Bogor 53.5167 Jember 53.5168 Buton 53.5169 Enrekang 53.3170 Pinrang 53.1171 Ende 53.0172 Poso 52.9173 Tenggamus 52.8174 Maluku Tenggara Barat 52.6175 Aceh Tengah 52.4176 Sanghite Talaud 52.4177 Sinjai 52.1178 Labuhan Batu 52.0179 Maros 52.0180 Simeuleu 51.8


61 Karanganyar 68,662 Tabanan 68,563 Ngawi 68,264 Langkat 68,165 Kota Sabang 67,766 Nganjuk 67,667 Kota Bandung 67,368 Timur Tengah Utara 66,969 Ponorogo 66,770 Kota Denpasar 66,771 Lamongan 66,672 Kota Bandar Lampung 66,173 Gunung Kidul 66,074 Kota Padang 65,975 Lampung Timur 65,876 Muaro Jambi 65,677 Karangasem 65,678 Tabalong 65,679 Kota Pangkalpinang 65,380 Kota Surakarta 65,381 Lumajang 65,382 Kota Sukabumi 65,083 Tulungagung 64,884 Magelang 64,785 Kota Pare-Pare 64,686 Gresik 64,187 Malang 63,688 Pacitan 63,489 Kendari 63,490 Bekasi 63,191 Kupang 63,192 Pamekasan 62,993 Kota Cilegon 62,694 Minahasa 62,495 Aceh Tenggara 62,396 Banggai Kepulauan 62,197 Solok 62,098 Wonogiri 62,099 Temanggung 61,8

100 Kota Malang 61,8101 Lima Puluh Kota 61,6102 Bangli 61,6103 Maluku Tengah 61,6104 Trenggalek 61,5105 Asahan 61,3106 Karo 61,3107 Kerinci 61,3108 Jembrana 60,7109 Pasaman 60,5110 Sragen 60,4111 Purwakarta 60,3112 Bengkulu 60,2113 Rejang Lebong 60,1114 Blitar 60,1115 Sukoharjo 60,0116 Tanah Datar 59,9117 Kediri 59,9118 Sumenep 59,8119 Banyumas 59,5120 Siak 59,3


1 Kota Surabaya 98,22 Jakarta Utara 97,73 Kota Banjarmasin 95,44 Kota Pematang Siantar 94,65 Kota Solok 94,36 Kota Balikpapan 93,07 Kota Sibolga 92,48 Kota Ujung Pandang 92,09 Kota Banda Aceh 90,7

10 Kota Jayapura 90,511 Kota Tegal 89,312 Kota Salatiga 88,613 Magetan 88,114 Kota Bontang 86,915 Kota Buleleng 85,916 Kota Magelang 85,417 Jakarta Pusat 85,318 Gianyar 84,719 Kota Samarinda 84,320 Kota Tanjung Balai 84,121 Kota Padang Panjang 83,422 Jakarta Barat 82,923 Kota Pasuruan 82,324 Kota Bukit Tinggi 81,725 Rembang 80,926 Kota Kupang 80,227 Kota Semarang 79,828 Kota Medan 79,729 Kota Manado 79,030 Kota Sorong 79,031 Kota Bitung 78,232 Kota Payakumbuh 78,133 Ngada 78,134 Kota Cirebon 77,935 Kota Ternate 77,936 Kota Kendari 77,737 Pati 76,938 Sumba Timur 76,439 Kulon Progo 76,340 Sidoarjo 76,041 Kota Ambon 75,542 Kota Baru 74,643 Kota Madiun 74,344 Klungkung 74,145 Kota Batam 73,446 Batanghari 73,047 Kota Sawah Lunto 72,848 Kota Palembang 72,749 Wonosobo 72,450 Bangkalan 72,251 Semarang 71,652 Kota Jambi 70,853 Badung 70,754 Sampang 70,455 Grobogan 70,056 Aceh Utara 69,957 Purbalingga 69,958 Soppeng 69,659 Jepara 69,060 Blora 68,8

11PercikOctober 2004

A I N R E P O R TM



301 Kota Dumai 32,6302 Aceh Selatan 32,4303 Aceh Barat 32,4304 Serang 31,7305 Way Kanan 30,9306 Ketapang 30,7307 Bulungan 30,6308 Mimika 30,6309 Aceh Besar 30,5310 Toba Samosir 30,1311 Jeneponto 29,6312 Bengkalis 29,2313 Aceh Singkil 29,1314 Puncak Jaya 29,1315 Tapanuli Selatan 28,5316 Mandailing Natal 28,1317 Lampung Barat 27,9318 Rokan Hulu 27,8319 Barito Kuala 27,4320 Kapuas 26,9321 Tanjung Jabung Barat 26,8322 Kutai Barat 26,0323 Boalemo 25,9324 Biak Numfor 25,2325 Sintang 24,7326 Barito Utara 23,6327 Sanggau 22,1328 Merauke 21,1329 Kapuas Hulu 19,6330 Landak 19,4331 Selayar 19,2332 Kota Pontianak 14,5333 Sambas 13,5334 Manokwari 13,3335 Kepulauan Mentawai 11,8336 Yapen Maropen 10,4337 Malinau 9,1338 Pontianak 7,7339 Nabire 7,6340 Indragiri Hilir 4,3341 Tanjung Jabung Timur 1,1

INDONESIA 55,2


241 Kotawaringin Barat 43,4242 Bulukumba 43,2243 Cirebon 43,0244 Toli-Toli 43,0245 Paniai 42,9246 Polewali Mamasa 42,8247 Indramayu 42,5248 Sorong 42,2249 Soralangun 42,1250 Cianjur 42,1251 Padang Pariaman 42,0252 Bondowoso 42,0253 Mamuju 42,0254 Lombok Timur 41,9255 Berau 41,9256 Jakarta Selatan 41,8257 Situbondo 41,8258 Subang 41,7259 Sumba Barat 41,3260 Lahat 41,1261 Musi Banyuasin 41,0262 Dairi 40,8263 Garut 40,8264 Pekalongan 40,8265 Hulu Sungai Tengah 40,7266 Natuna 40,4267 Manggarai 40,3268 Buoi 40,3269 Batang 40,2270 Kota Palangkaraya 40,2271 Tapanuli Tengah 40,1272 Kuningan 40,0273 Buru 39,8274 Jayapura 39,7275 Aceh Timur 39,4276 Kepulauan Riau 39,4277 Maluku Utara 39,3278 Sawah Lunto / Sijunjung 39,0279 Kuantan Sengingi 38,9280 Rokan Hilir 38,8281 Bandung 38,8282 Banjar 38,8283 Muara Enim (Liot) 38,6284 Barru 38,6285 Jayawijaya 38,4286 Indragiri Hulu 38,3287 Timur Tengah Selatan 38,1288 Ogan Komering Hilir 37,7289 Donggala 37,7290 Kota Tarakan 36,5291 Tasikmalaya 36,4292 Gorontalo 36,2293 Kota Palu 36,0294 Bantaeng 35,9295 Kotawaringin Timur 35,7296 Takalar 35,1297 Nunukan 35,0298 Lebak 34,8299 Karawang 34,6300 Barito Selatan 32,8


181 Demak 51,8182 Tebo 51,3183 Kota Metro 51,3184 Majalengka 51,2185 Pidie 50,9186 Wajo 50,6187 Klaten 50,5188 Simalungun 50,3189 Banjarnegara 50,3190 Kolaka 50,3191 Bima 50,2192 Kutai 50,2193 Kutai Timur 50,2194 Sindenreng Rappang 50,1195 Kampar 49,9196 Tulang Bawang 49,9197 Sukabumi 49,9198 Tanah Laut 49,9199 Bangka 49,6200 Pemalang 49,6201 Kota Tebing Tinggi 49,4202 Lampung Utara 49,3203 Kudus 49,3204 Lombok Tengah 49,3205 Merangin 49,0206 Brebes 48,7207 Bojonegoro 48,5208 Tangerang 48,5209 Hulu Sungai Utara 48,4210 Maluku Tenggara 48,4211 Morowali 48,3212 Kota Pekalongan 47,9213 Tapanuli Utara 47,7214 Pelalawan 47,7215 Luwu Utara 47,7216 Hulu Sungai Selatan 47,5217 Pasuruan 47,3218 Banyuwangi 47,2219 Agam 47,0220 Tegal 46,8221 Sikka 46,5222 Fak Fak 46,5223 Belitung 46,3224 Lembata 46,3225 Flores Timur 46,3226 Bone 46,1227 Kebumen 45,9228 Bireuen 45,6229 Kota Tangerang 45,2230 Ciamis 44,9231 Ogan Komering Ulu 44,8232 Kota Blitar 44,8233 Lombok Barat 44,6234 Musi Rawas 44,1235 Bogor 44,1236 Majene 44,1237 Bengkulu Selatan 43,9238 Kota Pekan Baru 43,8239 Karimun 43,6240 Belu 43,6

Source:Human Development Report 2004,Bappenas -- BPS -- UNDP

* Kota = city

In Batam, water is not a simple affair.An island located to the east ofSumatra, Batam has a very limited

natural water source. There is no river tofulfill water need for its 600 thousandinhabitants.

This natural condition which enhan-ces the Authority of Batam to make 6man-made lakes to capture rainwater.PT. Adhya Tirta Batam (ATB), a privatecompany, processes the rainwater intoraw water to fulfill the need of the popu-lation. PT. ATB is a joint venture betweena British company, Cascal, and local busi-ness firms Bangun Cipta Kontraktor andSyabata Cemerlang, operating water sup-ply service to the costumers' homes.

Not all of the population may haveaccess to water service, however. A localregulation prohibits ATB to provide homeconnections to illegal squatters, knownlocally as ruli or rumah liar. A new prob-lem instantly arises. It is because not lessthan 80 thousand people who live as ille-gal squatters need water as anyone else.Actually the ruli dwellers have tried tosolve their water requirement problemthrough construction of rain water catch-ers and buy water from water lorries.Unfortunately, the water quality is inferi-or and cannot be used as drinking water.This is because the lorries take their waterfrom the drainage canal. As a result,water stealing activities came into reality.The ruli dwellers make illegal connec-tions or puncture holes to the pipes inorder to get water.

This activity causes ATB a consider-able financial loss because after a shortwhile the amount of non revenue water(NRW) reached a level of more than 30percent. Production costs cannot be co-vered from the customers' paymentbecause a considerable amount of wateris lost. In the meantime, the water stea-ling is potential to bringing an additionalcost to the ordinary customers. Imagine

for instance if the missing production costis imposed upon the customers. Besides,water quality and its pressure tends todrop because of the pipe leakages.

Realizing the above problem, ATB andBatam Authority worked together to findits solution. Minimizing NRW is not theonly consideration. It also includes cleanwater requirement of the ruli dwellers.Though the live in an area illegally theyare also contributing to Batam economy.They mainly profess as labourers, securi-ty personnel, are in a sense having a rela-tively high purchasing power. Theiraverage monthly income varies betweenRp. 600 thousand to Rp. 1,5 million.

On the one hand they have to servethe water requirement of the ruli dwellers-because this is the best solution to thewater stealing- on the other there is a re-gulation to prevent provision of water tothe ruli areas. Finally ATB and Batam

Authority decided to establish waterkiosks in the vicinity of ruli areas. In thebeginning there are 8 kiosks built. Thekiosks were given to certain parties tomanage. Of this is not arbitrarily given toany one. At least one must meet 2 quali-fications for water kiosk management.First, it must be legal institution, such asa cooperative, so that the institution canbe a regular ATB subscriber. Secondly,the management must have a supportfrom the surrounding ruli dwellers. Themanagement personnel are elected fromwithin the community. This is to preventany future conflict and to guarantee thatthe community will buy water from thekiosk.

Water kiosks are made from used con-tainers and are connected to ATB waterconveyance system. These kiosks are equ-ipped with water meter and a regulatingtap. The kiosks are made portable, to be

R T I C L E

BATAM: Water Flows Through the KiosksA

By Tri Dewi Virgiyanti *)

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE


easily movable to other location if neces-sary.

An agreement is made between ATBand the management that binds both par-ties. It contains among others, the ma-nagement obligation to maintain thekiosk and make a regular payment toATB. The management is also made res-ponsible for water distribution to the localcommunity. Only the surrounding com-munity is entitled to buy water from akiosk. This is to prevent any sale to out-siders such as to water lorries.

In terms of tariff, the water kiosks arecharged with the lowest tariff level byATB. But the management may sell at ahigher price. However, the kiosks cannotarbitrarily ask any price they like. Theprice must be previously agreed betweenthe management and ruli community.Unfortunately, the standard is based onthe price set by water lorry, whichnotwithstanding is expensive, than thekiosk water sale price is higher compari-son to the ATB price. This condition maycause inequity in profit distribution,because the management may collect arelatively big profit from the sale. Theirmonthly turnover may reach Rp. 90-95million. The kiosk is charged at Rp. 3.000per m3 by ATB and the kiosk sells it at Rp.12.500 - 25.000 to the community. Theaverage family expenditure for watervaries between Rp. 15.000 to Rp. 250.000a month.

Therefore, establishment of suchwater kiosks needs a further study,whether it is beneficial to ATP and boththe communities, the ruli dwellers and theordinary customer community. It shouldbe noted that, with the kiosk establish-ment there are protests voiced out fromthe ordinary customer community, espe-cially with regard the minimum tariff.Besides, there is a complaint that thekiosk implies an acknowledgement for theexistence of the illegal settlements, a nag-ging headache for Batam Authority.

On the other hand, the majority of ruli

community welcomes the kiosks with sat-isfaction. They are happy because withthe establishment they can get qualitywater at a more reasonable price. Withthis their health condition improves andlife is more comfortable, and as a resultthe number of settlers is growing. Thereare less skin and abdominal diseases nowthan there were before.

Of course there are several other fac-tors to be monitored in the managementof the kiosks so that the continuity of thekiosks in the future would indeed provideaccess to an acceptable clean water serviceto all Batam population and the Authority

could find the best solution to the prob-lem of the illegal settlement problem.

The existence of the water kiosks andthe profit collected for water sale can beused for ruli community empowermentprogram to live legally and improve theirwelfare. If the water kiosk is proven suc-cessful, other towns and cities in In-donesia with a similar problem may learnfrom Batam how to provide access towater for illegal squatters of city slumdwellers.

Staff, Directorate of Human Settlement

and Housing, Bappenas and Member,

WSS Working Group

R T I C L EA


Therefore, establishment of suchwater kiosks needs a further study,

whether it is beneficial to ATP and boththe communities, the ruli dwellers and

the ordinary customercommunity.

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Water is an endless topic of dis-cussion. This is because wateris a vital and irreplaceable

need for human life. Every nation has itsown experience regarding water manage-ment. Some are successful, while othersmeet with a certain level of failure. One ofthose which is sufficiently successful isAustralia, our neighbouring nation.

There are several differences betweenAustralia and Indonesia. First, is in drin-king water distribution. Like other deve-loping nations, it is easy to get drinkingwater in Australia. Domestic drinkingwater facility is guaranteed potable,drinkable directly from the faucet. Thesame with public facilities such as park,school, office building and other publicfacilities are supplied with drinking waterfacility. Water taps are located every-where, all provides potable water. This iswhy most people, including tourists andinternational students, always bring withthem water bottle anywhere they go.These bottles are refilled with drinkingwater from the public faucets.

From environmental point of view,this is quite commendable because therewill be less bottles to be dumped into thesurroundings. This means a less burdento the community or the regional govern-ment in solid wastes recycling work. Andseen from the customers' point of view,this represents a significant saving fordrinking water expenditure. As we allknow, the expenditure for drinking wateris never small. Even, at an equal volume,the price for water is higher than that ofpetrol.

However, one cannot deny that theinvestment for the construction of drin-king water facility, its distribution sys-tem, and maintenance of up to potablewater quality in Indonesia will need a bigamount of money. Indeed, it seems thatthis nation will have to dream for a long

time to get drinking water directly fromthe tap. The biggest financial demand isfor pipe network and its maintenance,because in reality most PDAMs and otherdrinking water companies in Indonesiahave met the standard drinking waterrequirement as set forth by ministry ofhealth and WHO. One of the closestexamples, there was once an IndonesianTV coverage featuring a drinking watercompany on the island of Batam, PT.Adhya Tirta Batam (ATB). It was shownin the feature, several employees of thecompany took a drink directly from thetap. However, one can be sure that noneof ATB customers would dare to do thesame in their own homes, especially thosewhich are located far from the processingfacility. Because, the farther is the homefrom the processing facility the longer isthe pipe network through which the waterflows, in some location may pass a rustypipe.

The second significant differencerelates to water restriction that is in effectduring certain period in almost all overAustralia. In facing a long dry seasonwhich is evidenced from the drop in waterlevel at the reservoirs, the main watersource of Australia, the national and

regional governments alike put into effectrestriction in the use of water. Thisrestriction obligation is binding and issupported by a number of reliable sup-port instruments. The support instru-ments consist of among others a controlsystem and law enforcement effort. As anexample, a prohibition to using of tapwater for car washing during daytime.When the said regulation is in effect, du-ring daytime control officers are movingaround the area to see to it that no one isrunning against the regulation. If some-one is caught running against the regula-tion the control officer would undoubted-ly take a fine from him at an amount inaccordance with the regulation. There isno compromise, or bargaining for anymisconduct. And also the mass media,when water restriction is effect, the televi-sion, radio, newspapers are providing awidespread announcement to the com-munity at large. There is no reason foranyone to be uninformed about the regu-lation in effect. At a certain stage, theawareness of the importance of functionof water within the community, govern-ment and other actors in Australia hasreached such a high standard, especiallywhen compared to Indonesia. Then whatis the underlying principle for the aware-ness action?

From the author's observation, thebasic reason for the growth of awarenessof the importance of water resources isthe sustainable development concept.The federal government of Australia hasexerted a sufficient effort to explain thesustainable development into five pillarsor five principles. The first principle isknown as precautionary principle. Thisprinciple emphasizes that if an activity isto produce an environmental impact,then there must be an immediate precau-tionary plan to prevent the impact to hap-pen without waiting for any scientific cer-

R T I C L E

Water in Australia andSustainable Development

A

By Iwan Juwana*)


There are several differencesbetween Australia and

Indonesia. First, is in drinkingwater distribution. Like otherdeveloping nations, it is easy

to get drinking water inAustralia. Domestic drinkingwater facility is guaranteedpotable, drinkable directly

from the faucet.

tainty. In water management, for exam-ple, if it is known that the main watersource is a reservoir and its condition isgoing down, then one of precautionarymeasures is water restriction to activitiesthat needs a large quantity of water. Thismeasure is necessary although there is nospecific study to explain the direct rela-tion between watering plants to decreasein water level in reservoirs.

The second principle, intragenera-tional equity. It means that it is necessaryto build an awareness that aside from weourselves who need water there at thesame time 6 billion human beings who arein need for water. If the water wasting ha-bit for secondary even tertiary need is letloose it is obvious that it will adverselyaffect water availability of the 6 billionpeople. Implanting of such awarenessand empathy to the equals will greatlyaffect someone in using water.

The third principle, intergenerationalequity. It has been frequently mentionedin conference, seminar and scientific dis-cussions about the paradigm that has tobe kept in mind: the environment is notinherited by the grand parents and it isentrusted by our grandchildren, the com-ing generations. In water use, it is notallowed to fulfill the present generationonly, but must also consider what willhappen with the next generations. In sus-tainable development concept, the nextgeneration shall have to receive at thesame natural resources as do the presentgeneration. It is not wise if we inherit anenvironment that is inferior than its pres-ent condition.

The fourth, biodiversity conservation.As it relates to water source management,it should always be borne in mind thatwater is not only need by human species,but at the same time also it is also vital forthe life of flora and fauna.

The final principle is environmentaleconomic internalization. Up to this timethere have been many cases when buyinga product, the environmental impact

caused by the production activity was notcalculated into the price. For instance,when we buy a car, the pollution causedby the car is not included in the price. Theprice of a car is determined by the spareparts, costs for experts, mechanics, andmarketing as well as other variables, butnever an environmental impact variable.Another example, when we buy bottledwater, the price does not include the da-mage to the water source, nor taking intoaccount the flora and fauna that are dis-

turbed by the water taking activity.Well, with the principles compiled by

various elements of the community and alsoapplied systematically with a strict controlhas so far produced a significant impact tothe environmental quality improvement inAustralia. What about Indonesia?

*) Graduate of Environmental Management

Program, NSW Univ., Australia.

Currently a teaching staff at the Environmental

Engineering Dept., National Institute

of Technology, Bandung

R T I C L EA


In water use, it is not allowed to fulfillthe present generation only,

but must also consider what will happenwith the next generations.

SOURCE: WWW.CSIRO.AU

In the early literature of developmenteconomics, the economists alwayssee the state as the good doer and a

unification agent, all of its activities aredirected towards social objectives. Thestate is considered as having the capacityto get information and is equipped withknowledge and sufficient policy instru-ment, capable of inferring the market andenhancing economic growth.

The above opinion has been spoiledwith the fact that government interven-tion (in the developed as well as the devel-oping nations) is even ended in anadverse effect. Of course, governmentfailure in most cases indicates worseeffect than that of market failure. Thismakes government intervention especial-ly in many State/Regional GovernmentOwned Companies in various businessundertakings are considered to produce anegative impact to the national economy.This condition becomes a fertile groundfor the opinion that government mustminimize its interference in businessthrough State/Regional GovernmentOwned Companies. At last privatizationof such companies is seen as one effectivemeans to bring down the interference.Although it is evidenced later on that pri-vatization is not solely due to governmentintervention. However, eventually priva-tization becomes a common indicationanywhere in the world today.

However, it should be borne in mindthat privatization does not always be thebest alternative. Privatization is not apanacea. There are empirical evidencesto prove that. Therefore, privatization ornot depends on the objectives of a publiccompany. For as long as an alternative isgood to the public a dichotomy betweenprivate sector and government becomesirrelevant.

However a more valid question to beasked presently is at what point is privati-zation indicate a favourable performance,and how to create such a condition, andwhat precondition should be met. Thisarticle attempts to present the answer to

the question collected from varioussources, beginning from providing expla-nation to privatization, from the defini-tion, benefit, constraint, experience fromother nations, and precondition to priva-tization.

Several Empirical Evidences aboutthe Performance of State OwnedCompanies

Studies made by Savas (1974,1977)and Stevens (1978) in US, Hamer inGermany, Hartley and Huby in Englandcame to a similar conclusion that on ave-rage the production costs of public sectoris higher by 20-40 percent than the pri-vate sector. In England the productioncosts of public sector is 30 percent higher,in the US 40 percent, in Germany close to50 percent higher. All three studies cameto a conclusion that the private sector ismore efficient than the public sector(Pirie, 1988).

Ayub and Hegstad in ResearchObserver magazine Vol. 2 No.1 January1987 conducted a research to 500 bigcompanies, all of which are non Americancompanies. The conclusion indicates thatnone of the government owned compa-nies has a better performance than theprivate companies (Simarmata, 1991).Boardman and Vinning who made a studyto 500 biggest and non monopolisticcompanies outside US came to a similarconclusion that in terms of profit and effi-ciency private companies are in a betterposition than the state owned companies.

What about drinking water and san-itation sector?

In a comparative study made to 50drinking water providers in the develop-ing countries of Asia and the Pacific it wasfound that private companies are moreefficient (Estache, 1999).

In the developed countries, assumingthat public companies are relatively moreefficient it is expected that private sector

participation becomes less significant.But, the real fact indicates otherwise.Economists from Trent University made aclose research to 3 studies conducted inthe US in 1970s. The first study on 112water service providers indicates that theproductivity of public companies is onlyat 60 percent of that of the private compa-nies. When a public company becomes aprivate company, the output per employ-ee increases by 25 percent, and when thereverse happens the output per employeedecreases by 40 percent. The secondstudy was done on 143 water supplyproviders, it was found that the costs in apublic company is 15 percent higher. Thethird study concluded that a public com-pany is 20 percent more expensive(Brubaker, 2001).

The Reason Foundation has repeated-ly found that a US private company ismore efficient than a public sector com-pany. In a study made in 1992 it was con-cluded that a third party service canreduce operational cost by 50 percent. Asan example is waste water processingfacilities of New Orleans and New York.Besides, in a comparative study between10 public companies in the State ofCalifornia and 3 biggest private compa-nies also from the same state, The ReasonFoundation found that the average annu-al operational costs per connection of theprivate company is lower, the public com-pany higher, more employees, and spendthree times as much money from theoperational budget for salary. Next, thepublic companies spent twice as muchmaintenance cost in order to produce thesame amount of product (Brubaker,2001).

The abovementioned findings do notautomatically lead to a conclusion thatprivate sector is more efficient than pu-blic sector. Several empirical findingsprove otherwise. A study conducted byCaus and Christensen (1980) comparingtwo Canadian railway companies, theCanadian National (public company) andCanadian Pacific (private). It was reve-

R T I C L E

PrivatizationA

By Oswar Mungkasa*)

Part I of Two Articles

17PercikOktober 2004

aled that the two companies indicateProductive Efficiency Performance havenon significant difference.

A bibliographical study for his disser-tation Siahaan (2000) who came a con-clusion that public companies spend ahigher level of cost than the private com-panies is quite vague, because the com-parison was between monopolistic publiccompanies and the private companieswhich are competitive for winning projectcontracts (Stevens 1978, Savas 1974, 1977,and Ahebrand 1973). Therefore severalresearchers (Meyer 1975, Pescutrice andTrapani, 1980 in electrical; Teeples andGlyer, 1987 in water supply) comparedthe equally monopolistic public and pri-vate companies, and the result indicatesthat cost differences between the two arenon-significant, sometimes even thereverse. But, what is not sufficientlynoticed is that public companies in com-parison to monopolistic private entitieswhich are bound with regulation (such asin pricing), so that the implication ofproperty rights by a private company isequally vague.

Alkinsen and Halvosen (1986) made acost efficiency calculation on a sample of30 electricity generating monopolisticpublic companies and 123 monopolisticprivate firms who found out that there isno significant difference between themexcept that both group of samples indica-ted a higher cost level than usual.

In drinking water sector the samething prevails. A comparison betweenSwedish government owned and a compa-rable size private English drinking watercompanies indicates that the cost for pro-vision of drinking water by a private com-pany is higher. Management contract inPuerto Rico, Trinidad, and Budapest indi-cate that the involvement of private sectordoes not bring a meaningful change (PSI,2000). In France, the comparison of pri-vate firms and public companies indicatesthat private firms put a tariff at a level 13percent higher (Hall, 2001).

In an overall survey on 24 studiescomparing the performance of public andprivate sector companies doing businessin the field of infrastructure for the last 30years it turns out that half of the studiesindicate the performance of the privatesector companies is significantly better,seven of them indicate a non-significantdifference, but there are five which indi-cate public companies are better than theprivate firms (Shirley, 2000).

Another interesting thing is that amixed enterprise (cooperation with publiccompany) is not better than a public com-pany. But the study made by Jones (1992)in Malaysia denies the statement. A par-tially privatized public company is notworse than the one entirely privatized. Ifit is based on property rights, then theresult from a study by Vikers and Yarrow(1988), Boardman and Vinning (1989)explains that the influence of a businessfirm's property rights does not dominatethe competitiveness and the regulation acompany must undergo (Siahaan, 2000).

While Siahaan's dissertation (2000)on the technical efficiency of public com-panies in Indonesia indicate that (i) pub-lic companies are less efficient than theprivate forms; (ii) large scale public com-pany and doing business in domestic mar-ket is relatively less efficient as comparedto privat firms with similar characteris-tics; (iii) difference in efficiency betweensmall scale public and private companiesis non-significant.

Based on the survey result, the com-parison of performance between the pub-lic companies and private firms and theimpact of privatization of public compa-nies in various countries, the result evi-dently as the following (i) private sectorcompanies perform better than publiccompanies, and the reverse; (ii) changesin government have no effect to companyperformance (public and private); (iii)privatization may increase manpowerproductivity and total factor, and other-wise has no significant effect; (iv) changes

in ownership produces minor impact; (v)public companies with a competitive mar-ket perform better (Pollit, 1999).

Several research conclusion as men-tioned above lead us to the fact that (i)efficiency is not solely dominated by theprivate sector, but in general the privatefirms are more efficient than the publiccompanies; (ii) it is difficult to make com-parison between public companies andprivate firms because they are not playingon an equal playing field; (iii) the per-formance of a company, public or private,depends to a great extent on the econom-ic characteristics where they are doingtheir business, especially competitive andregulation characteristics.

DefinitionIn the beginning privatization u s e d

to refer to transfer of ownership and con-trol from the public to the private sectorespecially as sale of asset. This includespartial or total transfer, which meansreducing the government role andincreasing that of the private sector, inasset related activity or ownership (Savas,1987).

As time progresses the privatization isnot always limited to sale of asset. Its con-ceptual base extends to also include amore diversified structural changes cove-ring one or more combinations of transferof government function to the private sec-tor in terms of ownership, financing, pro-duction activity.

One may also say that privatization asan introduction process for market powerdiscipline (Ramandham, 1989), includinga market concept which enhances theabolition of monopolistic practice or mi-nimizing directly or indirectly barriers inaccess to market (UNO, 1989)

Another opinion relates privatizationas a means to provide public company andthe private sector to have an equal beha-viour and opportunity. As Mar'ie (1996)put it more clearly, privatization is notlimited to selling a public company to pri-

R T I C L EA


vate sector but it must also include (i) cre-ating an opportunity for the private sectorto be the main actor in business; (ii) mak-ing public company behave like an entre-preneur; (iii) public company can behavelike a private firm.

The definition and the meaning of pri-vatization can vary greatly such as dis-cussed above, but in general it can besummarized as the following, (i) Changesof business format from "state owned"into a limited share company; (ii) partialor total divestiture of shares from a stateowned company to the private sector, itcould be through private placement orthrough public offering; (divestiture ofthe rights or state owned asset or a com-pany whose shares belong to the state tothe private sector, be a permanent divesti-ture (sale, grant or barter) or temporarydivestiture (including Build-Operate-Transfer scheme); (iv) provision of oppor-tunity to the private sector operate in aspecific business activity which previouslyis monopolised by the government; (v)establishment of a joint venture or coop-eration in a different format taking bene-fit from government asset; (vi) creationand improvement of health competitionin business sector (Soebagyo, 1996).

Privatization ConceptReason for Privatization and itsObjectives

Based on surveys conducted in severalcountries regarding the reasons for priva-tization, there 5 main reasons for privati-zation, namely (i) developing marketeconomy or improving business efficien-cy; (ii) reducing the burden of state acti-vity, (iii) reducing state debt or reducingbudget deficit; (iv) obtaining fund forother purpose; (v) expansion of domesticcapital market. In a developing nationespecially there are a number of specificreasons, such as (i) obtaining businessopportunity with international communi-ty, with an expectation for enhancing fo-reign capital investment and transfer of

technology; (ii) creation of new job vacan-cies as a consequence of foreign capitalinvestment and expansion of businessactivity; (iii) to obtain managerial know-ledge to replace bureaucrats in the man-agement of public companies with profes-sional managers (Sumarlin, 1996).

Gouri (1991) classified the reasons forprivatization into 4 categories, namely (i)financial pressure, such as budget deficit,balance of payment; (ii) economic pres-sure, public company inefficiency; (iii)non-economic pressure, equity of income,increase manager's motivation; (iv) exter-nal pressure from donor institutes such asIMF, World Bank, Asian DevelopmentBank (Siahaan, 2000).

Privatization MethodBased on privatization experience in

England, according to Pirie (1988) priva-tization methods can be categorized as thefollowing:

Transfer of property in the form of (a)total sale to the private sector directlyand through capital market; (b) par-tial sale to the public, employees, orjoint venture; property transfer cantake place an auction, negotiated sale,tender.Transfer of management control,such as (a) partial transfer, consistingof separation of management fromownership, joint venture, totalchange in management; (b) manage-ment sub-contract, the governmenthires a private firm to run the ma-nagement of a public company; (c)leasing, a private firm leases the ma-nagement rights from the govern-ment; (d) Build-Own-Operate and -Transfer (BOO and BOT). The con-struction costs come from a privatefirm, it is then given a long term man-agement rights, at the end of the con-tract the whole asset goes back to thestate.Market freedom. Public companymanagement is given free hand fromgovernment control through a greaterautonomy, freedom to set a price,investment policy, financing andrecruitment of manpower.

In drinking water and sanitation sec-tor there are only 6 main options whichare frequently applicable, i.e. servicecontract, lease, Build-Operate-Transfer(BOT), concession, and divestiture. Inpractice, privatization is frequentlybased on the combination of the avail-able options. For instance, provision ofwater in combination with managementcontract for distribution system opera-tion. (To be continued)

*) Staff, Directorate of Human Settlement

and Housing, Bappenas, and Member,

WSS Working Group.

R T I C L EA

The performanceof a company,

public or private,depends to a great

extent onthe economic

characteristics wherethey are doingtheir business,

especially competitiveand regulationcharacteristics.


(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Leakage or sometimes also calledwater loss is a common problemin PDAM all over Indonesia. At

national average the total loss hasreached at 30 percent level. While theloss in PDAM Makassar was at 46 percent(July 2004). What is interesting is thetechnical leakage refers to water leakwhile non technical leakage is water loss.Although there has been no agreement inrelation to water leakage classificationbut PDAM Makassar classifies the causesfor leakage as the following:

(i) Technical represents natural cau-ses such as new installation, opening andclosing, pipe washing, own use, free gift,problem with water meter, illegal connec-tion;

(ii) Non techni-cal represents "re-mote reading", dateentry error, and ille-gal arrangement.

Technical lea-kage amounts to27% while non tech-nical at 19%.

Water loss bynatural causes isprimarily caused bypoor pipe conditi-on. The tower is al-ready 80 years old,many of the pipesare buried 3 metresdeep. As a resultmany leakages areundetected. In 2004there are 2.212 leak-age points detected.Other significantreason is problemwith water meters. Based on July 2004data there are 5.884 meters are problem-atic, of 5% of the total. The main prob-lems are dead meters, blurred meter face,and broken meters.

Other problems may come in theforms of meter gets lost, abnormal meter,meter buried under, wrong installation,meter submerged, meter detached.

During 2004 there were 19 illegal con-nections found.

Non technical water loss is mostly dueto the quality of the employees and theirintegrity, such as determining water useby a customer through guesswork withoutdirectly reading his water meter. Besides,in many cases, the employee agrees withhouse tenants to pay only a small portionof the bill. In the end the accumulatedbalance of unpaid bills has to be chargedto the landlord. And, in absence of data

entry verification against the actual billsmay result in data discrepancy.

Seeing this condition the PDAM ofMakassar city plans to take severalcounter actions. In short term thesteps are (i) acceleration in leakagehandling; (ii) contract to a third partyfor meter replacement; (iii) activelyhunting for illegal connections and sealthem; (iv) improve the quality of tech-nical employees;(v) increase superviso-ry activity;(vi) increase monitoringmeeting. The middle term steps are (i)minimize rate of water loss; (ii) re-arrangement of network; (iii) re-arrangement of service zone. The longterm action consists of (i) establish-ment of a unit for handling water lea-kage problemt; (ii) reinvestment of net-work and water meter based on zoningpattern. (OM)

R T I C L E

Leakage Handlingin PDAM Makassar

A


Installed capacity 2.340 l/sec, water

production 2.147 l/sec, average con-

sumption 1.138 l/sec

Length of distribution pipe 2.861 km,

increased 6.4% from 2000

Service coverage 71,46% (838 thou-

sand people) increased 39% from

2000

Total active customers 121.128

Ratio employees/customers 1:182

Non-commercial customers 93,55%,

commercial 6,45%

Revenue from non-commercial

72,95%, commercial 27,05%

Collection efficiency 92,86% increased

as compared to 62,32% in 2000

Average on-going tariff Rp 2.256/m3

from the approved Rp2.750.

The Fact inPDAM Makassar (2004)

WATER LOSS SCOREExperiment Zona Sub Z17 Blok 2

September 16-17, 2004

Total inlet 297 m3 100 %

Water use (297 customers) 163 m3 55,1 %

Water loss 133 m3 44,9 %

Minimum nighttime

flow of technical

water loss (3,36 m3/hour) 80 m3 27,1 %

Non technical water loss 53 m3 17,8 %

Average pressure 0,26 Atm

Source: R&D PDAM Makassar

Introduction

In an effort to formulate a workabledevelopment strategy or WaterConservation Care (WCC), the first

important thing to do is for the govern-ment is to commit itself in developing anational strategy for water conservation.Several countries in the Asia and Pacificregion have done the same.

As an example, in fiscal year 1995 thePhilippine government has inaugurated aNational Committee on Water Conser-vation and Demand Management. Thetasks of the Committee include the fol-lowing: (1) Preparation of a national con-servation plan; (2) Implementation of anational campaign to build care for waterconservation; (3) Enhance the participa-tion of private sector in water conserva-tion activity; and (4) Organize fundingsources for the campaign. These taskshave been studied and elaborated by 5Sub-Committees which also play moni-toring function upon the feedback fromthe stakeholders. This Committee thenstarted with the formulation of thenational plan for water conservation.

Some time ago the Indonesian gov-ernment has also conducted a series ofstudies to formulate a water conservationstrategy based on the result of cross sec-tor surveys upon 134 watersheds throughcomparing a number of parametersincluding availability of water sources,water use, hydrology, land use planningand social economic condition. The stud-ies concluded that 41 watersheds are inextremely critical condition and thereforeare classified as the first priority for waterresources conservation. Most of the saidwatersheds are located in the vicinity ofmajor big cities such as Jakarta, Bandungand Surabaya.

As stipulated in Art. 14(h) of Law No.7/2004 on Water Resources theGovernment of Indonesia is mandated to

form National Water Resources Council,Inter-provincial River Region WaterResources Council, and National Stra-tegic River Region Water ResourcesCouncil, all for purpose of water reso-urces management Then in Chapter III,it also stipulates a special mandateregarding Water Resources Conservationwith its related implementation strategy,but it is still awaiting for implementationregulation to prepared by the govern-ment.

In the Islamic Republic of Iran, thegovernment has obliged Water ResourcesManagement Organization to implementseveral important water conservationpolicies including among others commu-nity awareness, instruction of waste waterreuse and ground water replenishment,wastewater disposal control, establish-ment of water source protection areas,and establishment of water users' associ-

ation and water treatment and protectioncompanies.

The People's Democratic Republic ofLaos has established Water ResourcesCoordination Committee in 1999 fornational water use activity. The priorityprogram includes community educationon the importance of water as one of thenatural resources, with an initial targetgroup consisting of government employ-ees working in water sector.

In the Republic of Taiwan through aspeech by President Chen Sui-Bian in theofficial opening of one of internationalseminars on Water Resources andIrrigation on 11 November 2003, he stat-ed a political commitment to support asustainable water resources and irriga-tion development through the followingsteps: (1) persuasive cooperation betweenIrrigation Association with water users'units; (2) commitment to build 3 bigdams for promotion of water tourism &raw water supply in 5 years time; (3) ini-tiative to prepare and enhance revision ofWater Resources and Irrigation Law forthe empowerment of the IrrigationAssociation; (4) large scale commitmentin: a) improvement of irrigation infra-structure; b) beautification of irrigationand drainage canals; and c) revitalizationof agricultural lands of Taiwan ruralareas.

Eleven Strategic StepsFrom various experiences in conduct-

ing campaign for water conservationawareness in the Asia Pacific Regionscoordinated by WSP-EAP, an interimconclusion could be drawn into a strategyfor preparing a program to improve thecommunity awareness consisting of 11steps which need be adjusted into specif-ic institution, social condition, and socialeconomic as well as the cultural conditionof the target areas/countries.

R T I C L E

Strategy for Community Awareness Improvement(With special reference to: "Community Care Campaign for Water Conservation in Asia

Pacific Region" - Under the coordination of UN-ESCAP)

A

Part I of Two Articles

By: A. Hafied A. Gany, PhD*)


First Step: Formation of a Ma-nagement Commission1. Expertise Needed and the

General StructureThe management for improving

WCC needs an additional expertisebeside the disciplines usually neededin water resources of water supplyprojects. The management Commi-ssion must involve personnel withexpertise and experience in sociali-zation, public relations, education,mass media and communication.One advantage, if several expertisein general and media socializationhas been applied in the related func-tional fields such as environmentalmanagement, public health and irri-gation, the Commission (in accor-dance with the local condition) canbe authorized to be either a AdvisoryCommittee or as Management Body.

(a) Advisory Committee. Thisformat is most suitable if a govern-ment ministry or department is themain sponsor and is fully responsi-ble for the whole program, provisionof funding, and management of pay-ments.

Each member of the AdvisoryCommittee provides opinion andshares the experience of the organi-zation he represents. In order to preventthe Committee from being over expandedit is recommended that the number ofmembers not exceeding 12.

(b) Management Body. If it isauthorized as a Body, the members ofCommission has a personal as well ascommon responsibility in the achieve-ment of objectives and in financial ma-nagement. In terms of cost this is moreefficient and effective, as long it getsconfidence from the funding agency. Asindividual a member of ManagementBody could be authorized to deliver aspecial component in the WCCimprovement strategy. Based on expe-rience, the Management Body can be

actively functioning if the total mem-bers is 6-10 persons.

2. Objective, Intention andOperational ProcedureWhatever structure or commission

being used, the objectives and intention ofthe commission must be clearly deter-mined and a definite operational proce-dure must be made in order to delineatethe responsibilities. A clear delineation ofresponsibilities is needed in the dailyimplementation of program strategydirection. A two-stage approach can beapplied where the Management Com-mission is responsible for the overall pro-gram strategy and direction, and the

Project Team is to report to theManagement Commission.

Second Step: Identificationof Stakeholders

The success of WCC develop-ment can be increased throughinviting partnership with com-plementary stakeholders withsimilar objectives. TheManagement Commission mustfirst identify WCC stakeholders.In this regard, stakeholders arethose that intend to become apartner in the development ofWCC (including those who arepresently suffering because theydon't care a bit about conserva-tion), and having a target groupin accepting WCC message. Forthis purpose, The Commissionmust make a selection to all theprospective stakeholders.

Third Step:Analysis of Policy Issues

The next task of the Mana-gement Commission includesdetailed study on policy issuesrelated to WCC strategy develop-ment. The terms of reference asprepared by the Commission

may have to be reviewed into order toreach the core issues to be delivered orcommunicated. The policy issues maycover the following: (i) reason for localand seasonal water scarcity; (ii) strengthsand weaknesses of water resources andwater supply institution; (iii) level of co-verage, especially to the poor families andthe size of political commitment for pro-viding water supply service to all seg-ments of the community; (iv) level ofawareness within each segment of thecommunity about the overall cost relatedto a service; and (v) the existing tariff for-mat and community willingness to pay,either through economic or social consi-deration.

R T I C L EA


SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

A suitable formal procedurewill produce a more specific

local condition. An increasing burden to

water sources makes it nec-essary to national legislation

in order to createan efficient

management, anda balanced water allocation.

Fourth Step: Study on Local Factors1. Analysis about local condition

In an effort to develop WCC strategythe local condition must always be takeninto consideration. A closer look into thelocal condition must be undertaken inorder to understand the local conditionand decide where the WCC developmentstrategy is to be implemented. Manyaspects may join in determining the localcharacteristics: political, social, commu-nity health, gender, cultural, geographi-cal, climatic changes, coordination. Foranalysis, several methods can be applied,but mostly a SWOT (strength, weak-ness, opportunity, threat) analysis in agroup discussion. Recently a group dis-cussion through 'Multi StakeholderProcess' (MSP) as part of a dialogueknown as 'Dialogue on Water Foof andEnvironment' (DWFE) is frequentlyapplied.

2. Operating under a Formal Proce-dureA suitable formal procedure will pro-

duce a more specific local condition. Anincreasing burden to water sources makesit necessary to national legislation inorder to create an efficient management,and a balanced water allocation. If theformal procedure is weak, one of tasks ofthe strategy is to enhance the stipulationof water conservation law.

New law from several countriesincluding Law No. 7/1994 on WaterResources in Indonesia, includes arequirement for sustainable waterresources development. Through this lawthere is a specific emphasis on the effortfor WCC development. In many countriesthere is also a law on size of pipe andother regional regulations for stipulatingthe use of efficient water device in indi-vidual homes.

Fifth Step: Identification of TargetGroups

Identification of the main target

groups to whom the message is deliveredand to be convinced about the benefitfrom WCC development, is the initialstep. They will then in due time introducethe WCC to the general community. WCCmessages must be adjusted and deliveredto each group in accordance with the indi-vidual group characteristics. The maintarget groups are: (i) policy makers; (ii)water resources experts; (iii) water supplyand sanitation experts; (iv) governmentemployees and community leaders; (v)NGO; (vi) teachers and educators; (vii)paramedics; (viii mass media; (ix) artistsand art workers; and (x) religious leaders.

1. Policy MakersThe most important function of the

Implementation Commission is obtainingan extensive support and guidance fromthe policy makers. The ministers andpoliticians, senior government officials,economic and development planners, anddecision makers in water resources sectorare those who belong to the group ofnational policy makers in care for conser-vation strategy. The methods in obtainingtheir support include the following activi-ties: (i) the politicians will gain significantvotes if they indicate keen understandingon the importance of water conservationas an effort to improve social welfare andreduce poverty; (ii) since the decisionmakers influence everyone then waterrelated issues will become an importantbinder for building alliance between the

government and the people; (iii) Watermanagement will realize that an improve-ment on water conservation care repre-sents an important element for develo-ping an integrated water resources ma-nagement; (iv) care for water conserva-tion will also help in increasing personalresponsibility in social development.

2. Water Resources ExpertsThe attention and support from those

who are working in water resources divi-sion of a government institution ordepartment is highly commendable tohelp in the water conservation care pro-motion, through a better understandingin the twin-channeled water conservationapproach:

Water resources conservation, by wayof water storage in a dam, river regula-tion, integrated river region and aquifermanagement and efficient water alloca-tion which is the priority for all nations.This is quite important especially forcountries with a common river cuttingacross their borders.

Clean water supply conservation, byway of operation and management ofwater supply system and communitywater distribution and efficient use ofwater by the consumers. The conservationmessage becomes very important towatershed management officers, especial-ly to those watersheds that cut acrossadministrative boundaries or auto-nomous regions.

3. Water Supply and Sanitation ExpertsAnother target group includes the

experts in water supply and sanitation,senior experts working in water supplycompanies. Beside the managerial andplanning staff, the target also includesnon technical personnel such as publicrelations who have an important role inconveying message to water con-sumers. (To be continued)

*) Principal Trainer, Ministry of Public work

R T I C L EA


Since the decisionmakers influence

everyone then waterrelated issues will

become an importantbinder for building

alliance between thegovernment and the

people.

Its name is Regional Drinking WaterCompany, but why the water is un-drinkable? That's the question fre-

quently asked within the community. Butthat was before. Today, several PDAMshave fulfilled their function as supplier ofpotable water. One of them is PDAM Tir-ta Pakuan, Bogor City. Almost a year nowthe PDAM has had a potable water servicezone. This zone is called Zona Air MinumPrima (ZAMP, Prime Drinking WaterZone). Except for a slight modificationZAMP distribution system is precisely thesame with the ordinary drinking (read:clean) water distribution network. Thedifference is in the quality of water inwhich ZAMP has met the requirementsset forth in the Decision of HealthMinister No. 907/Menkes/SK/VII/2002.

ZAMP is located in Pakuan Housingcomplex, Tajur, Bogor. There are 400customers in the complex. They are notnew customers when ZAMP started ope-ration. The network was already in placesince 1993. The modification made to thenetwork consists of additional wash out,gate valve for flow isolation in case of net-work disruption, and a special device formonitoring of residual chlorine content.

The Technical Director of PDAM TirtaPakuan, Ir. Syaban Maulana, Dipl. SEexplained that there are 3 aspects to betaken into mind when developing ZAMP,namely technical, management, andsocial-communication. The technical as-pect includes among others (i) quality ofpipes and network installation; (ii) 24-hour service; (iii) availability of alterna-tive supply; (iv) sufficient pressure andlow leakage level; (v) using relatively newpipes; (vi) clear and regularly updatednetwork map; (vii) sufficient water sup-ply; (viii) water quality meets drinkingwater standard; (ix) flow can be isolated;(x) functioning repair and emergencyprogram; (xi) availability of Standard

Operation Procedure (SOP).The managerial aspect consists of (i)

performance, capacity of company, itsvision and mission, and manpower capa-city; (ii) QQC principle, i.e. quality, quan-tity and continuity; (iii) full cost recovery,capability for customers to pay more, rea-sonable service tariff, reasonable O&Mcost, and profitable to company and ben-eficial for the consumer community; (iv)absence of legal barrier with the area ofoperation.

Social and communication includesinternal management tools and servicessuch as availability of service SOP, servicepoint, favourable relation with stakehol-ders and mass media, and external condi-tion such as users' level of income, rela-tively big amount of water use, low com-plain frequency, relatively high educationlevel, in support of innovation by PDAM,and existence of users' forum.

"With all the above criteria in consi-deration we choose Pakuan Housing as

the present ZAMP", said Syaban who isalso called Ade. Moreover, the Housingis located at the tail end of the PDAMTirta Pakuan network system. "If the tailend is readily drinkable, the more so headend would be," said he firmly.

Although it has almost one year sincethis project was started, ZAMP was onlyformally declared last August. This isbecause we wanted to make sure thatwater quality meets the standard require-ment. We wanted to avoid a problemsuddenly occur and we fail to provide theexpected standard of service. Monitoringis done continuously everyday at PDAMlaboratory. The result is, the water isindeed drinkable.

Although the water is drinkable, it isnot easy to change community habit todrink the water directly from the tap.Based on a survey conducted by PDAMTirta Pakuan, the users do not have anydoubt about the quality nor the tariff, butwhen it comes to the question of whetherthey are ready to drink it right away, therespondents say they have to think first.That is why PDAM Tirta Pakuan is con-tinuously conducting socializationthrough various ways such the "arisan"and inviting the mayor and other publicleaders to join a water drinking demon-stration in the ZAMP service area.

The existence of ZAMP is indeed be-neficial to the community. The tariff isnot too far different from that of the ordi-nary clean water. For example, a house-hold which consumes 25 m3 of cleanwater per month is charged Rp. 47.000,while the same amount of drinking waterconsumption in the ZAMP area is chargedat Rp. 56.400. This price is also verymuch cheaper than bottled drinkingwater. A four-gallon container (19 litres)of bottled water costs Rp. 8.500 whereasthe same amount of ZAMP water is onlyRp. 43. Wow. (mujiyanto)

E L E S C O P E

Prime Drinking Water Zone of PDAM BogorThe Real Drinking Water

T


SOURCE: PDAM BOGOR CITY

Could you tell the history of ZAMPdevelopment?

We were appointed by Perpamsi (Asso-ciation of Indonesian Drinking Water Com-panies) to join a project with USAID. Therewere three city PDAMs to join, Medan,Malang and Bogor. We were supposed toproduce drinking water in the real sense ofthe meaning, i.e. which is readily drinkable.Thus we developed a zone which meet tech-nical, managerial and social-communicationrequirements. Perpamsi and USAID provi-ded assistance with monitoring devicethrough CATNIP (Certification and Trainingfor Network Improvement Project).Through this project it is expected to pro-duce a PDAM development pattern forapplication in Indonesia, so that in the longrun all PDAMs are able to serve their cus-tomers with potable water.Why PDAM of the City of Bogor waschosen?

This is up to Perpamsi to answer.Actually, in terms of management wemeet the prescribed criteria. For yourinformation, we are one of the fewPDAMs with sufficiently good perform-ance. And what is certain is that we areready because we have been producingwater that meets standard quality fordrinking. But we had never declared it.What is the opinion of the consu-mers' community opinion regar-ding this project?

Positive. The community is pleasedabout it. This is evidenced from a surveywe conducted. But as for water consump-tion, the majority of the consumers stillreserve some doubt for drinking it rightaway. Probably because of the image leftby PAM water up to this time. But we arecontinuously trying to convince them. Atthe launching event last August we in-vited the mayor of Bogor to take a sip ofthe water directly in front of the commu-nity. Water was directly taken from thetap. No specific engineering. We alsoasked the public leaders who were alsopresent during the occasion to taste the

water. We hope that thecommunity would nothesitate any more. Weguarantee, that the wateris safe for drinking.No complain whatso-ever?

There was one aboutchlorine smell. We expla-ined that chlorine is need-ed to kill bacteria in water.But it is safe for ingestion.Therefore when the consumers feel thattheir water smells chlorine this is a goodsign that the water is safeguarded againstdangerous germs and is good for drink-ing. For those who feel unpleasant withthe smell, we explain to them how toovercome it. That is through filling into aclean and sterile tumbler. Let it stand fora while and the chlorine smell willbecome less as the gas escapes into theatmosphere. So far our customers havebeen satisfied.Up to this time is there any leakagesin the pipe network?

Up to this time there is no complaint.For the city of Bogor as a whole the leaka-ge level is at 30 percent. But repairs tothe pipe network of this zone were donein 2003. This network is equipped withwash out and gate valves. Also chlorinemonitoring device. In case of leaks wecan detect easily and take the necessaryaction. The leaked spot is then isolated.We hope the present condition can sus-tain. But anyhow, we are ready aroundthe clock in case of leaks. We have SOPfor follow and a gang of workers ready for24 hours every day. That is why we needa support from the consumers' communi-ty such as important information regar-ding water and network condition to ourfield worker of directly to our office.How much was the investment forZAMP development?

Approximately Rp. 200 million.USAID through Perpamsi provided anassistance in the purchase of monitoring

equipment at a cost of moreor less Rp. 60 million. Thebalance was from our ownsource.From the amount, whatis the biggest cost item?

Monitoring. Of distribu-tion pipes, and of water qua-lity, through testing equip-ment. Plus additionally thetraining cost for our labora-tory personnel to enable

them to properly issue a certification. Wealso have to design an SOP. Monitoring isa continuous activity even up to now. Itshould never stop. Along with it we areconducting socialization to the user com-munity.Do you think other PDAMs are capa-ble of initiating a similar project?

I think it depends on the performance ofeach of the PDAMs. I don't think everyoneis, considering there are only a few of thePDAMs are really in a good condition.Probably there are only a small number.One of the problems is that it needs capitalinvestment, while most of the PDAMs areheavily in debt. This is the constraint.Do you have any intention to ex-pand the present ZAMP zone?

Certainly. It is still under discussion.The present ZAMP is located in the areaof elites where tariff is not a problem. TheMayor's office is contemplating assumingthis zone is located in the lower middlestrata. Our expectation is, ZAMP can sur-vive in such an area because it will help toreduce family's expenditure from boilingwater. It is potential, isn't it?Does it mean this project can beexpanded into a larger scale service?

Affirmative. Why not. In reality thereare no major changes to the network.Some modification, yes. And we canalways work in cooperation with privatesector. It is there already in Tangerang.Raw water is supplied by PDAM, and letthe private sector take care of the networkand everything else. (MJ)

E L E S C O P E

Helmi Soetikno, CEO, PDAM Tirta Pakuan"It Can Be Expanded Wider"

T


FOTO: MUJIYANTO

Many are unaware that water is abasic need of human being.Because of its being basic,

drinking water is indispensable. It is nosurprise, therefore, that efforts andmoney are spent in order to get water.Even the price is no limiting factor whenthe condition presses for it.

The community around the port ofTanjung Priok for instance. They do nothesitate to pay one thousand rupiahs forone pikul (2 cans each of 35 l of water car-ried on shoulder with a pole) of water. "Ifyou do not buy, where else can you getwater? Impossible to take it from a well.Salty," says Onih, a mother of five chil-dren who lives in the area of Rawa Cabe,Cilincing, Jakarta Utara.

Onih is actually a PAM Jaya, publicdrinking water company, customer. Butit has been a year not single drop of watercomes to her home, though she has to pay

regularly a monthly subscription fee ofRp. 10.400. "But for the last four monthsI purposely do not pay it. Let it be! Whatgood it'd be, if water does not flow at all,"says the woman in her thick Betawidialect.

Similar condition is with Kasmani. Afather of three children he admits that forthe last 4 months he does not have anywater from PAM. "Not a single drop,"says he and immediately explained thatthe same situation is also experienced bymost families within the neighbourhood."Strange is, several families in the neigh-bourhood have their PAM water flowsnicely. This is quite strange, indeed. Wehave reported this case, but nothing hap-pens," he further says.

Both Onih and Kasmani have to pusha cart carrying water cans. Kasmani'scart has 8 cans, Onih's six. Both of thembuy water from Mrs. Muamanah, their

neighbour. Onih consumes 7 pikuls ofwater (14 cans = Rp. 7.000), while Kas-mani 5 pikuls. Both say that this price ismore expensive than PAM subscriptiontariff.

Mrs. Muamanah, the water seller,does not say anything about how muchmoney she earns every day including whywater keeps on flowing in her house whilein all her neighbours' stop. "I am herejust to help them, it is quite a pity if theyhave no water at all," she says. But frombehind the wall of the house there is ahissing sound of a jet pump. It is notclear whether the pump is sucking waterfrom PAM network. What may be certainis that it is impossible to pump up waterfrom underground because the water issalty.

Within this are and its neighbour-hood, purchasing water directly to a selleris quite seldom. Mostly the sellers arepeddling their water directly to customersat home. They are pushing a cart withwater cans. Sometimes 20 cans full ofwater.

Sugeng, water peddler in the neigh-bourhood of Rawa Badakis able to sell onaverage 200 cans (100 pikuls) of water aday. One pikul costs one thousand rupi-ahs. While he buys water from a 'publichydrant' -that is what he calls it- onethousand rupiahs for 5 pikuls. In one hecan collect Rp. 80 thousand. "But that iswhen is in order. Sometimes the flow isdead, then we cannot do anything," saysSugeng in his thick Javanese dialect.With such an income he can hold for 20years selling water. "I have a number ofsteady customers. All are not far fromhere. The farthest is 200 metres. Mostlyhouseholds. Some are PAM subscribers

E P O R T A G E

A Small Portrait of Water Service in Thickly Populated Area

Water PeddlerBetween a Need and a Pity

R


SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

but water does not flow into their homes,he continues while inserting a hose intohis can.

Similar experience is expressed byZaenal Mubarok, a middle aged man hasbeen in this profession for the last 20years. Everyday he pushes a cart with 12cans which he rents from his employer."The rent is Rp. 2.000 a day, he explains.Besides renting a cart for his employer hetogether with 4 roommates stay at hisemployer's dwelling. He says that he hasa number of steady customers. Most ofhis customers, according to him, are notPAM subscribers. Mostly they live in arented house. Water consumption varies,some at 2 pikuls others up to 5 pikuls. "Itdepends on the family," he adds, and fur-ther he tells us that every 6 weeks hereturns to his hometown in Tasikmalayafor 2 weeks. Similarly with Sugeng,Zaenal does not have to go too far to ped-dle his water.

The water peddlers get their waterfrom a public hydrant. Some of thehydrants are marked with: Pilot PublicHydrant. But how the public hydrantcomes into being within the thickly popu-lated area, the lurah (equal to villageheadman for an urban area) admits thathe has no idea. According to him thehydrant has been there since a long timeago.

Many might fancy a hydrant as abuilding with water taps around it. Thepublic hydrant of this place is entirely dif-ferent. This is a close walled building.Inside there is a reservoir constructedbelow ground surface. The dimension va-ries. At the top of cover there is an electricpump to move the water up. Not to thecommunity, but to the peddlers. It is saidthis hydran does not belong to the com-munity any more. It belongs to an indi-vidual.

Karno, a watchman supervising a pub-lic hydrant admits that besides supplyingthe water peddlers his hydrant is also for

the good of the surrounding community.There is an MCK built nearby. But headmits further that the community contri-bution is far smaller than that of the ped-dlers. His daily average income rangesbetween Rp. 60-70 thousand. "As theamount is collected, it is directly handedover to the boss," he says. He does notknow how much water is used per monthand how much money is paid to PAM."That is all for the boss to know," says theman who has been supervising thehydrant since the last four years. What heknows for certain is that water for thehydrant comes from PAM because a watermeter is there.

Based on a field observation by Percik,not all of the hydrants are legitimate.Percik found some hydrants are entirelyillegal. They punch a hole in a water pipepassing at the roadside, and from therewater is made to continuously flow direct-ly into a reservoir. As a deception, a pieceof a zinc plate is covered on top of a gutterthat was supposedly a water meter hous-ing. The hose connecting the PAM pipe tothe reservoir passes through beneath thezinc covered gutter. There is no meter orsomething of that sort but even the waterpeddlers say there is a meter under the

cover. The water flows excellently, butless than 100 m from the hydrant thePAM users' community have no water atall. What is the portion of PAM water thatgoes into this kind of hydrant business?No one can tell and apparently needs acloser investigation.

Apart from the abovementioned factthe demand for drinking water service inthe thickly populated areas such asTanjung Priok is real and cannot wait anylonger. They are willing to make a rela-tively big contribution in order to get theservice. Unfortunately the contribution isnow only for the benefit of water peddlersand hydrant owners. There is no inten-tion to prohibit water peddling, though.Water peddlers are needed by the mem-bers of the community who have no homeconnection from PAM. But one questionmust be asked, whether all this time thePAM users' community has been given theproper service they deserve. It should beconsidered to avoid any deviation of waterappropriation from the decent customersto irresponsible individuals who care fornothing except their own business takingbenefit from the existence of the peddlers.If this is true, it is a big pity indeed. Waterbelongs to all of us. (MJ)

E P O R T A G ER

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO


Clean water, especially drin-king water is a human being basicneed. However, the present ma-nagement does not indicate a seri-ous attention. There is no umbrel-la institution especially responsi-ble for clean water, especiallydrinking water management. Cle-an water management does notsingle itself in the treatment of theexisting water but it also includesconservation efforts for sustain-able sources of raw water. And theresponsibility for these efforts can-not be imposed solely uponPDAMs. That is a part of the opin-ion of Ir. Ridwan SyahputraMusagani, CEO of Perpamsi in aninterview with Percik some timeago in Jakarta. The excerpts are asthe following:

How far is PDAM service to thecommunity?

At national average, our capacity toserve the community is only up to 20 per-cent. The remaining 80 percent isbeyond the reach of PDAM all over thecountry. If we try to compare other pub-lic services obviously we are lagging toofar behind. There are many factorsresponsible for such a condition. A com-prehensive knowledge of problems andtheir solution. We have to handle theseproblems seriously in the future.

What are the constraints?The most responsible institution for

the provision water supply service to thecommunity is PDAM. But there are manyhindrances that make PDAM unable tosatisfactorily fulfill its mission in a waysuch as Telkom (state owned telecommu-nication company) and other public ser-vice companies do. This is caused by se-veral assumptions, first, from the externalside it is extremely difficult to apply cost

recovery principle, considering there areso many intricacies involved. Take forinstance, a facility with a coverage capa-city of 25-30 percent, it is quite difficult toincrease its capacity. For an increment of1 litre/sec will need an investment upRp.50-75 million. To increase 100 li-tres/sec we will need Rp. 5 billion,excluding distribution network. Actuallythere many aspects that have missed ourattention in view of our commitment thatclean water is a basic need for our dailylife. It is unfortunate indeed that this hasnot been widely discussed among thestakeholders.

On the other side, without lookingback into the bitter past, many PDAMsare being faced major loan problem. Asmany as 168 PDAMs are facing this pro-blem, and it is extremely difficult to payback the money. This matter calls for theattention from many parties in order toenable PDAMs pay back their loans.

What step does PDAM take to over-come these issues?

Perpamsi and our colleagues from thePDAMs have taken various efforts andsuggestions, but so far there has never

been any response from ministry ofFinance. The Directorate level has nottaken any action to process the loan toPDAM, in spite of approval from theLegislative Assembly (DPR) throughCommission IX. What seem very strange,the ministry of Finance seems to havesuch a big difficulty in finding a way outfor this case. At present we have a debtamounted to Rp, 5,3 trillion, in all. Whythe BLBI that amounts to Rp. 144 trillionwas so easy to solve, why is it so difficultwith PDAM? We understand that all ofthe national asset must be saved and safe-guarded. But the government policy musttruly beneficial to the community, espe-cially if it relates to basic need of the pop-ulation. Clean water is a basic need forour life. It seems there a handful of peo-ple in Dept. of Finace who don't under-stand this. We don't asked to be spoiled,we don't ask for forgiveness, but underthe prevailing condition how can we pro-vide services to the community.

With regard government budget,what does it look like?

The government has not given anappropriate budget allocation to drinkingwater. This year it is only Rp. 300 billion.If we want to achieve MDGs target weneed Rp. 50 trillion of investment. Sinceit is 10 years from the deadline, we need abudget of Rp 5 trillion a year. The realityis Rp 300 billion, what can we do? But wecan understand. There is another source,i.e. loan. This can be reviewed and dis-cussed since it relates to drinking water.But as I see it, the way ministry of financehandles PDAM loans is quite rigid, con-servative and traditional. They cannotsee that one day PDAM service of a cer-tain region may collapse and unable toprovide any serve to the area. If it hap-pens, who is to blame? We have proposeda number of alternative solutions toDirectorate General level in ministry of

N T E R V I E W

H. Ridwan Syahputra Musagani, CEO, Perpamsi

"We Need a Water Management Agency"

I


SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

finance and it was acceptable. But as itgoes down to the subordinate level offi-cials they were making it a problem again.We are quite disappointed about it.

What about tariff?This is our third constraint. Many

would say that PDAM is not professional-ly managed so that it continuously in redin spite of it is monopolistic. This is allright. We are indeed monopolistic in thesense that the public utility company isresponsible to provide sufficient drinkingwater to the community. This representsa social function, i.e. providing publicservices equally and equitably. The ser-vice is not limited to the rich only.Suppose the basic tariff or break evenprice is so much, we set a price lower thanthat. That's what we call subsidized price.While for business customers we apply aprogressive price. That where we getsome profit. The problem now is whatpower does the PDAM have in applyingtariff in a professional manner? None, wehave none. As we try increase the tariff,the community starts yelling. Stakehol-ders all disagree. Fine. Then we ask whatabout the subsidy? In area A for instance,the cost of production of 1 litre/sec is Rp2,5 or Rp. 3 but to a specific communitygroup we have only to charge Rp. 1 for thesame amount of water, this means a sub-sidy is given. By whom? By PDAM.Whereas PDAM is in short of capital,investment and is burdened with loans,etc. It seems that PDAM is like a poor butpretends himself as being rich. It's queerthat everybody is closing his eyes. Howcould we make any improvement? It isobviously not fair. Fertilizers and manyothers have specific government policy,why not with PDAM? Regarding price,why not make the same treatment as withPertamina (state-owned oil company)?Why the money does not come from thegovernment? The subsidized money actu-ally should come from the government,just like in Thailand. This is obviouslythere is a arrogance from those who do

not like improvement in water supplyservice. I disagree if some says that thepresent PDAM condition is due to lack ofprofessionalism within PDAM. Weshould be thankful since PDAM still sur-vive under such a condition.

Does it mean that PDAM need a spe-cific government policy?

We need a serious and honest policy.We have to be friendly and observe vera-city and candor. We have to avoid state-ments that might cause distortion anderratic conclusion. We heard that 5 yearsago there was a six formula concept fortreating sickly PDAM. This could not beapplied unless the condition is made sta-ble. Changing PDAM into PT (limitedcompany) does not touch the real issue.The policy regarding PDAM should betreatment equally as it is for any ordinarybusiness company. As an example, withPertamina there is a subsidized price.What about PDAM?

Other constraints?

Fourth issue, control over raw water.The present raw water condition is entire-ly different from it was 20 years ago. Today many rivers are no more recommend-able for source of raw water. Whose res-ponsibility is this? In the condition whenthe four factors are let loose, while servicecapacity is like being choked, now sourceof raw water is getting drier, who shalltake the blame? Whether this is solelymanagement inefficiency? That is notalways the case! We have to be fair incases like this. If we are unable to openour mind and eyes about the nationalclean water issues we shouldn't be sur-prised if we become a nation that is inca-pable of managing our natural resourcesfor the interest of the people.

Fifth factor, it might be that this coun-try lacks an institution that takes careclean water supply service. That is whythere is that Water Resources Law, whichin spite of some weaknesses it is generallya good law. But something is moreadvanced beyond the PDAM develop-ment, the institution which has beenmanaging water supply service. In orderto prevent that someone or institutionsays that one is capable of managingwater supply without PDAM. No way. Ifone wants to change, just change thename. The asset shall remain as PDAM's.So far there is no one taking care of watersupply service. The only one is at centralgovernment level, at ministry of publicwork, the Sub-directorate of Clean Water.What is going on now? With the stipula-tion of the Law it has been mandated anestablishment of a water managementagency. With the establishment of thenew agency then clean water issue cropsup to surface and is becoming a topic atthe department and cabinet level discus-sion. With the existence of such an agencythere will be sort of moral suggestion thatgovernment interest to national waterservice management is improving. It isexpected that this agency will cover all theaspects which constitute the main prob-lem in water supply service in Indonesia.

N T E R V I E WI

If we are unableto open our mind

and eyes about thenational clean

water issues weshouldn't be

surprised if webecome a nationthat is incapableof managing our

natural resourcesfor the interest of

the people.


From loan, financing, raw water, and oth-ers. What makes PDAM survive?

Spirit. We optimize what we have aswe go. There are several regions with lim-ited condition are capable to expand. Butthere are also that sink. Therefore PDAM,Perpamsi, and later Water ManagementAgency shall have to work closely togetherto enhance the national clean water devel-opment in accordance with our MDGs tar-get.

Thus internally PDAM is difficult toexpand?

Internal factor is quite closely relatedto external factor. This is a sort of pres-sure, and even an intervention to internalaffairs. Therefore, 5-10 changes in ma-nagement the situation remains the same.If we say that PDAM belongs to theregion, whether the central government isentirely free from any responsibility?Whereas, speaking of water supply isspeaking about national interest.

What about target for 2015?I am of the opinion that we have to

achieve that. In 2002 the presidenttogether with other world leaders signedthe Johannesburg Convention about thecommitment of all the nations of theworld to reach 80 percent drinking watercoverage in 2015. If the target is reachedwe might not need the water managementagency any more.

Can the target 2015 be achievedunder the present condition?

I think we can. Because we only needup to Rp. 50 trillion investment to haveour facility complete by that year. Eachyear we need Rp. 5 trillion. I think thegovernment is capable. As you see, if forwriting off the BLBI problematic loans thegovernment were willing to spend Rp. 15trillion last year, why not for us.

What is your expectation with thenew government?

If the new cabinet is inaugurated, wewill ask the cabinet member in charge ofthe office for water supply, whatever thename might be, to as soon as possibleestablish the previously mentionedagency. Do not wait any longer. In itsestablishment we would request that theinstitutions presently active in dealingwith clean water be included in its formu-lation. Because they are the ones whoknow exactly the implementation of cleanwater service. Let us do away with oursector egoism. It is not possible thatPDAM be left out just like that. Let us betogether for the sake achieving MDGs2015 targets.

When do you think the service willreach the whole population?

In 10 years we can do it, provided allinstitutions are moving together to thesame direction. What we are expecting isa positive thinking about clean watermanagement.

Do you think PDAM would be readyif the demand were fulfilled by thegovernment?

Definitely. Because there many whofail because they do not know what issuethey are dealing with. With PDAM, weknow exactly what we are up to.

What strategy does PDAM has afterMDGs?

MDG is only a new load. A load mustbe adjusted with the existing vehicle.Why should we prepare a big vehicle ifthere is very little or no load at all. But weknow what we are going to do.

What support does PDAM expectfrom the community?

The community is subject but at thesame time also object. They can deter-mine PDAM service through tariff con-tribution. But as it progresses thecapacity of PDAM to fulfill the demandis decreasing. This makes the communi-ty's confidence becomes lesser and less-er. They can have a sufficiently goodquality water at any time if the quality,quantity and continuity is well main-tained. If the principle applies, the com-munity will have no problem in payingsome amount. (mujiyanto)

N T E R V I E WI


SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

Jakarta is definitely a host of annualflooding. The flood scale may beclassified as ordinary, or large as it

was in the beginning of 2002. Manyefforts have been done, but the result isalways below expectation. This is becauseflood involves a complexity of issues thatmakes it very difficult to trace what mis-takes have been done in the past and whoshould bear the responsibilities.

The attention towards flood is neverconstant. At the time of floods, all stake-holders seem to try to solve the problem.But the flood recede, the attention fadesout. This is apparently incomparablewith the sadness and sufferings of thosevictimized by flood. On the other side,there are many who make estimates thatsometimes are too far from the reality,

such as next year flood will not be as badas the present, and so on. Suddenly oneget startled when an unusually big flood iscoming in. Everyone is stunned.

This book tries to invite the readers tobroaden ones perspective and delvedeeper into the flood related issues whichis more appropriately called water systemissues of Jakarta and its surroundings, acoverage area of over 6.000 sq. km.According to the author, these problemscannot be solved by one or two technicalagencies. Many agencies must be invol-ved. Besides, the management is multi-phased and must obtain active communi-ty participation in order to be sustainable.

A number of historic data and policydocuments are presented in a very inte-resting format. Including Jabotabekwater system maps from various differenttimes. There are also the opinions ofDutch hydrology experts with regardswater management of Batavia. (MJ)

At the beginning of the 21st centu-ry the world is in water manage-ment crisis. According to the

report of World Water League for the 21stcentury (2000s) the available renewableraw water sources cannot fulfill the needfor industries, population consumption,and agriculture in 2020. This is becausethere are many water sources are pol-luted, population growth, urbanization,and mismanagement. Many countrieshave been in water crisis, especially thosein arid and semi arid regions. New gener-ation water management with a new con-

cept is in great demand these days. Theyare expected to develop and apply inno-vative policy and working method. Inshort, water management in 21st centurymust change.

Water management in the future--inglobal, regional or local scale--calls forcommon care and attention of theprofessionals, policy makers, and thegeneral public. This is because of the ten-dency that indicates water shortages willcontinue and threaten 50 percent of theworld population including the followinggeneration. Besides, the prevailing water

mismanagement decreases water qualitylocally as well as regionally.

Many government administrations,national institutes, and experts are begin-ning to concentrate their attention todesign a new agenda in water manage-ment, since the care towards water crisisis greatly weakening.

This book is a compilation of articlesfrom new generation experts from vari-ous parts of the world who present manynew ideas on water management fromvarious view points. The discussions con-sist of among other about rain water andsurface water, recycling and reusing ofwater, water rights, cross boundaryaccess, and financing in water manage-ment. The authors propose new perspec-tives important for application; manage-ment and conservation of fresh water,qualitatively as well as quantitatively, forthe population, agricultural, and indus-trial sector; and how to build a new para-digm for application in water manage-ment of the future. (MJ)

O O K I N F O

Changing Paradigm in Relation to Water

Title : Membenahi Tata Air Jabotabek, Seratus Tahun dari Bandjir

Kanaal hingga Ciliwung Floodway (Rearranging Water

System of Jabotabek One Hundred Years from

Bandjir Kanaal to Ciliwung Floodway)Author:

A.R. SoehoedPublisher :Djambatan

Pages:x + 238 pp

B

Title: Rethinking Water Management

Innovative Approachesto Contemporary Issues

Editor:Caroline M. Figueres, Cecilia Tortajada,

and Johan RockstromPublisher:

Earthscan Publication Ltd., LondonPages :

xiii = 242 pp

Looking Deeper Into Flood Issues of Jabotabek


E B S I T E I N F O

Surface Water and Drinking WaterW


www.epa.gov/safewater/

This website, maintained by theUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency, contains a lot

of information about drinking water andsurface water. Its menu consists of manythings such as water quality in variousdifferent states complete with maps, pro-tection to water sources, standard re-quirements of safe drinking water, com-munity based drinking water system, andcontrol over ground water pumping.

Further interesting thing is, this web-site also provides menu specially in-tended for children. It's called DrinkingWater Kids' Stuff. In it there are childrengames that lead to knowledge about wa-ter. There is also about drinking waterthat is safe for children consumptioncomplete with its standard. In this partthere is also teaching material for classi-cal education program consisting of gui-dance, posters, and experiment techniquefor children.

www.cyber-nook.com/water

Y ou might wish to know about drin-king water but do not know where to

ask. That is the introductory note of this

blue background website as you open it.This Drinking Water Resources is special-

ly developed to provide info about safeand quality drinking water.

The sites also provide informationregarding contaminants in drinkingwater and how it should treated in orderto avoid from ingestion into human body.Besides, this website invites its visitors tochoose the most appropriate water purifi-cation means for the body, whether filtra-tion, distillation, bottled water, and so on.

We may say this website is suffi-ciently complete because it is also pro-vided with a link to the government,environmental organization, water in-dustries and their facilities, universitiesconducting studies in this field, andmass media.

www.who.int/water_sanitation_ health/dwq/en/

T his website, maintained by the WorldHealth Organization (WHO), pro-

vides information about drinking waterquality in its relation to health.Contaminated dinking water is responsi-ble for the prevalence of many diseases inthe developing and poor nations of theworld. Through this website WHO pro-vides guidance about drinking waterquality, information of dangerous chemi-cals dissolved in drinking water, diseases

caused by contaminated water, and train-ing materials for efforts in obtain stan-dard quality drinking water.

www.wateraid.org.uk/

W aterAid is an international NGOfocusing on drinking water for

domestic consumption, sanitation, andhealth education for the poor communi-ties of the world. As you enter this web-site, a world map is open before you.Then the visitors will be informed aboutwhat the organization has done, on-goingactivity and planned to do in a specificcountry.

www.iwahq.org.uk/

T his website is maintained by interna-tional water association. This orga-

nization represents a global network ofprofessionals in various fields related towater. Its members are scattered in theAsia-Pacific. The site provides informa-tion about the activities of the organiza-tion and the publications it has produced.Including the statement made by JohnBriscoe when speaking before the IWAconference in Marrakech that sustainableeconomic growth is the basic ground forreduction of poverty and improvement towater supply and sanitation.

WEBSITES RELATED TO DRINKING WATER:World Water Federation:

www.wef.orgThe World's Water:

www.worldwater.orgWorld Water Assessment Programme :

www.unesco.org/water/wwapWorld Water Cooperation Forum:

www.gwpforum.org

About Drinking Water

Drinking WaterQuality

International WaterAssociation

InternationalWater NGO

The governments all over the worldare trying to make the private sec-tor as part of a reform with an

intention to create efficiency in service,invite investment, and reduce financialburden of the public sector.

The must be a guarantee for a benefitfor the poor from this reform. Besides,the price and tariff must be designed cau-tiously. Experience indicates that thesuccess of a reform to the poor is deter-mined by the inclusion of alternative sup-pliers, regulation mechanism which gua-rantees improved service for smallgroups, and subsidy scheme targeted tothe poor families. It is important to keepthat the process must always be account-able.

Why such a reform must consider the

poor people? Because most of them arepublic service users and beneficiaries ofsubsidy system. In the framework of theparticipation of private sector beneficialfor the poor the policy makers must be

cautious in designing contract and insti-tutional regulation and organization. It isto the government interest to have areform friendly to the poor. The qualityand coverage of electricity, water, sanita-tion, telecommunication and transporta-tion services is to a great extent influ-ences the standard of living and econom-ic growth -factors that influence politicalstability.

Water supply and sanitation service isalso directly influential to health condi-tion.

This CD provides guidance for privatesector participation in provision of infra-structures and poverty reduction. Thereare several methods presented on howreform and transaction can be designedand put into implementation. (MJ)

One of the negative impacts ofurbanization for big townsrelates to sanitation especially in

the thickly populated areas. In such aplace lack of clean water, inappropriatesanitation, garbage littering all over theplace are the common daily routines.

This situation leads to degradation ofhealth in the densely populated settle-ment. They are trying to improve this si-tuation themselves. But because of theirlimitation, this effort is futile. Therefore,without any outside help especially thelocal government it is difficult for them toimprove their sanitation condition.

Bina Sosial Ekonomi Terpadu(BEST), literally means Integrated SocialEconomic Development, in Tangerangand Surabaya are trying to offer an alter-native solution through participatoryapproaches. Therefore, to build a sanita-tion facility must be preceded with dis-cussions with the respective community.The format is a community meeting. Thepeople are facilitated to discuss about theways in solving their problem based on

the experience they have or throughimplementable choice of alternatives.Once an agreement is reached then atoilet, a bathroom, washing floor, and adrinking water facility can be built.This building is called MCK Plus PlusPlus. It is called MCK because it is builtbased on the concept of combiningbathroom, washing floor, and toiletwith biological domestic waste water

treatment system.The advantages of this system are

among others low operational cost,applying no hi-tech device, and its capa-bility to reduce wastewater contents up to70-90 percent, so that the effluent meetsthe standard environmental requirement.In addition to that, this facility does notpollute groundwater because of thewaterproof and airtight design and it alsoproduces biogas for domestic use. Thetime for sludge water cleaning is relative-ly long, once in 2-3 years. Therefore thetechnology is quite appropriate for appli-cation in densely populated quarters of acity.

The community participation is notlimited during the development phasebut must continue for as long as the faci-lity in operation.

This is bit about the success BEST hasmade in facilitating urban communitiesto solve their sanitation problem. ThisCD can serve as a comparative materialfor stakeholders in environmental sanita-tion. (MJ)

D I N F O

MCK Plus-Plus-Plus

C


Private Infrastructure for the Poor

The activities related to the formu-lation of the National Policy forInstitutionally-Based WSS Deve-

lopment is presently on-going. It is ex-pected this job will get done before theend of this year. The final draft is thensubmitted and ready for discussion in theProject Coordinating Committee (PCC)meeting. The completion process is con-sidered an important momentum,because it will reflect consistence anddecisive character of the overal WSSdevelopment policy framework.

To this end, the WASPOLA WorkingGroup organized 4 working teams, name-ly Drinking Water Team, WastewaterTeam, Solid Waste Team, and DrainageTeam. All these work teams make up thecore team for the institutionally basedpolicy formulation. These teams are sup-ported by several sub-teams each res-ponsible for environmental, financial,institutional, and social aspects. The res-ponsibility in the draft revision is not lim-ited only to revising the existing draft(draft #1) but also to go deeper into andenrich it with environmental sanitationaspect so that the final policy is not domi-nated solely by Drinking Water.

Illustration of the ActivityThe team have been conducting regu-

lar meetings and focussed discussions.Each work team initiates a sector specificdevelopment issue and its related policy,the result is presented in the work teamplenum meeting. The draft #2 formula-tion was already made in a workshop heldin Bogor on 1-2 September 2004. Thecentral work team, representatives fromWSS service providers (PDAM, PDAL, PDKebersihan, Palyja) from several regions,the regional governments, NGOs, univer-sities, professional associations, private

sector, and donor agencies were amongthe participants of this workshop. The re-sult produced from the workshop willused as valuable inputs for policy formu-lation which is now in the stage of finalwrite-up and editing process.

Forthcoming ActivityAt this point in time the final write-up

and editing process is on-going. Draft #2of the policy document is expected tocomplete in early Octber 2004 which isthen ready for distribution to the mem-bers of Central WSS Working Group andother sector practitioners for their furthercomments and suggestions. Then comesthe final revision and editing process forsubmission to a review and discussionprocess in a workshop scheduled for earlyDecember. This process also involves thework team through a series of regularreview meetings.

The second workshop will be focusedon the formulation of policy implementa-tion strategy and review of general andsector policy formulation of draft #2.

This activity will involve various sectorpractitioners.

It is hoped that through the hard workof all those involved the formulation ofthe National Policy for InstitutionallyBased WSS Development will be done bythe end of 2004. (DHS)

A S P O L A A B O U TW


SOURCES: DORMARINGAN HS

SOURCES: DORMARINGAN HS

Revision of Draft Document of National Policyfor Institutionally-Based Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation Development

The purpose of implementation ofPolicy for Development of Com-munity-Based Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation (WSS) opera-tional facilitation at the regional level is ingeneral to assist the regional governmentto develop its own policy for WSS sectordevelopment and action plan. The activi-ties that have taken place include:

Review of the National Policy forDevelopment of Community-BasedWater Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation at the regional level.Identification of regional specificproblems and issues related to WSSsector development.Study on the factors related to sus-tainable WSS development in theregions.Policy dialogues to generate stake-holders' attention and care to solutionto WSS development related prob-lems and issues.Formulation of action plans forregional WSS sector development.Up to this moment all the participa-

ting provinces and kabupatens have con-ducted review of the national policythrough regional level workshops invol-ving a wide range of stakeholders andhave managed to bridge a common per-ception about each of the POLICY princi-ples, the challenges and the necessarysteps to be taken. Field visits were alsomade to successful projects as well asthose which met with failures in order tolearn a lesson about regionally specificfactors governing sustainable WSS deve-lopment and analyse the reasons behindthem.

Regional Level Workshop I and ItsResult

Provincial as well as kabupaten levelworkshops have taken place in weeks

between 2-25 September. An importantresult generated from the workshop is acommon perception about the substanceof the national Policy for Development ofCommunity-Based Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation among thestakeholders especially the workshopparticipants.

At the provincial level the discussions

and workshops have produced an agree-ment for a socialization/disseminationprogram in the kabupatens and targetedto a wider range of stakeholders, whilethe kabupaten workshops the focus is laidon identification of problems/issuesrelated to WSS development.

Several important outcomes from theimplementation of regional level wor-shops during September 2004 include:

There is an intention in the part of

the provincial governments ofCentral Java and South Sulawesi toinvite all their kabupatens respec-tively.In Central Java and South Sulawesisustainable WSS development istaken as a common issue. Lack of community participation andthe deteriorating environment that

leads to water scarcity constitute themain reasons for sutainable WSSdevelopment failure.The implementation of nationalPolicy for Development of Commu-nity-Based Water Supply and Envi-ronmental Sanitation is understood inmany different ways. There is a strong indication that theessential and objectives of facilitationhas been clearly understood, that it is

A S P O L A A B O U T

Facilitation of National Policy forCommunity Based WSS DevelopmentImplementation at the Regional Level

W

WORKSHOP IPROVINCE KABUPATEN

Common understanding about policy principlesList of problems and issues related to sustain-able WSS development Awarenes of the impor-tance of an effort to find solution to problemsassociated to WSS serviceInputs in relation to the role and function ofthe working teamUnderstanding the role of Provincial governmentin operational facilitation in the national policyimplementation at the regional level in 2005.Initial commitment to include policy opera-tional activity into local government budget(APBD) 2005 plan. Detail of activities is sub-ject to further discussion.Socialization/dissemination plan to kabu-patens and result of problems encountered inWSS development:

In West Sumatera to 3 Kabupatens: Pesisir,Pasaman and Sijunjung Babel to all kabupatensBanten to all kabupatensCentral Java to all kabupatens which aregrouped into 3 clusters in accordance withcross sectoral coordination zone.South Sulawesi to all kabupatens, phasedNTB to all kabupatensGorontalo to all kabupatens.

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Common understanding about policy prin-ciples and several regional specific policypriorities.Awareness of the importance of an effortto find solution to problems associated toWSS serviceInputs in relation to the role and functionof the working teamIt is understood that facilitation is to assistthe regions in action planning and policyformulation in WSS sector development.Regional understanding about the impor-tance of having a clear and thorough planfor WSS sector development.A field study plan to sharpen the lessonslearned from the analysis of problems andissues governing sustainable WSS sectordevelopmentPlan for policy dialogues to obtain inputand recommendation in the implementa-tion of sustainable WSS development.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.


meant to assist the regions to developtheir respective WSS development poli-cy and action plan.The involvement of mass media inpolicy dissemination has gained a po-sitive response and made the processrun more smoothly. In Bangka Be-litung and Semarang the media areactively involved in the disseminationof the workshop results to the commu-nity at large.

Workshop II and III in Kabupatens andWorkshop II in Provinces are scheduledfrom now till the end on November whichthe following expected outcomes:

Regional Budget AllocationRegional budget is short of expecta-

tion. For reason of time constraint someregions underwent revisions from theoriginal proposal. But in general, the acti-vity can proceed. In Central Java and So-uth Sulawesi, NTB and Banten the coun-terpart fund for POLICY facilitation ischanneled through sector budget. Theprovinces which made allocations forcounterpart fund are Gorontalo, BangkaBelitung and West Sumatra.

Several Important IssuesFrom a series of coordination meet-

ings and regional workshops severalissues are worthy of note:

Confirmation about unavailability of

fund in spite of the effort to convincethe authorities during the additionalbudget deliberation. To overcome thisproblem and in terms of conductingworkshops the provincial govern-ments requested each agencies andthe kabupatens to pay for their owntravels. In South Sulawesi this actionwas made clear through the issuanceof letter from the Governor . There is a more obvious commitmentin the part of the regions to continuewith the policy implementation in2005. Compared to the situation as re-ported in previous period, in Septem-

ber it has developed into a concreteplan. In the provinces of NTB, C. Javaand S. Sulawesi, it has been put as anitem in the agenda that the WSS re-lated issues in the regions must beidentified more clearly and socializa-tion of the policy must reach a widerrange of stakeholders. There is a growing notion in C. Java toundertake a policy disseminationevent specially for the members ofDPRD (legislative). This is especiallyimportant considering the implemen-tation of the national policy will haveto get an appoval from the DPRDespecially when it comes to planningand budgeting.There is a need to develop a commonperception about the role of central,provincial, and kabupaten govern-ments in the policy implementation.It is understood that as far as facilita-tion to the kabupaten is concerned theprovincial government is the exten-sion of the hands of central govern-ment, it must however be made clearwhether said responsibility is corre-spondingly followed with a budgetallocation. There is a demand from the regionalgovernment for a confirmation aboutfollow-up technical assistance for

2005 implementa-tion, one who sho-uld be available byDecember 2004 inorder to give enoughtime for the regionsto prepare them-selves, especially interms of funding.The minimum sup-port required con-sists of official infor-mation about policyimplementation planfor 2005, and anillustrative budgetthe regions need toprepare. (DHS)

A S P O L A A B O U TW


Activity Province Kabupaten

Workshop II

Workshop III

A mutually agreed opera-tional strategy in facilita-ting the kabupaten levelpolicy implementation bythe province.Work Plan of FacilitationActicity in Kabupaten.

-

1.

2.

List of problems and issues go-verning WSS development basedon field study resultMutually agreed priority pro-blems for solution to enable theregion start with the sustainableWSS development

1.

2.

Formulation of the objectives ofregional level WSS development.Formulation of strategic pro-gram in relation to regional WSSdevelopment.Formulation of regional policyand strategy for a sustainableWSS development.Short and Medium Terms Regio-nal Action Plans.

1.

2.

3.

4.

SOURCE: DORMARINGAN HS

Aseries of agendas were conductedin the World Water MonitoringDay commemorated in Jakarta

on 18 October. The commemoration wasinitiated and implemented by ForumKomunikasi Pengelolaan Kualitas AirMinum Indonesia (FORKAMI, Indonesi-an Forum for Drinking Water QualityManagement Communication) in coope-ration PT Thames PAM Jaya (TPJ).

The commemoration was held twice.First was in Cibubur lake on 26 Sep-tember 2004 and was attended by thecommunity and school boys and girls ofSLTP 147 Cibubur. The second on 3October 2004 was held at the TPJ WaterTreatment Facility at Buaran, JakartaTimur. The event was attended by thesurrounding community and the pupils ofSLTP 252 Jakarta Timur. This kind ofactivity is intended to disseminate anawareness of the importance of watersource protection to the community atlarge and the young generation.

Dr. Hening Darpito, one of FORKAMIchairmen in Cibubur explained that waterresources is presently in limited quantityand to replenish it and recover its qualitytakes a considerable amount of cost andeffort. For this case, water source protec-tion effort must be done by everyonefrom children, the community, waterrelated professionals, private sector,NGO, and the government.

Drs. Abdullah Muthalib, MM, CEO ofFORKAMI, in Kalimalang sincerelyhoped that this kind of event could bringa common awareness of the importanceof water source protection effort and laterwork together to increase the availabilityand quality of water source, for the sakeof our life, now and the future genera-tions.

Rhamses Simanjuntak, TPJ External

Relations and Communication Director,expressed that TPJ is proud with thecooperation with FORKAMI and is wil-ling to help the Forum in the socializationeffort of the water quality managementaspects to the community with a hopethat it can gradually improve the commu-nity habit to water resources manage-ment and maintenance. Since the verybeginning, he said, TPJ reserves a com-mitment to continuously work on com-munity education, of course with anexpectation that in the future our naturalresources condition could improve and iscapable of helping the community toimprove the quality of life. "World WaterMonitoring Day could be regarded as thefirst step for the young generation to takepart in the effort to protect waterresources," he concluded.

The commemoration activities con-sisted of film show about water conserva-tion, competition on banner design andpetition by children containing messagesrelated to water. The community and thechildren were given opportunity to tourthe water treatment facility. The tourguide explained the water treatmentprocess beginning from raw water till it isready distribution to customers.

The participation of these school-children and local community membersmeans they are now joining with thou-sands of volunteers all over the world inanalyzing the quality of water sourcesaround them. The result of this analysiswill be reported to World WaterMonitoring and can be accessed throughwww.worldwatermonitoringday.orgafter 18 December 2004. (MJ)

S S A B O U TW


World Water Monitoring DayCommemorated Through Water Quality and

Conservation EducationSOURCE: FORKAMI

Directorate Metropolitan of theDirectorate General for TPTPDept. Kimpraswil in collabora-

tion with PDAM Makassar facilitated aMetropolitan PDAM meeting held inMakassar on 23-24 October 2004. Theagenda of the meeting is focusing on theissues related to leakages in PDAM.Present in the meeting were BasahHernowo, Director of Human Settlementand Housing , Bappenas, representativesfrom 8 PDAMs, namely from the kabu-paten Tangerang, kabupaten/city of Be-kasi, the cities of Bogor, Palembang,Denpasar, Bandung, Semarang, and thehost Makassar.

Basah Hernowo took the opportunityto explain the National Policy forCommunity Based Water Supply and En-vironmental Sanitation Development andthe draft of National Policy for Insti-tutionally Based Water Supply and En-vironmental Sanitation Development.While the Director of PDAM Makassarexplained the issues related to leakages inPDAM Makassar.

To overcome the leakage problemPDAM Makassar has taken the countermeasures. One of them is through opera-ting a control unit called Water LossPrevention Unit (Unit PenanggulanganKehilangan Air, UPTKA).

From the discussion during the courseof the meeting, there were a number ofissues came forward, namely (i) there isno mutually agreed formula to determinethe size of a leakage, and who should beresponsible to develop the formula; (ii)several jobs, such as water meter reading,and data entry, are being contracted to athird party. It raises a question now, howeffective is the contract. According to theexperience from PDAM Semarang meterreading directly by PDAM employees ismore effective, and the sanction to anyerror is more applicable; (iii) from thetechnical viewpoint there is approximate-

ly 5 percent bias, because of time diffe-rence between the reading of the mainwater meter and of the meters in theusers' homes; (iv) old meters and ques-tionable accuracy. Experience fromPDAM Bogor indicates that after 5 years45 percent of the meters are beginning torun faulty. PDAM Bekasi replaces watermeters that are more than 5 years old andenable to reduce the level of leakages upto more than 10 percent.; (v) there are somany varieties of water meters being, thisraises difficulties in maintenance; (vi) itdemands a firm commitment from topexecutives and supervising commissionin order to be able to overcome the leaka-ge problems. This is because of the bigamount of fund involved to run the pro-gram. Experience from PDAM Tange-rang indicates that for each zone (300families) there are 9 employees needed.PDAM Bekasi establishes a non structuralunit with 100 members. This is to makesure that no leakage is happening. PDAMBekasi says that such commitment is

implemented in the form of regular week-ly meeting to discuss the problem. It isexpected it will give birth to a leakage pre-vention movement

PDAM Palembang builds an internalcommitment through morning call. Theemphasis is put on the fact that for everyone (1) percent of water saved the compa-ny income raises at Rp 130 million. Thusif 5 percent of the loss is recovered it isequal to a total of one month payroll ofthe employees. Increase of income fromrecovered water loss is reinvested to thelocality. In addition, based on incomeproportion, revenues from commercialsector (hotel, sea- and airports, etc.) is 30percent more compared to its share whichis only 10 percent of the total subscribers.For this reason, commercial customersare prioritized in putting things intoorder. As an illustration, if a water meterin a big hotel is indicating faulty perform-ance, a calibration is made as soon as pos-sible. As a result, revenue from said cus-tomer rises again. This balance of incomeis used to handle leakages of the house-hold sector. For customers who have fora long time in arrears are given incentiveby cutting down some of the amount. Thecommunity head (RT) is also requestedfor his cooperation.

Aside from discussion about leakages,the participants were invited to visit oneof the branches of PDAM Makassar. Thebranching system is intended to enablethe PDAM to "pick a ball" in order toreduce the amount of arrears and im-prove the service quality. A branch is res-ponsible for several service zones. Theservice format is quite similar to that ofPLN (state-owned electricity company),such as subscribers' complaint, paymentof claim, etc.

The participant group also visitedthe deputy mayor, Herry Iskandar, whoemphasized his commitment to reducethe level of leakages from PDAM

S S A B O U T

Metropolitan PDAM Meeting in Makassar City

It Takes a Firm Commitment to Handle Leakages

W



In commemoration World HabitatDay 2004, the Indonesian govern-ment organized Habitat Day Se-

minar held in Yogyakarta 4 October2004. The seminar was attended by aca-demicians, practitioners, from the uni-versities, government agencies, andNGOs.

The seminar was entitled "Improve-ment of Equity in Development BetweenUrban and Rural Through SecondaryTowns Development" carrying 3 mainissues, namely environment, social eco-nomic development, and secondary townmanagement.

The working papers presented wereamong others International support tourban and rural expansion in the future;Settlement and Environmental Mana-gement; Social, Economic Developmentand Poverty Alleviation; Town-VillageRelationship: the Case of Yogyakarta;

Governance & International Cooperation;Good Governance & Information Techno-logy; The role of Indonesian communitythat cares for Housing and Settlements inthe Application of Good Governance;Community Based Drinking Water Pro-vision; Result of a Pre-Seminar (StudentWorkshop) held in Bandung.

It was revealed from the seminar thatthe effort to make good governance intoreality in order to make a balanced urbanand rural development should start fromthe national level. In addition, in the fra-mework to seek a balance, equity and justin urban and rural development it is ne-cessary to review whether it is feasible todevelop a concept of a coordination fo-rum which up to this time has beenthought over and duly agreed to include"urban and rural expansion". There is aneed for law and legislation reform inorder to provide a firm background for

institutionalizing the function and res-ponsibility in urban and rural expansioninto a ministry and central level inter-agency coordination institution.

The community's care to provision ofhousing is important because of the sus-tainable demand for appropriate housingand settlements which meet the technical,ecological, socio-economical require-ments beside safety, welfare and justice.

An increased community care inhousing and settlement provision is ma-nifested in the establishment of MP3I(Masyarakat Peduli Perumahan andPemukiman Indonesia, the IndonesiaCommunity that Cares for Housing andSettlements) as a forum to contain thecommunity care, with members comingfrom central and regional governmentstakeholders, business sector, banking,professionals, universities, and commu-nity organizations. (ML)

The workshop on NationalAction Plan about drin-king water, waste water

and solid waste was held in 13October 2004 in Jakarta. Thisworkshop was intended to im-prove the existing drinking water,waste water and solid waste NAPin order to be acceptable to all thestakeholders. This event was at-tended by approximately 80 par-ticipants coming from variousgovernment agencies and commu-nity members.

The workshop was opened byDr. Patana Rantetoding, Director Generalfor Tata Perkotaan and Tata Perdesaan,Dept. Kimpraswil, who emphasized hisexpectation that this NAP would eventu-ally be acceptable to all the stakeholders.

He does not want to see what happened towater supply and sanitation infrastructuredevelopment of the past to happen again.All the stakeholders must take his share ofresponsibility so that the facility can be

maintained in a sustainablemanner.

The main agenda of theworkshop was presentation bythe drinking water, waste waterand solid waste group; acting asmoderator for this session wasMr. Basah Hernowo, Director ofHuman Settlement and Hou-sing, Bappenas. As expected,the workshop was to accommo-date inputs from the variousstakeholders. The session wasofficially closed by Ir. BambangGoeritno, Director of Bina Tek-

nik, Directorat General for urban andrural. He emphasized the importance ofNAP for adoption and implementation bythe regional governments. (FW)

S S A B O U T

World Habitat Day 2004 Seminar

Workshop on National Action Plan (NAP):Drinking Water, Wastewater and Solid Waste

W



An information seminar on theconcept underlying the Com-munity Led Total Sanitation

(CLTS) was held in Bappenas office lastSeptember 15. The sole agenda was apresentation by Mr. Kamal Kar, a CLTSmethodology specialist.

The seminar was opened by Mr.Basah Hernowo, Director of HumanSettlement and Housing, Bappenas. Thesuccess of CLTS in several countries,according to him, is a good reason forIndonesia to take a lesson in the frame-work of achieving MDGs targets. A wel-come speech was delivered by Ms.Nilanjana Mukherjee from the WorldBank. She says that health developmentin Indonesia emphasizes more on thephysical aspect. The pattern mustchange. CLTS concept is an alternative.

In his presentation Mr. Kamal Karexplained that CLTS concept has threepurposes: (i) changing behaviour andimprove community awareness to health;(ii) community empowerment; (iii)reduce the habit of defecating in the open.

In its application, according to him,CLTS is apparently capable to changecommunity behaviour in a relativelyshorter time compared to other concepts.The initial process starts from identifica-tion of the condition and facts abouthealth condition (especially in relation todefecating in the open) in the surround-ing area. Then the community is per-suaded to discuss the condition and fact.During this discussion the community isdirectly oriented with the problem. Theobjective of the process is to make thecommunity start to be conscious that upto this time they don't live hygienically.Then the community will start to ask howthe present condition can be changed. Itmeans that with CLTS the behaviouralchange process starts from the very bot-tom and in a relatively short time.

The community awareness in then

followed-up with simple informationabout something the community can doby itself to improve health condition ofthe area. The information is about buil-ding "emergency" toilets. At this stagethe target is to make the communitydesign its own toilet. In application inseveral countries, at this stage the com-munity is apparently quite enthusiastic in

building its own toilet. The building isfunded entirely from the communityitself without any outside subsidy.

Though the toilet is very simple, butwhat is important is that at this time sucha toilet is what the community needs andis capable to build. From this process,actually the second and third objectivesare already achieved. Other positiveresults from the CLTS concept relates tothe members of community start toimpose sanction among themselvesshould anyone of them defecate in theopen and at the same time also moni-toring those who haven't built their owntoilet.

In Indonesia context, this concept isapplicable because Indonesia has manysimilarities with other countries whichhave put it into operation. The advantagewith Indonesian community is its interestlevel is sufficiently higher that makes iteasier to apply it.

However, there is no single conceptthat is applicable right away. Some ad-justments due natural and communityconditions must be done first. (FW)

S S A B O U T

Presentation of ConceptCommunity Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

W


CLTS is apparentlycapable to change

communitybehaviour in

a relatively shortertime compared

to otherconcepts.


Anational workshop on domesticwater source conservation washeld on 13 October at the Bina

Pembangunan Daerah building, Ministryof Home Affairs. This activity was inten-ded to summarize various lessons learnedfrom domestic scale water source ma-nagement for use as input for drinkingwater and sanitation development activi-ty. There were 30 participants attendingthe workshop.

The workshop was opened by theDirector General for Bina PembangunanDaerah (Regional Development), Minis-try Home Affairs. He emphasized theimportance of water source conservationin its relation to water scarcity and waterrights conflict due to administrative bo-undary.

The workshop brought forward 3speakers from 3 different institutions,Depkimpraswil (PU), ministry of envi-ronmental (KLH) and Regional Govern-ment of Kabupaten Lumajang. Dr, Ha-fied Gany (Kimpraswil) presented hispaper on the perspective of small scalewater resources conservation in the con-

text of scarcity, water rights and manage-ment. He describes about water use,inter-regional water management andintegrated approach in small scale waterresources management.

Edy Nugroho Santoso (KLH) present-ed water quality management and water

pollution control. While the speaker fromLumajang accompanied by WSLIC-2coordination team explained about theregion's experience in water source ma-nagement. Such as communal use pat-tern of one single source by several villagecommunities. (FW)

S S A B O U T

National Workshop onDomestic Water Source Conservation

W

Directorate of urban and rural forwestern region of theDirectorate General of urban

and rural, Dekimpraswil held a dissemi-nation of technical guidelines by invitingthe related agencies from the island ofSumatra on 6-7 October 2004 in Jakarta.The dissemination activity was officiallyopened by the Director of urban & ruralfor western region. The activity wasintended to disseminate several technicalguidelines such as National Action Plan

for Waste Water, and Solid Wastes;Guidelines for Waste Water, GarbageHandling and Drainage Management;and Technical Guidelines for the Deve-lopment of Kimpraswil Infrastructures inSupport of Agropolitan .

In this opportunity, Basah Hernowo,Director of Human Settlement andHousing, Bappenas discussed about theNational Policy for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Development.Several WSS activists like Harini Bambang

Wahono, Anton Sudjarwo (Dian Desa) andHamzah Harun Al Rasyid (BEST) took theopportunity to convey their experiences inthe management of community basedurban/rural infrastructures.

At the conclusion of the event the par-ticipants made a visit to Banjarsari (Ja-karta Selatan) to see for themselvesgarbage handling from community initia-tive . (Report about Mrs. Bambang's ac-tivity was published in Percik August2003 edition). (OM)

Dissemination of Technical Guidelines for theDevelopment of Infrastructures in Agropolitan Areasand Environmental Sanitation in the Western Regions



Ameeting for the preparation ofProject Management Report(PMR) was held in Mataram on

25-29 August 2004. This session wasattended by the representatives from allWSLIC-2 project sites covering 7 pro-vinces and 32 kabupatens. The meetingwas officially opened by Deputy of Agencyfor Health (Dinas Kesehatan) ProvinceNTB.

Hening Darpito, Director of water andsanitation, Ministry of Health, discussedthe progress of WSLIC-2 project imple-mentation. WSLIC-2 project accounts for27,38 percent of national achievement.This means still below the national targetwhich is 40 percent. The regions withachievement of above the national targetare Provinces of East Jawa (50%) andNTB (42%). While the provinces of WestSumatra (31%), Bangka Belitung (26%)and South Sumatra (24%) are below tar-get. The provinces of West Jawa andSouth Sulawesi are still in the stage ofpreparation of community work plan.

Based on the project performanceaudit report 2003 all project manage-ment aspects have been performing suffi-ciently well. Most of the findings (80%)are due to to the shortcomings in the partof District Project Management Unit(D/PMU), consultant, and CFT. On theother side, the finding due to the negli-gence in the part of CommunityImplementation Team and the communi-ty is only 20 percent of the total findings.

Besides, based on supervision, projectperformance is rated satisfactory with arecommendation for improvement onComponent 2 (health and behaviourchange), procurement, and managementInformation System/Monitoring andEvaluation (MIS/Monev) implementa-tion.

The main issues being faced areamong others: (i) in five provinces actualcommunity level implementation was

only started in April 2002 while in theremaining two in September 2004; (ii)a project with community participatoryapproach is considered a new practiceso that it takes a relatively process oflearning; (iii) workload is not balancedwith the availability of communityfacilitators. One of the reasons isbecause the locations are spread toofar.

In the same event Basah Hernowo,Director of Human Settlement andHousing, Bappenas, took the opportunityto discuss the target of MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs). MDGs tar-get achievement demands serious effortand hard work. One of the efforts isnational policy reform in water supplyand sanitation development throughWASPOLA (Water Supply and Envi-ronmental Sanitation Policy Formulationand Action Planning) project implemen-tation. One of the policy reform productsis the National Policy for Community-Based Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation (WSS) Development. ThePolicy has been approved by six (6) eche-lon I officials from the related govern-ment agencies. At the end of the year aNational Policy for the Development ofInstitutionally-Based Water Supply andEnvironmental Santation will also becompleted.

The implementation of WSS develop-ment in Indonesia will adopt the policyprinciples contained in the two docu-ments. WSLIC-2 project is one of theprojects that have already adopted theprinciples. The change in paradigmintroduced by policy will hopefully lead tosustainability and increased effectivenessof WSS development.

In addition to policy reform, otherimportant steps taken by the Indonesiangovernment in the attempt to reach theMDGs target include (i) preparation ofMDG Indonesia report by Bappenas and

UNICEF; (ii) preparation of action planachievement indicators by WSS WorkingGroup; (iii) preparation of NationalAction Plan for drinking water, waste-water and solid waste by the Dept. ofPublic Works; (iv) socialization of MDGthrough an information media "Percik",website (www.ampl.or.id), pamphlets,booklets by WSS Working Group; (v)WSS data baseline management by WSSWorking Group.

In the meantime, Taufik Hanafi of theoffice of the Directorate of Health andCommunity Nutrition, Bappenas, madean explanation on Health DevelopmentPlanning and Budget Policy. Accordingto him, there has been a considerablechange in the development budgetingsystem in Indonesia. This began fromthe stipulation of Law No. 17/2003 onState Finance. The Law brought a basicchange in state budget system, particular-ly in (i) budget includes an estimate offund requirement for the following year;(ii) budget is classified into function/sub-function, (iii) unified budget system; and(iv) performance based budget formula-tion.

In relation to health sector develop-ment, Indonesia is the lowest in per capi-ta health budget ratio in SE Asia. It is notsurprising therefore, that the level ofhealth and nutrition condition is relative-ly low in comparison to other SE Asiancountries.

The budget for health developmentindicates an increasing tendency after adrop in 2002. In 2005 the budget forhealth development proportion hasreached the level of approximately 8,9percent of the total development budget.On the other side, the proportion of for-eign loan for health development budgettends to decrease. Currently the propor-tion is only 21,7 percent of the health sec-tor development budget. (OM)

S S A B O U T

Preparation of Project Management Report (PMR)

Interim Consolidation of WSLIC-2 Project

W

42 PercikOktober 2004

For the purpose of capacity im-provement in the managementof village level WSS facility the

Directorate of Natural Resources andApplied Technology of the DirectorateGeneral for Village and CommunityEmpowerment, Dept. of Home Affairsconducted a socialization of the Manualfor the Management of Village LevelWater Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation (WSS) Facility in Surabayaon 6-9 October 2004.

This event represents one of WSSWorking Group activities. The partici-pants consisted of representatives fromBappeda, Dinas Kesehatan, and Kabu-paten level Agency for Community De-velopment of the provinces of WestSumatra and East Jawa which are parti-cipating in WSLIC-2 project.

The event was officially opened bySyamsul Arif, Director of Natural Resourcesand Applied Technology. He stressed thatcommunity based development has becomea compulsory. At the same occasion the WSSWorking Group took time to explained the

National Policy for WSS Developmentto the participants.

In a discussion session severalissues were unearthed, (i) commu-nity based WSS development policyis focused on the lower end, whilethe policy related to raw water is notexplicitly contained in the policy.Therefore, it is necessary that acomprehensive policy, covering theoverall issue, from the upper end tothe lower end, be formulated; (ii) itis necessary to also involve otheragencies such the Dept. of National

Education and Dept. of Forestry; (iii) themanual only covers administrative andfinancial aspects; other aspects such astechnical, social and environmental beadded so that sustainability could beguaranteed. (OM)

S S A B O U T

Socialization of the Manual for theManagement of Village Level Water Supplyand Environmental Sanitation (WSS) Facility

There only very few who washtheir hands. From those whoshould wash their hands only

about 20 percent who actually do so.This statement was made by ValCurtis, PhD (London School ofTropical Medicine) in a workshop enti-tled "Global Practices Forum Health inYour Hands: Critical Importance ofHygiene Improvement for Health,Water and Sanitation Program inIndonesia" held in Bappenas on 8 Sep-tember 2004.

The meeting was opened by SuyonoDikun, Deputy for Infrastructures,Bappenas, and was attended by appro-ximately 60 participants from variouscircles.

According to Val, motivation to washtheir hands varies considerably, amongothers (i) status, it is man's desire to beacceptable in his society; (ii) nurture - adesire to take care and protect his children;(iii) prevent from diseases - the desire toavoid contamination or smell in order toavoid sickness.

What must be done in Indonesia?According to Val Curtis, Indonesiamust (i) decide the responsible agencyfor the program; (ii) identify the com-munity motivation and habit; (iii) de-velop partnership program; (iv) con-duct a public campaign program anddecide the responsible institution to doit.

The countries that have partici-pated in the program are Ghana, Peru,Senegal, Nepal, So. Africa, Madagas-car, and the next is Indonesia (OM)

Workshop on Global Practices Forum Health in Your Hands:Critical Importance of Hygiene Improvement for Health, Water

and Sanitation Program in Indonesia.

Handwashing: Soap Saves Lives!

W



The project started implementa-tion in 2001, and step by step itwas to cover 28 villages in total.

But in reality the project could only lift offthe ground in 2002 in five villages. Thenin 2003-2004 twelve more villages joinedin. It is planned in 2005 the remaining 11villages will be joining in.

The selection of villages for the visitwas based on water supply and environ-mental sanitation data availability ofeach of the villages. These data was col-lected through an information manage-ment system developed by PMU (ProjectManagement Unit). Apparently on thefirst day the data were not available, so itwas decided to just visit one of the vil-lages selected by DPMU namely DesaKacang Botor, in Kecamatan Padau. Onthe second day the data were alreadyavailable and it was agreed to take a lookinto a village with a relatively low acces-sibility rate for water supply and envi-ronmental sanitation for all three wel-fare categories of the community (rich,middle, poor). The village was DesaTerong, Kecamatan Sijuk.

In the discussion it was revealed that,(i) the ceiling fund should not be fixed atRp. 200 million. Condition in the fieldindicates that the size of community andthe condition of access to water supplyand environmental sanitation vary consi-derably; (ii) if it is not possible to increasethe ceiling it is recommended thatWSLIC-2 implementation in a single vil-lage be prolonged up to 2 consecutiveyears; (iii) management information sys-tem cannot be applied so that data cannotbe made available properly.

Lessons learnedSeveral lessons learned from

WSLIC-2 implementation in Kab.Belitung are:

The community agrees that contributionis the soul to sustain the constructedfacility. However, there seems to be noindication for collecting the contributionyet. Even some of the community mem-bers are still reluctant to fulfill their com-mitment for paying the contribution.Provision of facility for washing handsin schools has not met the expectation.The facility consists of a small basinwithout any dipper, so the primaryschool children directly dip their handsinto the basin. This situation may evenprovide easier way for disease contami-nation than if they do not wash theirhands. Handwashing practice shouldfollow the guidance given by a Commu-nity Faerlita for Team (CFT). It mightbe there is no competent CFT aroundPrimary school teachers are seemingly

S S A B O U T

WSLIC-2 Monitoring Visit toKabupaten Belitung, Province

of Bangka Belitung

W


On 26-30 September 2004the World Bank conducteda monitoring activity forWSLIC-2 project in the

provinces of West Sumatra,South Sumatra,

Bangka Belitung, West Jawa,East Jawa, South Sulawesi,

and NTB. Included tothe WSLIC-2 project monitoring

activity were WSS Working Groupand the Dept. of

National Education.The following article is

travel report for participatingin the monitoring

activity in Kab. Belitung.Province Bangka Belitung

on 28-30 September 2004.


reluctant to enhance hygiene behavioureducation. This is evidenced from unat-tended toilet built in the school. Theirinvolvement including that of theschoolmaster is wanting. Knowledgeabout hygiene behaviour is relativelysufficient, but motivation still remainsuntouched. The specific function of TKM (TimKoordinasi Masyarakat, community coor-dination team) should be reoriented. Theinvestment for human resources develop-ment that was allocated for TKM educa-tion may not produce an optimum result ifTKM is solely responsible only for postconstruction facility management. Itshould be recommendable that TKM bemerged into Community EmpowermentInstitute as, for instance, Drinking Waterand Environmental Sanitation unit withan overall responsibility for water supplyand environmental sector management inthe respective village rather than just lim-ited to WSLIC-2 facility.

The cost for a facility such as toilet is tooexpensive so that expansion of access isconsiderably retarded. An addition, it is aprivate belonging so that provision of atoilet that costs Rp. 1,6 million each is con-sidered too expensive. If community con-tribution is at 20 percent level this meansan approximately Rp. 1.3 million is gran-ted to each beneficiary family. Such acostly toilet would not affordable by thepoor families. This is evidenced from thefact most of the beneficiary familiesbelong to the middle class while manymore poor families who need one. It isrecommended that the cost of each toiletis not more than Rp. 200 thousand, with asimple design but meet the standardhygiene requirements. It seems the toiletdevelopment leads to 'mistargeted'.In one of the villages, all the TKM person-nel get toilet or a pit well, even a TKMchairman gets both a toilet and a pit well.Although there no regulation that pro-hibits TKM personnel be project benefici-

aries, but based on observation it is obvi-ous that they do not belong to the poorclass who should be prioritized.Many of the rich and middle class familiesare the project beneficiaries, while manyof the poor miss the opportunity. There isa need, therefore, to as soon as possibleconduct an evaluation how big is the pro-portion of project beneficiaries are fromthe rich and middle segments of the com-munity. From our observation, this ten-dency is noticeable in all the areas and notlimited only in Kabupaten Belitung,Province Bangka Belitung. In this con-text, it should be previously decided whatproportion is considered tolerablebecause targeting solely to the poor fami-lies is also impractical.The TKM chairman who concurrentlyis BPD Chairman will not produce adesirable impact, because BPD holds asupervisory function while TKM amanagement. The supervisory func-tion will be neglected. (OM)

S S A B O U TW


Aseminar was held collaborativelyby the Directorate General forWater Resources Development

(Dept. Kimpraswil) and Directorate ofWater Resouces and Irrigation(Bappenas) for the socialization of LawNo. 7/2004 on Water Resources. Theseminar which was held in Yogyakarta on5 October 2004 was opened by SuyonoDikun, Deputy for Infrastructures(Bappenas) and was attended by repre-sentatives from the central, provincial,kabupaten/kota governments, NGO andFarm Water Users' Association.

It was revealed from the seminar thatwater resources management under the cul-tural approach has been there since thebeginning of human history because wateris a basic need for human life and its role isirreplaceable. But today, culture which isreflected through community behaviour,

transcendental culture began to emerge andgrow and tends to cause domination ofexploitative behaviour. This is enhancedwith the growth on new technologies.

It is estimated that the action willenlarge the gap between supply anddemand in water resources. He demandfor water, qualitatively as well as quanti-tatively will continue to grow along withthe population increase and the growth inquality of community consumption. Buton the supply side the quantity of wateravailability is getting scarcer due degra-dation of water sources and decliningwater quality as a result of pollution.Besides, government effort to increasesupply capacity becomes insignificantbecause of the limited government invest-ment and the complexity of issuesinvolved in water resources development.

It becomes necessary to take various

alternative efforts with sufficient capitalsupport in water resources management.Since monetary resources is also gettingscarcer and the relatively low labour forceabsorption rate in the formal sector it isnecessary to mobilize social capital.

Historically Indonesia has a strongsocial capital potential which is reflectedfrom the presence of: transaction pattern,non-monetary and monetary with highlevel of risk; broad based participationcombined with broad based control, pla-cing balance and harmony before any-thing else; resources mobilization; re-source based approach; prioritizing theuse of internally owned resources; moreconservative in nature; coverage is gene-rally limited with a specific community.To anticipate the problems it is necessaryto revitalize the social capital. (ML)

National Seminar for Socialization of Law No. 7/2004

Province and kabupaten level coor-dination teams of WSLIC-2 proj-ect held a meeting to review 2004

implementation in Pasuruan, 11-14October 2004. This meeting was openedby Hening Darpito, Director of water andSanitation, Ministry of Health. Themeeting was attended by representa-tives from coordination teams from 7provinces and 34 kabupatens that par-ticipate in WSLIC-2 project. The in-dividual representatives may comefrom either Dinas Kesehatan (Agencyfor Health) kabupaten and province,

Bappeda kabupaten and province. Thepurpose of this meeting was to enhanceWSLIC-2 project implementationthrough stronger and closely coordi-nated provincial and kabupaten teams.

During the course of the meeting,Taufik Hanafi (Directorate of Health andCommunity Nutrition, Bappenas) madean effort to explain the national policy forhealth sector development, while OswarMungkasa (Directorate of Human Settle-ment and Housing, Bappenas), discussedthe Millennium Development Goals(MDG), especially the part pertaining to

drinking water and sanitation.A number of facts were unveiled in the

meeting: among the Asean countriesdrinking water service coverage in In-donesia is below that of Vietnam, whilefor sanitation Indonesia is only slightlybetter than Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

When comparing the status of ser-vice coverage among WSLIC-2 pro-vinces, in terms of drinking water onlyEast Java and West Sumatra are abovethe national average, and for sanitationonly West Java is above national ave-rage. (OM)

S S A B O U T

In between the sessions of the Soci-alization of the Manual for the Ma-nagement of Village Level Water

Supply and Environmental Sanitation(WSS) Facility in Surabaya on 7 October2004, the Working Group took theopportunity to visit a SANIMAS projectsite at Baloncok, Kecamatan Balongsari,city of Mojokerto. In the visit theWorking Group team was accompaniedby BEST Surabaya as SANIMAS projectimplementer for the area.

This impromptu visit was intended tosee what the facility looks like after about5 months in operation. The facility con-sists of public MCK built over a waste-water treatment installation. The facilityserves the need of 60 families, plus indi-vidual users about 10 persons on average

every day. The public MCKconsists of 4 closet toilets, 2bathrooms, and 3 water tapsfor washing. Only 3 closettoilets are being used, one iskept as a reserve. The factindicates that the MCK is inprime condition. Two wor-kers clean it twice a day.

Besides, the communitybehaviour has changed. Be-fore this there were foundmany children defecate in aditch in front of the housesand the adults relieved theirwaste in the rice field or inan open space wrapped thefeces in a plastic wrappingthen hurled it somewhere

(f ly ingtoilet).This has changednow.

In the meantime,the WSS WorkingGroup for two days(29-30 October) alsovisited SANIMASproject sites in thecity of Denpasar(Bali) and Provinceof East Jawa (Kedi-ri, Pasuruan, Blitar,Mojokerto and Pa-

mekasan).The interesting findings revealed

from the visits include: communitypreparation plays an important role inproject sustainability, direct supplierintroduction into a community canreduce the community's access to market,the status of project land should be gran-ted a formal legal rights from the govern-ment, and SANIMAS project can be repli-cated by the regional governmentthrough participatory approach to thecommunity. (OM)

SANIMAS of Balong Asri, Mojokerto is well maintained

W


WSLIC-2 Province and Kabupaten LevelCoordination Team Meeting



On 14 September the Minsitry ofHealth officially inauguratedWSLIC-2 project in Kabupaten

Kediri, Jawa Timur. The ceremony wasconcentrated in the village of Siman,Kecamatan Kepung. Present in the ceremo-ny were representatives from CentralCordination Committee (CCC), provincialand kabupaten coordination teams, legisla-tive member of Kabupaten Kediri, membersof community coordination team, CPMU,DPMU, consultants and facilitator team.

In Kabupaten Kediri there are 8 vil-lages participating the WSLIC-2 project,namely Desa Siman (Kec, Kepung), DesaBanacu, Bukur, Jerukgulung, Medowo,Mlancu (Kec. Kandangan), Desa manggis(Kec. Puncu), and Desa Surat (Kec.Mojo). This project spent approximatelyRp 1,7 billion, consisting of foreign assis-

tance (70 percent), GOI (10 percent) andcommunity contribution (20 percent).

The formal inauguration was symboli-cally marked with transfer of the assetand plant seedlings to the community.This reflects that WSLIC-2 project espe-cially this one in Kabupaten Kediri ishighly sensitive to environmental conser-vation as a means for protection of rawwater source for drinking purpose.

After the ceremony the CCC, accom-panied by CPMU, DPMU, consultants,facilitators, and community coordinationteam set off to visit Desa Mlancu,Kecamatan Kandangan. The water so-urce was damaged in landslide so that theintake structure and some piping systemwere out of function. The landslide reoc-curred after the intake structure wasrepaired. During the visit the system has

been repaired and water is running again,but the place is vulnerable to damagesdue to landslide particularly during rainyseason. The recurring disaster happensbecause of forest cutting in the watercatchment area.

In response to the situation, the Di-rector of Human Settlement & Housing,Bappenas suggested to set aside fundallocation to anticipate in case similardisaster happens again. This is in consid-eration of the pressing demand of thefacility and that the community has madea lot of contribution for the sake of thedrinking water facility. Finally, it shouldbe developed a coordinative effort withother related agencies in relation to con-servation of forest and natural in order tosustain the availability raw water reservefor the community. (ML)

S S A B O U T

Official Inauguration of WSLIC-2Project in Kabupaten Kediri

The meeting for ProAir ProjectPlanning and Evaluation was heldin Denpasar last August 25th. The

meeting was attended by the involvedcentral government agencies and theregions participating in the project.

From the meeting it was revealed thatthe implementation of the project in NTTwas delayed. This is evidenced from thelack of community contribution althoughthe project was started since 2002. Thereason for the delay relates to timeadjustments in funding procedure and inthe amount of time required for commu-nity preparation activity

The regional government made itknown that its capacity to providecounterpart funding is very limited.Therefore, they are expecting the centralgovernment to help them with fund espe-cially to the regions with very limited

financial sources. In response to that, theDirector for Human Settlement andHousing, Bappenas indicates that thegovernment is currently not in a positionto provide any financial assistance asrequested.

Based on an audit report prepared byBPKP the government of Sumba Timurproposed that a Circular letter be issuedby the Dept. of Finance to make it com-pulsory for any unused fund from theregional government budget be returnedto regional treasurer's office. All this timethe repayment is very difficult to dobecause the monies from the governmentand from KfW are mixed in one singleaccount.

The regional government made men-tion that the community has difficulty inaccumulating 4 percent contribution incash, it takes a considerable long time to

have the money available. The regionalgovernment suggested to decrease the incash contribution and provide a subsidyfor the community. This is denied by theconsultants because the 4 percent value isdetermined from a series of studies invarious countries which concludes thatthis is the lowest value the communityshould contribute in order to create senseof belongingness to the constructed faci-lity so that sustainability would eventual-ly be achieved.

Currently a general guideline has beenprepared by the Dept. of Health. But fromthe discussion it was found there are itemsthat need some improvement.

In the meantime, due to shortage inconsultant availability, the communitypreparation activity in Kabupatens Alorand Ende will start in the middle of2005. (ML)

W


ProAir Project Planning andEvaluation Meeting

On 18 October 2004 the WSSWorking Group (Pokja) held aworkshop for the Improvement

of the Proposal for Sanitation Deve-lopment in Indonesia. The purpose of theworkshop was to make an improvementto a proposal for a Netherlands govern-ment funded program. The workshopwhich was held in Jakarta was attendedby about 40 participants from variousinter sector agencies (Pokja), WSP-EAP,and WASPOLA.

The grant funded program will beknown as Indonesia Sanitation SectorDevelopment Program (ISSDP) and isintended to assist the government ofIndonesia in developing and implement-ing an institutional strategy and capacityimprovement as well as strengthening ofsector investment for Sanitation SectorDevelopment in Indonesia.

The proposal will consist of four (4)main components, (i) Policy formulation,strategy development and institutional

coordination framework; (ii) Public cam-paign for building community awareness;(iii) Development of model and its imple-mentation for big cities with focus on thepoor settlement areas; (iv) Developmentof an integrated monitoring which willprovide sanitation information coveringaction, policy and progress includingMDGs.

Janelle Plumer (WSP-EAP) discussedabout proposal rationalization and com-ponents in general. While Oswar Mung-kasa (Bappenas) explained two importantissues namely the linkage betweenWASPOLA and ISSDP and the details ofeach of the components. An explanationby Djoko Wartono (Directorate Generalfor PPM-PL, Dept. Health) about alterna-tives in funding mechanism concludedthe presentation.

During the course of the session therewere many comments and suggestions,such as the need for a component dealingwith site selection preparation; the need

for a well prepared exit strategy; eco-nomic indicator; and formal campaignthrough school children. From the dis-cussion it was agreed to select 8 cities aspilot projects, four of them are the oneswith a sewerage system and the other fourare the ones with none.

In his opening speech, BasahHernowo, Director of Human Settlementand Housing (Bappenas) explained thecondition and challenges faced by sanita-tion development in Indonesia. Accor-ding to him, compared to other deve-loping nations sanitation sector inIndonesia is lagging far behind. In thisconnection the sector must be given spe-cial attention. He reminds the audienceto take into consideration that the Dutchgovernment assisten program should bedesigned in such a way so as to be syner-gic with the existing policies, because theassistance is intended to develop anational platform for sanitation sectordevelopment in Indonesia. (FW)

WASPOLA secretariat togetherwith Pokja held a workshopfor Formulation of WASPOLA

Workplan 2005, in Jakarta on 19-20October 2004. There were approximate-ly 40 participants attending the work-shop.

The purpose of the workshop was toprepare a work plan for implementationin 2005 and putting the activities of 2004that have not take place yet. The eventwas opened by Chief of Sub-directorate ofEnvironment, Oswar Mungkasa. He

explained what WASPOLA has achievedthis year and the barriers being faced anda few other things that miss implementa-tion. According to him, the activities fornext year must focused on disseminationof community and institutionally basedpolicy as one package.

This workshop was filled with a groupdiscussion cosnsisting of three group:

Component dealing with communitybased policy implementation at theregional level;Component dealing with Policy Reform;

Knowledge Management Component.The discussion proceeded actively. In

the beginning it seemed pessimistic thatthe workshop would produce a work plan.But later it proved otherwise. On the se-cond day the work plan began to takeshape, though it was still separated incomponents. The workshop result will befurther discussed by the Pokja andWASPOLA. The session was concludedwith an agreement that the result of theworkshop be integrated into a one wholeworkplan. (FW)

Workshop for Formulation of WASPOLAWorkplan 2005

S S A B O U T

Workshop for Improvement of Proposal forSanitation Development Program in Indonesia

W


1.

2.

3.

When WSSW o r k i n gGroup came

to visit Desa Pakel,Kecamatan Guci Alit,Kabupaten Lumajang,Jawa Timur, an unusualscenery greet them.The village looks cleanand impressive so thatit is no wonder the vil-lage was the winner in ahealthy village competi-tion. It is true that aproject such WSLIC-2has induced such achange?

The village is located about 15 kmfrom the kabupaten capital city or about4o minute ride. Located at the foot of Mt.Tengger so that the air is cool and crispy.Islam is the religion of fifty percent of thepopulation and the rest is Hindu. Most ofits population did not finish primaryschool and many of them cannot conversein bahasa Indonesia. WSLIC-2 projectwas able to cover 300 families, and thereare 75 poor families that still remain to beserved.

Although the proportion of Islam andof Hindu followers is almost equal it doesnot cause any difficulty in village develop-ment implementation. The harmonybetween the two different followers isreflected in a motto that sounds IHIPAMANUNGGAL which stands for IslamHindu Pada Manunggal (Islam Hindu InUnion). The motto is clearly seen inmany strategic locations.

Before the introduction of WSLIC-2project the community had to take waterfrom a source about 1 km away and ittakes 2 hours to secure 4 cans of water. (1can contains approx. 4 gallons of water).With water available nearby it gives the

community spare time, such as visitingposyandu (health service unit). There-fore, the posyandu is now becoming morefrequently visited.

The community has agreed to do thefollowing arrangements, (i) the manage-ment of the facility is conferred to aninstitution established by the communityand is called GALAK SABER SIANTANMAS which stands for Institution forFinance Management of Clean Water,Sanitation, and Community HygieneFacility. The contribution for water use iscombined with that of community healthfund. The monthly contribution for wateruse is Rp. 1.000 and for health fund isalso Rp. 1.000; (ii) implementation ofprocedure for settlement of conflict andWSS related issue. As an illustration, ifthere is an act of water stealing in a vil-lage the community must report it to theauthority. The actor is punished and iscompelled to pay an amount of fine; (iii)Water sources are located in two loca-tions only with a total discharge about 2l/sec, while the users are scattered in 2kecamatans. The community held ameeting to decide the procedure how to

take benefit from the watersources. It was then agreedthat the village where thewater sources are located iscompensated with a publichydrant. In addition, waterusers are required to plant atree for conservation pur-pose.

It is also interesting tonote that, before the projectthere were only 13 toiletsthat meet basic sanitationrequirement but as theproject began implementa-tion the number increasedsharply up to 155 units.

Most of the new toilets were built on theown. The success was partly due to theintroduction of low cost toilet--only Rp130.000 each-- therefore it is affordable.Other reason is a healthy competitionwhich included toilet ownership as itemin selecting a winner.

Apart from the fact that welfare classi-fication process using MPAS/PHASTapproach, based on observation, the cate-gory does not seem to reflect the actualcondition, As an illustration, one com-munity member admits that he wasincluded in the middle class (not rich butnot poor). But based on the real fact hewho owns 21 goats, a house made of con-crete , should be included in the rich ca-tegory. It should be considered to con-duct clarification to the result of classifi-cation by members of the community.

However, the face of the village isbecoming more beautiful and impres-sive, the number of toilets has incre-ased, readily available drinking wa-ter, school with toilets and washstands, are the footprints left byWSLIC-2 in Desa Pakel, KecamatanGuci Alit, Kab. Lumajang. (OM)

I S I TV


WSLIC-2 Has ChangedDesa Pakel Into a Healthy Village


G E N E R A L B O O K SFighting Against Wastes. Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamananof the City of Depok

Recycling. Tony Hare. PT Rosda Jayaputra,Jakarta

The Impact of Water on the Poor.Summary of Impact Evaluation Study ofSelected ADB Water Supply and Sanitation

Projects. ADB Water Awareness Program.

Bringing Water to the POOr. Selected ADB Case Studies. ADB Water Awareness Program.

Municipalities & Community Participation.A Sourcebook for Ca[pacity Building.

Janelle Plummer. EarthscanPublicationLtd.,London.

C D

Company Profile PDAM of the cityof Makassar

A Glimpse of PDAM Solo

Wastewater Treatment. IntegratedWastewater Treatment Unit of the city

of Banjarmasin

S S B I B L I O G R A P H YW


M A N U A LManual for Village LevelWater Supply andSanitation FacilityManagement. DirectorateGeneral for VillageDevelopment andCommunityEmpowerment, Dept.Home Affairs, 2004

R E G U L A T I O NLaws andRegulations onHousing andSettlement Systems.Drs. Marsono.DjambatanPublishing Company.

M A G A Z I N ESINERGI Desa Kota(Village TownSynergism). Second Edition 2004

DRINKING WATER. October 2004 Edition

WSLIC-2 Project Newsletter. Third Edition, 2004

D I C T I O N A R YDictionary of Technical terms and ForeignAbbreviations in Environmental andSanitation Engineering. University of Trisakti Press.

Date Month Activity

1 October Working Group meeting: Discussion re materials for talkshow

October Working Group meeting: Discussion re improvement of draft of Institutional Policy - Result of Bogor

workshop

4 World Habitat Day in Yogyakarta

5-12 October ProAir technical Training

6-7 October Policy dialogue on WSS related strategic issues in Kab. Kebumen.

Dissemination of Guidelines for Wastewater, Drainage and Solid Waste Management in Cities and

Socialization of Rural Growth Centre Development of the Western Regions

6-9 October Socialization of Manual for Rural Level WSS Facility Management

7 October Discussion on Method in Calculation of Drinking water Tariff

8 October WSS Working Group Regular Meeting

11 October Wrap Up Meeting of WSLIC-2 Supervision Meeting

WSS Working Meeting: Review of NAP on Wastewater

12 October Workshop on Conservation of Domestic water Source

12-13 October Policy Dialogue on National WSS Development Program in Prov. of Central Java

13 October Workshop "National Action Plan Drinking Water, Wastewater and Solid Waste"

14 October Preparation for Workshop to Review ISSDP (Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program)

19-20 October Workshop for Preparation of WASPOLA Workplan 2005

21 October WASPOLA Communication Network Development with NGO


25 October Meeting to Review Draft Government Regulation and Draft CSWH Loan Agreement

25-26 October Workshop Mid Term Review and Technical Audit of WSLIC-2 Project

26-27 October Workshop II National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. Bangka Selatan


28 October Explanatory Meeting on the Medium Term WSS Development Program

29 October Synchronization of WSS Sector Development Policy Meeting

29-30 October Monitoring of SANIMAS Project

1 November CWSH Project Pre-negotiation Meeting

4 November Meeting to review Interim Report on Preparation of Module for Small Scale Wastewater Treatment System

and WSS Database Preparation

Solid Waste Team Meeting

Policy Dialogue on National WSS Development Program in Prov. Jawa Tengah

5 November Synchronization of WSS Sector Development Policy Meeting

Policy Dialogue on National WSS Development Program in Kab. Lombok Barat

6 November Policy Dialogue on National WSS Development Program in Provinces NTB and Bangka Belitung

9 November CWSH Project Negotiation

9-10 November Review of WSLIC-2 technical Guidelines

Week 4 November Workshop II National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. Lombok Barat

24 November Preparatory Meeting for visit to CLTS Bangladesh

25 November Policy Dialogue on National WSS Development Program in Kab. Kebumen

24-25 November Workshop II National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Kab. Sijunjung and in Kab. Gorontalo

24-27 November Policy dissemination by province to kabupaten, in Prov. of South Sulawesi

25-26 November Dissemination of National WSS Development Policy and Press Conference in Jakarta

26-27 November Policy dissemination by province to kabupaten, in Prov. of West Sumatra

29 Nov.-7 Des CLTS Visit to Bangladesh

30 November Workshop on Communication Strategy

Week 5 November Study on sustainability WSS development in Kab. Sijunjung

G E N D AA


L O S S A R YG


ACP (Asbestos Cement Pipe)Pipes that are made of material consisting of asbestos fibres mixed with cement. It is recommendable only for drainage pipes or domestic waste waterdisposal system. It has a spigot socket connection mounted in line with the flow direction.

ALOS (Aggregate Level of Service)An approach to estimate the amount of sanitation facility that may be needed in a service area.

AqueductIt is also called water bridge or water chute. A structure that serves as water conveyance from one location to another across a water body or a road.

Aqua priviesOne of the toilet types with a simple septic tank. Consist of a single compartment in which the sludge and the flush water are mixed and processed inthe same chamber.

AquiferPermeable geologic formation as underground water storage, it serves as replenishment of ground water system that has undergone some changes.For instance due to exploitation of comsumption.

Artesian wellWater source with sufficient hydraulic pressure potential that can make water spurt above ground surface. The pressure potential is caused by the loadfrom the ground layers above it.

BackflowReverse flow to due a barrier in front of the flow, for example because of immediate damming or closing of the flow or drop of pressure due to deadpump.

Barn sewageSufficiently stabilized wastewater from animal droppings

BeddingA concrete structure that envelopes pipe trunk buried underground which serves as protection or support

Bentonite clayA kind of clay used as an auxiliary material in water treatment. It can increase particle density and average weight of water pollutant thus it makes it

easier to coagulate. It also has a capacity of absorbing organic compounds

BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)The amount of oxygen required by bacteria to oxidize almost all of dissolved and a part of suspended organic matter in water

COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)The amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter. The amount reflects the contamination level by organic matter that can be naturally oxi-dized through microbial processes.

CleanwaterWater that meets quality standard for drinking purpose after boiling.

Clear WellOne of the structures in a water treatment facility that functions a temporary reservoir for the treated water. In some installation this unit is also usedfor mixing the disinfectant.

Dead end (distribution) systemIt is also called Tree System. One of the methods/systems in placing clean water distribution in branching pattern, thus it is possible to determine thehierarchy of a specific branch: primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.

DisposalDumping of solid/liquid waste to an environmentally safe location

Drain (system)Pipe network, conveyance and its appurtenances as a means to drain house(s) and its surrounding yard

DWF (Dry Weather Flow)Combined discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater (without rain)

Quoted from Dictionary of Technical Terms and Foreign Abbreviations in Teknik Penyehatan dan Lingkungan (Environmental and Sanitation Engineering) Univ. Trisakti Press, Jakarta

Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. 'PERCIK' Vol 6 October 2004

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Magazine. 'PERCIK' Vol 6 October 2004