Individual Interpersonal and Group Process Approaches 544

Organization Development and Change

Individual, Interpersonal, and Group Process Approaches

Cummings & Worley, 8e (c)2005 Thomson/South-Western

Learning Objectivesfor Chapter TwelveTo understand the human process interventions aimed at individuals, interpersonal relations, and group dynamics

To understand the application and effectiveness of various process interventions in producing change


Process InterventionsA set of activities on the part of the consultant that helps individuals and group members understand, diagnose, and improve their behaviors.

Interventions are aimed at helping individuals develop skills, and members of groups assess their interactions and devise more effective ways of working.


Individual, Interpersonal and Group Process ApproachesCoachingTraining and DevelopmentProcess ConsultationThird-Party InterventionsTeam Building


CoachingGoalsAssist in execution of a transitionAddress a performance problemDevelop new behavioral skills with leadership developmentApplication StagesEstablish the principles of the relationshipConduct an assessmentCoach and client debrief the resultsDevelop and Implement an action planAssess the results


Training and DevelopmentGoalsChanging the skills and knowledge of organization members to improve effectiveness and build capabilitiesApplication StagesPerform needs assessmentDevelop objectives and design trainingDeliver trainingEvaluate training


Process ConsultationDefinitionsThe creation of a relationship that permits the client to perceive, understand, and act on the process eventsAn approach that helps people and groups help themselvesGroup Process Issues Addressed by Process ConsultationCommunicationsThe functional roles of group membersGroup problem solving and decision makingGroup normsLeadership and authority


Basic Process InterventionsIndividual InterventionsAimed at helping people better communicate with othersJohari WindowGroup InterventionsAimed at the process, content or structure of the group


Johari WindowUnknown to OthersKnown to OthersKnown toSelfUnknownto SelfHiddenSpotOpenWindowUnknownWindowBlindSpot


Improving Communications Using the Johari WindowUnknown to OthersKnown to OthersKnown toSelfUnknownto SelfOpenWindowReduceHidden Areathrough Disclosure toOthersReduce Blind Spot through Feedback fromOthers


Third Party InterventionsActivities that focus on interpersonal conflicts within the organization

Interventions help involved parties interact with each other directly, facilitating diagnosis of the conflict and its resolution


A Cyclical Model of ConflictEpisode 1Episode 2TriggeringEventTriggeringEventIssuesBehaviorBehaviorConsequencesConsequencesIssues


Strategies for Conflict ResolutionPrevent the conflict through mandate or separation of the partiesSet limits on the timing and extent of the conflictHelp the parties to cope differently with the conflictAttempt to eliminate or resolve the basic issues in the conflict


Team Building ActivitiesActivities Related to One or More IndividualsActivities Oriented to the Groups Operations and BehaviorsActivities Affecting the Groups Relationship with the Rest of the Organization


Types of TeamsGroups reporting to the same managerGroups involving people with common goalsTemporary groups formed to accomplish a specific, one-time taskGroups consisting of people whose work roles are interdependentGroups with no formal links but whose collective purpose requires coordination


Team-Building ActivitiesDetermine the Intervention TargetOne or more individualsA groups operation and behaviorA groups relationships with the rest of the organization

Determine the Intervention OrientationDiagnosticDevelopmental


Team Building ActivitiesGroup Operation and BehaviorAn inward look by the team at its own performance, behavior and culture for the purpose of improving effectivenessGroup Relationships with the OrganizationUnderstand the groups role within the organization including interaction, support, and collaborationManagers Role


Supporting Tool:- Tower Building Exercise


Individual Interpersonal and Group Process Approaches 544

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