INDIRECT CHOLINOMIMETICS Department of Pharmacology
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Transcript of INDIRECT CHOLINOMIMETICS Department of Pharmacology
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INDIRECT CHOLINOMIMETICSDepartment of Pharmacology
Prof. Alhaider Pharmacology Department
Prof. Hanan HagarPharmacology Department
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Indirect acting cholinomimetic drugs
What students should know: Classification of indirect acting cholinomimetics
Mechanism of action, kinetics, dynamics and uses of anticholinesterases
Adverse effects & contraindications of anticholinesterases Symptoms and treatment of organphosphorous toxicity.
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Indirect cholinomimetics (anticholinesterases)
Mechanism of action:
Anticholinesterases inhibit action of acetylcholinesterase on Ach thus prevent hydrolysis of Ach and increases its concentration at the cholinergic receptors (both nicotinic and muscarinic).
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Cholinergic transmission
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Indirect cholinomimetics (anticholinesterases)
anticholinesterases
Ach
Nicotinic &
Muscarinic receptors
Effects
cholinesterase
Choline + Acetate
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Anticholinesterases
Are similar in structure to Ach
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Classification of anticholinesterases
Reversible anticholinesterases
Short acting (Alcohols) edrophonium
Intermediate acting (Carbamates esters)Physostigmine, NeostigminePyridostigmine, Ambenonium
Irreversible anticholinesterasesPhosphates esters (very stable covalent bond)
e.g. Ecothiophate & Isoflurophate
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I- Reversible indirect cholinomimeticsQuaternary alcohol
– Edrophonium (short duration of action)– forms weak hydrogen bond with the enzyme
Carbamates esters (intermediate duration)• binds to both sites of the enzyme• All polar (Quaternary) except physostigmine • E.g:
–Physostigmine, Pyridostigmine–Neostigmine, Ambenonium
Classification of indirect cholinomimetics
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II. Irreversible indirect cholinomimetics
Phosphate esters: Pesticide Typee.g. Ecothiophate – Isoflurophate• very long duration of action• form very stable covalent bond with enzyme• All phosphates are lipid soluble except
ecothiophate.
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Pharmacological effects of anticholinesterases
ALL Anticholinesterases have muscarinic and nicotinic actions (N & M actions) and some have CNS effects.
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Pharmacological effects of anticholinesterases Muscarinic actions Nicotinic actions CNS actions: Excitation, convulsion, respiratory failure, comaonly for lipid soluble anticholinesterases physostigmine & phosphate ester (irreversible)
except Ecothiophate.
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Muscarinic actionsCholinergic actions OrgansContraction of circular muscle of iris
(miosis)(M3)Contraction of ciliary muscles for near
vision (M3)Decrease in intraocular pressure
Eye
bradycardia ( heart rate ) (M2)Release of NO (EDRF)
Heartendothelium
Constriction of bronchial smooth musclesIncrease bronchial secretion M3
Lung
Increased motility (peristalsis)Increased secretionRelaxation of sphincter M3
GIT
Contraction of musclesRelaxation of sphincter M3
Urinary bladder
Increase of sweat, saliva, lacrimal, bronchial, intestinal secretions M3
Exocrine glands
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Neuromuscular junctionTherapeutic dose: muscle contractionToxic dose: persistent depolarization & paralysis.
Ganglia: stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
Adrenal medulla release of catecholamines (A & NA) and increase blood pressure .
Nicotinic actions
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Indirect Cholinomimetics
Edrophonium
Short acting Reversible & anticholinesterase
alcohol Polar
NOT absorbed orally (given by injection) attach mainly to anionic site by weak hydrogen
bond. Has short duration of action (5-15 min.) Used for diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
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PhysostigmineIntermediate action & Reversible anticholinesterase
Tertiary ammonium compound Non polar (lipid soluble)
Good lipid solubilityGood oral absorption
cross BBB (has CNS effects)Uses
Glaucoma atropine toxicity
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NeostigmineIntermediate Reversible anticholinesterase
Quaternary ammonium comp. Polar compound
Can be used orallyNo CNS effect
Has muscarinic & nicotinic actions (prominent on GIT & urinary tract).
UsesTreatment of myasthenia gravis
Paralytic ileus & Urinary retentionCurare intoxication
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Summary of Carbamate esters
Uses Kinetics Actions DrugMyasthenia gravis treatmentParalytic ileusUrinary retention Curare toxicity
0.5-2hr
polar
Nicotinic & muscarinic
Neostigmine
Glaucomaatropine toxicity
0.5-2hrLipid
soluble
Nicotinic muscarinicCNS
Physostigmine
Myasthenia gravis treatment
3-6polar
Nicotinic & muscarinic
Pyridostigmine
Myasthenia gravis treatment 4-8polar
Nicotinic & muscarinic
Ambenonium
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Indirect Cholinomimetics (Organophosphorous compounds)
Ecothiophate Mechanism• Irreversible anticholinesterase • Binds to cholinesterase by strong covalent
bond. • Have very long duration of action• Aging make bond extremely stable• All are highly lipid soluble except ecothiophate • Used for glaucoma.
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Organophosphorous compounds toxicity (pesticide like)
• Sever bradycardia, hypotension.• bronchospasm.• Increased GIT motility cramps & diarrhea.• CNS effects convulsion, coma and
respiratory failure.• Twitching of skeletal muscles muscle
weakness.
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Treatment of organophosphate toxicity– Support respiration– Cholinesterase reactivators (Oximes)–Atropine (to block muscarinic & central
actions).
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OXIMES Pralidoxime (PAM)
• cholinesterase reactivator • stimulates the hydrolytic regeneration of cholinesterase enzyme.
• reactivates recently inhibited enzymes before aging.
Uses I.V. over 15-30 min for organophosphate intoxication.
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Donepezil– New Anticholinesterase drugs. – Given orally.– Used for treatment of dementia of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Clinical pharmacology of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
DrugType ofinhibition
Route ofadministration Clinical Use
Edrophonium Rev IM or IV Diagnostic for Myasthenia GravisNeostigmine Rev IM, IV, or oral Myasthenia Gravis, post-operative ileus and
bladder distention, surgical adjunctPhysostigmine Rev IM, IV, or local Glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, antidote to
anticholinergic overdoseTacrine Rev Oral Alzheimer’s diseaseDonepezil Rev Oral Alzheimer’s diseaseIsofluorophate Irrev Local GlaucomaEchothiophate Irrev Local Glaucoma
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Summary of Indirect CholinomimeticsDiagnosis of Myasthenia
gravisVery Short
5-15 min, Polar Edrophonium
M, N
Myasthenia gravis treatmentParalytic ileus
Urinary retention curare toxicity
Short 0.5-2hr polar
NeostigmineM, N
Glaucomaatropine toxicity
Short 0.5-2hrLipid soluble
PhysostigmineM,N, CNS
Myasthenia gravis treatment Short 3-6, polar AmbenoniumPyridostigmine
M, NGlaucoma. Long 100hr, polar Ecothiophate
M, N
dementia of Alzheimer’s disease
DonepezilM, N
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Summary for cholinomimetics & their usesEye : treatment of glaucoma Pilocarpine (direct muscarinic agonist)Physostigmine-Ecothiophate (indirect cholinomimetics)
Urinary retention and paralytic ileusBethanechol (direct)Neostigmine (indirect)
Myasthenia gravis (only indirect cholinomimetics)Pyridostigmine, Neostigmine,Why not physostigmine?
Xerostomia Pilocarpine –Cevimeline (Sjogren’s syndrome)
Alzheimer’s disease: Donepezil
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Thank you
Any Questions ?