India’s Experiences on - CUTS...

India’s Experiences onPreferential Trade Agreements


Faisal AhmedAssociate Director, CUTS International

Purna Chandra JenaAssistant Policy Analyst, CUTS International

D-217, Bhaskar Marg, Bani ParkJaipur 302016, India

Tel: +91.141.2282821, Fax: +91.141.2282485Email: [email protected]

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©CUTS International, 2012

First published: March 2012

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Contents

Abbreviations i

Preface v

Executive Summary ix

1. Introduction 1

2. India’s Negotiating Process on PTAs 8Evolution of India’s PTA Negotiations 9

Evaluation and Analyses of NegotiatingProcess and Preparedness 12

3. Negotiation Process and the Country Experiences 15An Ideal Negotiation Process 15

Lessons from Country/Regional Experiences 20

4. Cost and Benefit Analysis of PTAs 24India’s Engagement with PTAs 25

Trade Creation and Diversion of India’s PTAs 36

Impact on Key Sectors 39

Services and Investment in PTAs 44

Treatment of Other Related Areas in PTAs 47

5. Conclusion and the Way Forward 51

References 54

Endnotes 57

Appendix 63

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Pradeep S MehtaBipul Chatterjee

Abbreviations

APEC Asia Pacific Economic CooperationASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-sectoralTechnical and Economic Cooperation

BoP Balance of PaymentBoT Balance of TradeBPO Business Process OutsourcingBRICS-TERN BRICS Trade & Economics Research

Network

CAT Competition Appellate TribunalCCI Competition Commission of IndiaCECA Comprehensive Economic Cooperation

AgreementCEP Closed Economic PartnershipCEPA Comprehensive Economic Partnership

AgreementCGE Computable General Equilibrium

EU European Union

FDI Foreign Direct InvestmentFTAs Free Trade Agreements

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP Gross Domestic ProductGEAC Genetic Engineering Approval CommitteeGoE Group of Experts

HLC High Level CommitteeHRP Human Resource Planning

IIT Intra-industry TradeIMF International Monetary FundIPR Intellectual Property RightISLFTA India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement

JSG Joint Study GroupJWG Joint Working Group

LDCs Least Developed CountriesLPO Legal Process Outsourcing

MDGs Millennium Development GoalsMERCOSUR Mercado Común del SurMFN Most Favoured NationMRTP Monopolies and Restrictive Trade PracticesMTP Monopolistic Trade Practices

NTBs Non-tariff BarriersOFDI Outward Foreign Direct Investment

PTAs Preferential Trade Agreements

RCA Revealed Comparative AdvantageRCGM Review Committee on Genetic ManipulationRoO Rules of Origin

ii India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements

RTAs Regional Trade AgreementsRTPs Restrictive Trade Practices

SAFTA South Asia Free Trade AgreementSAPTA South Asia Preferential Trade AgreementSAARC South Asian Association for Regional

CooperationSEZs Special Economic Zones

TCI Trade Complementarity IndexTDCA Trade Development and Cooperation

AgreementTERC Trade and Economic Relations Committee

UTPs Unfair Trade Practices

WTO World Trade Organisation

India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements iii

Preface

Why is India pursuing a number of preferential tradeagreements while, at the same time, acting like a good

international citizen by highlighting the virtues ofmultilateralism. Conventional thinking and a narrow approachto address this question lead us to an easy answer: as the DohaRound of negotiations by the WTO Members is not comingto an end, India is engaging itself more and more withpreferential trade agreements in order to garner benefits fromgradual trade liberalisation. Some of the PTAs are motivatedby strategic interests also.

India is gradually moving away from shallow preferentialismto deep engagement so as to develop its capacity to deal withnew issues of trade governance which are expected to comeup on the multilateral platform – sooner or later. In otherwords, India’s approach to preferential trade agreements isbased on the paradigm of multilateralising preferentialism.

The genesis of this study dates back to 2008 when theDepartment of Commerce, Government of India asked us toprepare a diagnostic study on India’s engagement with PTAs.It was on account of our proposal to the Department to engagea think- and action-tank like us to implement a rollingprogramme focusing on India’s preferential trade agreementsso to develop our capacity to negotiate.

While there was considerable political buy-in for ourproposal, it was railroaded by ill informed opinion.Nevertheless, we produced a paper on Preferential Trade

Agreements and India, which was appreciated by many in theDepartment of Commerce and the trade policy community.

Incidentally, our proposal was a part of our largerengagement with the Government of India, through theDepartment of Commerce, to develop the country’s capacityon economic diplomacy.

With support from the Department of Commerce, we hadimplemented a very successful rolling programme on India’seconomic diplomacy. The programme was scheduled to bedone over a period of three years. The feedback from thosewho attended the programme was very encouraging. For e.g.one back office official said that his notes are now moreprofessional and tailored with negotiating calculus in mind, asagainst the unilateral notes which he had produced in the past.Alas, the same ill informed official railroaded it too. Whosuffered – not he, neither us but our country!

In our lexicon, failure is not absolute but deferred success.We are sure that sooner than later the Department ofCommerce will realise the value of our proposal and startimplementing. It does not matter whether we do it or not; ourcountry should benefit from its implementation.

This study is a comprehensive extension of our earlier workand evaluates India’s negotiating experiences on preferentialtrade agreements. It draws lessons from some selectengagements such as like India-Sri Lanka Free TradeAgreement, Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-sectoralTechnical and Economic Cooperation, India-ThailandComprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement, India-MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement, India-SingaporeComprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement, India-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement.

The focus is on evaluating and analysing India’s negotiatingprocess and its preparedness for negotiation. The study makescase based analyses of good practices highlighting ways of

vi India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements

preparedness adopted by other countries. Given the advancesthat India has made in negotiating PTAs, such analytical studiesunderline the scope for improvement in negotiatingpreparedness.

Cost-benefit analysis has also been undertaken for somePTAs. In some cases, it was found that while economic costwas more than economic benefits, political benefits from aPTA often outweigh economic costs.

Moreover, such analysis is extended to countries like Brazil,Russia, China and South Africa to make a case for greatereconomic integration among the BRICS group of countries.Incidentally, a draft version of this paper was presented at thelaunch of a new initiative called BRICS Trade & EconomicsResearch Network. CUTS and a group of like-minded think-tanks from among BRICS countries came together to launchthis initiative to conduct network-based research and advocacyon emerging issues of global economic governance.

The initiation of this Network provided us with anopportunity to revise and extend this work. Incidentally, ourBrazilian partner of this initiative is doing a study looking atcommonalities and differences between the PTAs thatindustrialised countries like those in Europe and the US haveentered into and those of emerging economies like us. Thisstudy will provide significant inputs to this larger work onPTAs.

Lessons derived in this study will help our negotiators –not only in negotiating preferential trade agreements but alsoin the realm of economic diplomacy. For instance, theEuropean Union and India are entering into a final stage ofnegotiation of the EU-India free trade agreement. We areclosely following this negotiation including having donequalitative and quantitative analyses in partnership withreputed institutions like the Centre for Regional Integrationat Sussex University.

India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements vii

Recommendations made here will help in appreciating theeconomic/political costs and benefits from EU-India free tradeagreements and other such agreements in future. Thus, oureffort is not just to do ex-post analyses but also to do ex-anteanalyses on PTAs including their social, economic andenvironmental sustainability.

I am sure that this study will develop the negotiating capacityof our present and future trade negotiators including theircapacity to understand better larger issues of economicdiplomacy. I thank my colleagues who have made this studypossible.

Jaipur Pradeep S MehtaMarch 2012 Secretary General

viii India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements

Executive Summary

International trade has been an engine of India’s growthstory. Both trade and investment have helped India benefit

from global economic asymmetries, reduce economicvulnerability, focus on environmental sustainability, andmobilise financial and natural resources for creating avenuesfor development in both rural and urban areas, thereby creatingwelfare effects.

India’s commitment to multilateralism does continue butbesides that it has been taking several measures of economicintegration in order to increase liberalisation and enhancemarket access opportunities. India has concluded severalPreferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), Free TradeAgreements (FTAs) and Comprehensive EconomicCooperation Agreements (CECAs) and is also negotiatingseveral others.

This study evaluates India’s negotiation experiences onPTAs especially in cases of some select integration effortsincluding India-Sri Lanka FTA (ISLFTA), Bay of BengalInitiative for Multi-sectoral Technical and EconomicCooperation (BIMSTEC), India-Thailand CECA India-MERCOSUR PTA, India-Singapore CECA, India-ASEANFTA, and India-Malaysia CECA. It discusses India’snegotiating process on PTAs, and also makes an evaluationand analyses of negotiating process and the preparedness fornegotiation. Though the negotiation process suggests that Indiahas made considerable advances, yet there are still room for

improvement in the preparedness for such negotiations. Anevaluation of India’s negotiation process highlights severalissues and also presents the scope of improving preparedness.Moreover, cases of country and regional experiences on PTAshave been undertaken to derive best practices.

India’s approach to negotiating PTAs have evolved overtime in the direction of greater methodological sophistication,more systematic procedures and attention to economicrewards. There is more emphasis on the establishment andachievement of comprehensive economic goals, as opposed tothe mere enhancement of trade in goods and services. Thishas defined India’s negotiation stances at a bilateral andregional level, which are also duly reflected in its multilateralnegotiations.

The study also undertakes a cost and benefits analyses ofselect PTAs of India. Various statistical and econometrictechniques like Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)index, Intra-industry Trade (IIT) index, TradeComplementarity Index (TCI) and an augmented GravityModel of trade have been employed for the same. The analysisalso includes those for BRICS countries, and recommends ahigher degree of intra-BRICS engagement and economicintegration.

On the basis of lessons derived from this study, the papermakes several recommendations on how to enhancepreparedness for negotiations and also outlines the wayforward for the BRICS Trade and Economics ResearchNetwork (BRICS TERN).

The genesis of BRICS TERN, which is a network of like-minded think tanks from BRICS countries, stems from theSanya Summit op BRICS Leaders, held in April 2011, whichcalls for greater cooperation among the BRICS economies,forming the necessary base for a strong economic growth anddevelopment. The Sanya Declaration laid out current and

x India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements

future action areas, which emphasises on the need to holdBRICS think-tank symposia, and consider establishing anetwork of research centres of BRICS countries. BRICSTERN was launched in Shanghai, China, on November 19,2011.

The objective of this Network is for partner organisationsto work together on issues of trade and economics, and jointlyproduce outputs which can assist policy making in BRICScountries.

It recommends that BRICS-TERN can undertake studieson best practices adopted by their respective governments andshare these practices to identify gaps for further training andcapacity building of the negotiators. It should seek to enhancepublic participation in economic policy-making and on mattersof economic governance through network-based policyresearch and advocacy on trade and regulatory issues includingcompetition law, investment policies and economic diplomacy.

India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements xi

1Introduction

International trade continues to be a universally acceptableengine of a country’s socio-economic development and

economic growth. Trade has helped India in its economicdevelopment through harnessing global economic asymmetries,reducing economic vulnerability, environmental sustainability,mobilising financial and natural resources and creating avenuesfor development infrastructure in both rural and urban areasthereby creating welfare effects.

Trade and globalisation is not new to India. Its economichistory can be traced to the period of Indus Valley Civilisation(3000-1500 BC) when people practiced agriculture,domesticated animals, traded with other cities, and followedexcellent urban planning. India had the world’s largesteconomy from the 1st to the 18th century. It had a 32.9 percentshare of world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the 1st

century and 28.9 percent in 1000 AD. In 1700 AD, it wasestimated to be 24.4 percent.1

Moreover, an overview of independent India reveals thattrade openness and reforms have largely contributed todevelopment. In the early years of post-independence era, Indiawitnessed a growth rate of around three-four percent. Thistrend continued to around three decades till it crossed thefigure of five percent in the 1980s.

2 India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements

Owing to India’s policy of non-alignment, the nationalleadership set forth to build the economy through dedicatedpolicies aimed at self-sufficiency. At the time when Indialaunched its first five year plans, agriculture was the mainstayof the economy with its contribution of approximately 55-56percent of the country’s GDP. The rural-urban ratio of thepopulation was such that more than 70 percent of thepopulation lived in rural areas. Other indicators like per capitaincome were very low. A life expectancy of 32 years at thetime of birth and a literacy rate of merely 18 percent explainsthe level of development at that time, thus making it easy toclassify India as a poor country then.

Such nuances can well be supported by other data like grossdomestic savings which was about 8 percent of the GDP andexports which were approximately six percent of the GDP.Till the 1980s that is before the reforms, government regulationand control of economic activity was pervasive, and the tradesector did very poorly. One consequence was that importswere highly restricted and their scarcity was itself a majorconstraint on growth.2

India faced a severe balance of payment (BoP) crisis in thelate 80s and early 90s which compelled it to secure a US$1.8bnloan from International Monetary Fund (IMF). This landmarkevent created a new chapter and marked the beginning ofeconomic reforms in 1991 initiated by Prime MinisterManmohan Singh who was then the Finance Minister of thecountry.

The reforms were comprehensive and structural in natureand made meaningful contribution in accelerating the overallgrowth of the economy. Often described as one of the mostcomprehensive economic reforms in Asia, it included amongstothers, economic liberalisation, deregulation, privatisation ofstate-owned enterprises, and increasing opportunities forforeign investments.

India’s Experiences on Preferential Trade Agreements 3

In the first phase of liberalisation till 1997, the economygrew at more than seven percent per annum owing to growthin industrial and services sector, while it grew at an averageof close to nine percent in the few years preceding the globalrecession. For instance, the real GDP registered a growth ofnine percent in 2007-08 as compared to 9.4 in the previousfiscal, especially owing to the increased activities in themanufacturing sector and the growth of the services sector.The growth rate, however, declined to 7.1 percent during2008-09 as a result of global economic slowdown. Though,the growth rate declined during this period, India maintainedits resilience during those turbulent times. It is noteworthythat the growth rate was 7.8 percent in the first quarter of2011 over the same quarter, previous year.

From 2004 until 2010, India’s average quarterly GDPgrowth was 8.4 percent reaching a historical high of 10.1percent in September 2006 and a record low of 5.5 percent inDecember 2004.3 The services sector makes the highestcontribution to GDP (55.3 percent), while the share of industryis 28.6 percent and that of agricultural sector is 16.1 percent.4

India has always played a significant role in the evolutionof international trading systems; and its economic diplomacyhas been influencing the direction of trade policies at all levels.And thus, being an open economy, India maintains a vibranttrade policy with an urge to enhance its global engagements.The country’s total merchandise exports account forUS$176.76bn; with UAE (US$25.41bn), US (US$19.12bn) andChina (US$10.37bn) being its top three export destinations asof 2009. Moreover, its world imports account for US$266.4bnwith its top three sources of imports being China, UAE andUS accounting for US$30.61bn, US$19.73bn, and US$15.99bnrespectively. In its participation in international trade, Indiahas an unfavourable Balance of Trade (BoT) of US$89.63bn;and on a bilateral level, it has a positive BoT with UAE


(US$5.68bn), Netherlands (US$4.48bn) and US (US$3.12bn),among few others; while with China and Saudi Arabia, amongothers it has a negative trade balance of US$20.24bn andUS$10.62bn respectively.5

India has been able to position itself strongly in the globaleconomic order owing to the evolutionary nature of its foreigntrade policy. The present foreign trade policy covering theperiod of 2009-14 aims to provide a stable and conduciveenvironment for increasing exports. Some of its key objectivesinclude: 25 percent annual growth in exports by 2014, doubleIndia’s share in global trade by 2020, improving export relatedinfrastructure, reducing transaction costs through tradefacilitation measures, and securing enhanced market access,among others. It also aims to for diversification of exportmarkets with focus on new markets like Africa, Latin America,Oceania and the CIS.

Investment has also played a crucial role in the country’sdevelopment. The consolidated FDI policy of India waslaunched in March 2011 ‘with the intent of promoting foreigndirect investment through a policy framework which istransparent, predictable, simple and clear and reducesregulatory burden the Government of India introduced aconsolidated FDI policy. The system of periodic consolidationand updation was also introduced as an investor friendlymeasure’.6

In India FDI can come through ‘automatic route’ or through‘government route’. The magnitude of FDI in different sectoris also defined by this policy. A look at the sectoral descriptionreveals how investment is affecting development in India:

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: 100 percent FDI hasbeen allowed through automatic route in the activities viz.floriculture, horticulture, cultivation of vegetables &mushrooms under controlled conditions; development andproduction of seeds and planting material; animal husbandry


(including of breeding of dogs), pisciculture, aquaculture undercontrolled conditions; and, services related to agro and alliedsector.7

Mining: 100 percent FDI has been allowed throughautomatic route in the following activities: a) mining andexploration of metal and non-metal ores including diamond,gold, silver and precious ores8, b) coal & lignite mining forcaptive consumption by power projects, iron & steel andcement units9, c) setting up coal processing plants likewasheries10, and, d) mining and mineral separation of titaniumbearing minerals & ores, its value addition and integratedactivities.11

Electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution: 100percent FDI has been allowed through automatic route in thefollowing activities: a) generation and transmission of electricenergy produced in hydroelectric, coal/lignite-based thermal,oil-based thermal and gas-based thermal power plants, b) non-conventional energy generation and distribution, c) distributionof electric energy to households, industrial, commercial andother users, and, d) power trading.12

Petroleum and Natural Gas Sector: 100 percent FDI hasbeen allowed through automatic route in the activities likeexploration activities of oil and natural gas fields, infrastructurerelated to marketing of petroleum products and natural gas,marketing of natural gas and petroleum products, petroleumproduct pipelines, natural gas/ pipelines, LNG regasificationinfrastructure, market study and formulation, and, petroleumrefining in the private sector.13

Development of Townships, Housing, Built-upinfrastructure and Construction-Development projects: 100percent FDI is allowed through automatic route in the areasof developing townships, housing, built-up infrastructure andconstruction development projects (which would include, butnot be restricted to, housing, commercial premises, hotels,


resorts, hospitals, educational institutions, recreationalfacilities, city and regional level infrastructure).14

Development of Industrial Parks: 100 percent FDI isallowed through automatic route in the areas of bothdeveloping new and existing Industrial Parks.

Telecommunication: 74 percent FDI is allowed in the sectorof which 49 percent is allowed through automatic route. Anyinvestment above 49 percent but upto 74 percent is allowedonly through the government route.15

Trading related activities: 100 percent FDI throughautomatic route has been allowed in trading activitiespertaining to cash & carry trading, e-commerce marketingand test marketing.

E-Commerce: FDI up to 100 percent is permitted for e-commerce activities subject to the condition that suchcompanies would divest 26 percent of their equity in favourof the Indian public in five years, if these companies are listedin other parts of the world.16

Food Processing: 100 percent FDI is allowed in the sectorthrough automatic route.

The multilateral trading system may be the first best optionfor achieving an efficient outcome via global welfaremaximisation. However, with the impasse in the Doha round,countries are increasingly engaging in PTAs to realise benefitsthrough trade and integration. Apart from the economicbenefits, PTAs have been seen to contribute in enhancingpolitical ties and friendly relations among member countrieswhich may also contribute towards a breakthrough inmultilateralism. The measures of economic integrationundertaken by India has also played a vital role in the processof development especially through increased liberalisation andbetter market access opportunities for India. India hasconcluded several Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA), FreeTrade Agreements (FTA) and Comprehensive Economic


Cooperation Agreements (CECA) and is also negotiatingseveral others.

The successive part of this paper discusses India’snegotiating process on PTAs, and also evaluation and analysesof negotiating process and the preparedness. The next part ofthe paper deals with negotiation process and the countryexperiences. Further, the cost and benefits analyses of selectPTAs of India have been undertaken and various econometrictechniques like Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)index17 , Intra-industry Trade (IIT) index18 , TradeComplementarity Index (TCI)19 and an augmented gravitymodel of trade have been used. The analysis also includes thosefor BRICS countries.

2India’s Negotiating

Process on PTAs

India has always supported the cause of multilateralism andoften adopted a cautious approach to forming PTAs. Though

modest in outcomes, such an approach characterises most ofthe economic decisions India has made since its independence,opting for a mixed economy frame work, rather than goingfor the extremes.

The post-Cold War era prompted many developingcountries to form regional congregations and enter intoregional trade agreements (RTAs) and PTAs at a fast pace.This activity stemmed from the perception that those non-aligned to regional groupings were losing out on economicgains from PTAs, even though these agreements were inviolation of the basic tenets of WTO, i.e. Most FavouredNation (MFN) and National Treatment. Similarly, it can beargued that India too resorted to preferential trading as adefensive strategy against loss of markets, rather than as aproactive strategy to expand markets.

India’s approach to international trade has mostly been thatof increasing liberalisation, while its belief in multilateralismonly allowed it to sign a handful of PTAs, and operationalisingeven fewer. Initially such agreements were largely governed


by geo-economic reasons and were not merely economicinstruments. In the contemporary context, India’s impetus tomore such preferential agreement can, to a considerableextent, be attributed to the slow progress under World TradeOrganisation (WTO) and the intangibility of associatedbenefits. This is largely because the Doha Agenda has beengenerating too much political scrutiny domestically andagreements like PTAs seem to offer a less complicated pathwayto trade openness.

India’s negotiation process on PTAs can well be understoodby evolution pattern of such negotiations and evaluating theneed for preparedness.

Evolution of India’s PTA NegotiationsIndia’s approaches to negotiating PTAs have evolved over

time in the direction of greater methodological sophistication,more systematic procedures and attention to economicrewards. There is more emphasis on the establishment andachievement of comprehensive economic goals, as opposed tothe mere enhancement of trade in goods and services. Thishas defined India’s negotiation stances especially in cases ofComprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreements (CECA)in which it has shown keen interest in recent years.

India’s engagement in PTAs can be broadly divided intotwo phases. The first phase entails the formation of PTAs as aresult of various political considerations and the prevailinginternational setting. Agreements that were formed on thisbasis include the India-Bhutan Treaty (1949), India-NepalFriendship Treaty (1950)20 and the Bangkok Agreement(1975).21 Economic considerations and incentives were notthe primary motivations behind the initiation of negotiationsfor these agreements. In addition, stakeholder consultationsbefore or during the negotiation process were almost absentin reaching these agreements.


The second phase saw the emergence of economic issuesduring the consultation process. The inclusion of these issueswas initiated in the third round of SAARC Preferential TradeAgreement (SAPTA) negotiations. In the initial part of thisphase, the consultation process was largely limited to Centralgovernment ministries and apex chambers of commerce, atrend that continued into the fourth round of negotiations onSAPTA. However, in both the aforementioned rounds,negotiations and consultations were not guided by any ex-ante economic analysis of costs and benefits from the proposedagreement.

India’s first FTA, the India-Sri Lanka FTA (ISLFTA) wassigned in December 1998, and originated from geopoliticalfactors. Neither was an ex-ante cost and benefit analysis carriedout, nor were there broad based stakeholder consultations inthe negotiation of this agreement. A Joint Committee wasestablished only at the ministerial level in order to review theprogress of the agreement every year. The Committeenominated one apex chamber from each country as a nodalchamber to represent the views of the industries. The successof ISLFTA has paved the way for deepening the engagementby including services and investments through aComprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).CEPA negotiations are ongoing since 2005 after a Joint StudyGroup (JSG) recommended it in 2003. Though negotiationswere concluded in 2008, but were again resumed in December2010 owing to some reservations from Sri Lankan side.

Another important agreement is the Bay of Bengal Initiativefor Multi-sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation(BIMSTEC). It is an important element in India’s ‘Look East’policy and was signed in February 2004. It marked the firstinstance of involvement of academia, business and Governmentin the Group of Experts (GoE) laying out the contours of thenegotiation and the Framework Agreement itself.


The India-Thailand FTA was signed in October 2003. Itestablished a Joint Working Group (JWG) to draft theFramework Agreement.22 This development marks an advancefrom the BIMSTEC Agreement. For the first time, a feasibilitystudy comprising Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)modelling and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)analysis was carried out to assess the possible impact of theproposed agreement. This agreement also marked thebeginning of extensive stakeholder consultations prior to theFTA, which have subsequently been integrated into thepreparedness strategies for all FTAs.

The PTA between India and Mercado Común del Sur(MERCOSUR), was signed in January 2004. MERCOSURcomprises of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Besidestrade in goods, it also has considerable focus on RoO. Beforethe signing of PTA, a comprehensive feasibility study wascarried out.

In 2005, India signed CECA with Singapore, known asIndia-Singapore CECA. A JSG was set up in 2002 to study itsfeasibility which submitted its report in 2003 andrecommended the launching of negotiations.

In 2009, the India-ASEAN FTA was signed.23 It providesan interesting insight into India’s negotiation process. Therewere many stumbling blocks in the process mainly due to thefact that this was the first time India was negotiating a tradingagreement with a regional trading bloc that was not a CustomsUnion.24 This meant that negotiations on tariff lines provedto be extremely complicated as every nation in the regionalbloc had to individually agree to Indian tariff proposals andvice-versa.25

Most recently, that is, in February 2011, India entered intoCECA with Malaysia. The negotiations took time owing tosome critical issues which needed deeper negotiations. Theywere the issues like movement of persons which happened to


be a key concern to New Delhi, while palm oil was an issuefor Malaysia, which sought significant tariff reduction in thiscommodity. It may be noted that India is one of Malaysia’sbiggest markets for palm oil. Stakeholder’s consultations wereheld and Joint Study Group was also constituted to do afeasibility study.

The history of India’s negotiation of PTAs reveals that apartfrom the evolution of stakeholder involvement in theformulation of PTAs, there have been developments alongother lines. However, India’s urge for a higher degree ofeconomic diplomacy in its neighbourhood does continue.India’s market should be available to all its smaller neighboursif we are to develop common stakes in regional prosperity.26

Evaluation and Analyses of Negotiating Processand Preparedness

Though the negotiation process suggests that India has madeconsiderable advances, yet there are still room forimprovement in the preparedness for such negotiations. Anevaluating of India’s negotiation process highlights severalissues and also presents the scope of improving preparedness.Such issues need to be given pragmatic impetus by the Tradeand Economic Relations Committee (TERC), Government ofIndia. This committee, constituted in May 2005 is directlyheaded by the Prime Minister and has supervised thenegotiations on recent/proposed PTAs and also taken a stockof the progress of existing PTAs like India-Chile PTA.

First and foremost, preparedness and consistency innegotiations is desired. The rapid transfer of personnel alsodeters the formation of an expert group on negotiation. Thus,a better Human Resource Planning (HRP) in the Ministry isrequired to enhance preparedness.

It is generally observed that enough time is not spent inanalysing sectoral complexities. The key stakeholders in the


negotiation process which include the corporate houses arealso generally not equipped enough to provide inputs worthconsidering to the government during the negotiation process.A series of multi-stakeholder meetings need to be organised,and their inputs be further analysed. It is important thatinformation available in the public domain on negotiationsshould be updated regularly. Also, a standard templatecontaining a core set of questionnaire relating to each sectorshould be developed for the purpose of stakeholderconsultations.

Moreover, there is a need to develop a roster of institutionsand individuals capable of conducting country and sector-specific studies. Instead of assigning all such studies to a fewselect institutions, competition should be encouraged amongservice providers listed in the roster through an open biddingprocess.27

Importantly in PTAs/FTAs, the benefits are not limited togains from trade in goods. Spin offs from a PTA/FTA couldoutweigh the apparent trade benefits and will have to beadequately factored in. These spin-offs may be in the form ofbetter investment opportunities (as in the case of the Indo- SriLanka FTA); ease of visa procedures (Indo-Singapore CECA)and the like. It is important to gauge these spin-offs on an ex-ante basis prior to starting negotiations.

Prior market analyses in prospective partner countries aregenerally not conducted by India. This could bias evaluationof the feasibility of the agreement, thereby resulting in sub-optimal outcomes of negotiations. In one instance, South Koreacommissioned Indian research organisations to carry out India-specific analyses. It is suggested that the Indian governmentshould do the same in prospective partner countries.

Planning and management of the negotiation of each PTAshould be improved. For instance, a greater role should beplayed by the Indian Embassy in each country in gathering


information that may not be readily available to the researchorganisation conducting the study. There should be greatercoordination between the former and the latter. Similarly, thereshould be better coordination between the ministries ofExternal Affairs and Commerce throughout the negotiationprocess.

Though, India’s negotiation strategies have come a long wayand improved greatly over the years with PTA negotiationsnow following a systematised process, yet there is much scopefor improvement to match prospective partners. Someexamples of best practices in negotiations can be adopted fromnegotiators like the European Union (EU) which follow acomprehensive process encompassing detailed market studies,sectoral complexities and keen attention to multi-stakeholdersconsultations.

3Negotiation Process andthe Country Experiences

Having discussed the evolution and the need forpreparedness in negotiating PTAs, it is vital to

understand the nitty-gritty of an ideal negotiation process. Also,the lessons from country experiences in negotiating PTAs canbe beneficial for keeping a track of best practices in suchnegotiation processes.

An Ideal Negotiation ProcessStephen Hoadley, Professor of Political Studies at the

University of Auckland uses his detailed study of the NewZealand-Singapore FTA to sketch out an ideal negotiationprocess. This FTA was also known as the Closed EconomicPartnership (CEP) Agreement. The various elements of thelarger process in which negotiations are couched are describedby Hoadley as follows:

1. Identification of a Trade Problem: According to Hoadley,the persistence of a problem leads to the recognition that thestatus quo is unsatisfactory.28 New Zealand had been facedwith the problem of an insecure market for its agriculturalproducts throughout the three decades preceding thementioned agreement.29


New Zealand tried unsuccessfully through the GATT inthe 1980s and 1990s to get barriers facing the exports of itsagricultural products lowered. In 1999 after severalunsuccessful attempts, New Zealand’s trade access tointernational markets (except Australia) was still largelyrestricted. Thus, the existence of a trade problem leads tonegotiations. This also hints at one primary reason for theproliferation of new style PTAs – the impasse at the Doharounds.30

2. Diagnosis Phase: The diagnosis phase begins when theawareness of a problem stimulates the country’s governmentinto action – identifying the possibility for and then defining anegotiation with a specific country which can solve thementioned problem.

In the case of New Zealand, the frustration of not beingable to overcome barriers to agricultural trade was recognisedat a luncheon meeting in Wellington on July 01, 1999 attendedby New Zealand’s trade minister, Lockwood Smith; hiscounterpart from Singapore, George Yeo; and New Zealand’sformer Minister of Finance, Sir William Birch. After listeningto the outpouring of frustrations on both sides Birch suggestedthat New Zealand and Singapore should go in for a bilateralFTA. Birch’s solution can be labelled as a ‘diagnosis’. Diagnosisinvolves the identification of a country which is complementaryto the initiating country in both economic interests and othercharacteristics.

3. Pre-negotiation Stage – Setting the Agenda: The pre-negotiation stage is best described in Hoadley’s own words:“In the pre-negotiation phase, the parties confirm thatnegotiation is the best way to proceed, establish what theyhope to achieve and decide what they will negotiate aboutand how. In this phase they clarify and prioritise options, set


parameters, establish boundaries, choose participants andassess each other’s likely demands”

In the case of the FTA between New Zealand andSingapore, the pre-negotiation phase began on August 11, 1999with both officials from New Zealand and Singaporereaffirming their commitment in the multilateral trading systemand wish to remain consistent with the rules of the WTO andAsia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) – free trade andinvestment by 2010-2020.

New Zealand officials then set the ball rolling by proposingthe major elements of the potential FTA which include a)elimination of all tariffs, b) under RoO minimum local contentof 50 percent to qualify as duty free in the other country, c)nil export restrictions except those allowed by WTO underArticle XX, d) removal of all subsidies on both sides, e) replaceanti-dumping laws by competition laws, f) no nationalprocurement requirement, g) a mutual recognition agreement,and, h) free trade in all services.

The responses from Singapore to each of these proposalsrespectively, were as follows: a) agreed; except that it wouldcontinue to retain levies on alcoholic beverages for socialreasons, b) minimum local content of 20 percent, c) agreed,d) wanted to retain subsidies for domestic supportprogrammes, e) had problem with adopting competition lawsas Singapore had no experience with these, f) wanted to retainthe right of government procurement, g) agreed, and, h) waskeen to protect some of its services.

In a way, therefore, the pre-negotiation phase serves tonot only flag the main issues of interest for both countriesgoing in for an agreement but also helps to identify the issueswithin these over which there is agreement and therefore thoseon which there is no agreement.


4. Negotiation: According to Hoadley, the following are theelements associated with formal full scale negotiation:

Strategies – These are general plans adopted by negotiatorsto achieve certain objectives. For example, it includes:

• avoidance of thorny issues• yielding or a show of meeting the other party half way

on some issues by initially adopting a stand which ismore extreme than what one really believes in – thisallows the striking of bargains on other issues

• contending to intentionally oppose certain proposals sothat any moderation of stand seems like a majorconcession

• problem solving, that is, cooperation with the other sideto arrive at an agreement on an issue on which there isinitially a major disagreement

Tactics – These are actions used which are components ofa strategy. For example, requests, proposals, offers,concessions etc.; and others such as rhetoric, warnings, threats,bluffs and displays of good faith.

There were compromises and adjustments made on bothsides. New Zealand did manage to get certain concessionsfrom Singapore and ended up also granting some. Theconcessions that New Zealand exacted included an improvedaccess to Singapore’s service market, a single New Zealand/Singapore procurement market, more stringent rules of origin(RoO) than originally agreed to by Singapore, less threateninganti-dumping provisions etc.

Among the concessions obtained by Singapore from NewZealand were: access to electrical and electronic equipmentwithout further testing; elimination of tariffs onpetrochemicals, electrical and machinery products; investmentfacilitation etc. On the other hand, there were deferrals –wishes made by each side which were not granted by theother.31 This illustrates that negotiations involve give and take


to arrive at an agreement. Underlying any agreement arecompromises, adjustments and deferrals made during theprocess of negotiation.

5. Legitimation: The negotiation phase ends when thenegotiators have agreed on a text. But for the formal adoptionof an agreement it has to be accepted politically.

However, legitimation can be explained through a two-stage game.32 Democratic governments striving to reachinternational agreements have to negotiate with leaders ofdomestic political parties and interest groups as well as withtheir foreign counterparts. Therefore, the acceptance of anagreement can only be achieved if there is broad consensus inthe stands taken by foreign counterparts and domestic leaders.It is in this way that citizens in a democracy get to influencethe content of the agreement.

In the case of the New Zealand-Singapore agreement thelegitimation phase began when the New Zealand governmentendorsed the text of the CEP Agreement on August 23, 2000.The Cabinet then released a briefing paper, National InterestAnalysis and a cost-benefit assessment to the Parliament andpublic.

As the second step in the legitimation process the CEPAgreement was submitted to the Parliament where it wasdebated. It was then referred to the Select Committee onForeign Affairs, Defence and Trade, which, in turn, invitedwritten submissions from the public. The Committee alsoconducted oral hearings of its members and conveyed to theParliament that a majority of its members had endorsed theagreement. On the basis of the endorsement, the Parliamentconducted a debate and then voted 89 to 30 to take notice ofthe recommendations of the Select Committee’s report on theagreement.33


With the completion of this step in the legitimation phase,the New Zealand Cabinet approved the draft agreement. Then,a week later, on November 14, 2004, New Zealand andSingapore signed the CEP agreement.

6. Ratification: The facilitation of the agreement requiredcertain legislative changes which were introduced to theParliament in the form of the CEP Bill. Since only the requiredlegislative changes constituted the bill and not the surroundingclauses of the agreement it seemed quite harmless. There werethree statutes and a regulation as follows:

• amendment of Tariff Act to eliminate all tariffs onimports from Singapore

• raising of the threshold for legitimacy of anti-dumpingclaims from two to five percent

• waiving of the residency requirement for Singaporeengineers

• legal change to lower the content requirement for animport to be classified as belonging to Singapore

Given the harmless nature of the bill, it was easily passed.Though the above discussion provides the stage-wisedescription of the ideal negotiation process, yet there areaspects to negotiations like human capital formation,preparedness etc. that cannot be captured through suchdescription of stages.34

Below are the lessons which can be taken from theexperiences of different countries/regions:

Lessons from Country/Regional ExperiencesThe ASEAN Experience

• The most important lesson from the Association ofSoutheast Asian Nations (ASEAN) experience is forleaderships to give primacy to economic issues and not


allow political differences to stand in the way of regionalcooperation.

• It is necessary that negotiators have a positive attitudetowards greater openness especially in situations wheretrading relations among neighbours are not welldeveloped. In the case of ASEAN countries, largenegative lists, limited number of concessional tariff lines,restrictive RoO, exclusion of services, non-tariff barriers(NTBs) etc., changed in favour of greater opennessbecause of the cooperative attitude of negotiators on allsides. This happened despite great differences ingovernance structures and outlooks.

Lessons from Singapore’s ExperienceSingapore is at present involved in signing or negotiating a

number of FTAs/PTAs with a large number of countries, bothdeveloping and developed. It has been successful in negotiatingagreements and thus its experience is of immense value toIndia.

The International Affairs Division of Singapore came upwith a strategy for the negotiation process in 2007 which hasthe following components:

• The delegation will be led by a Chief Negotiator withteams in charge of specific areas of the FTA

• During the negotiations, two or three or even more ofthese teams may be meeting their counterpartsconcurrently in parallel sessions

• The Attorney-General’s Chambers will assign one ortwo legal officers to the Singapore delegation negotiatingeach FTA

• The legal officers assigned will not only be providingadvice and assistance to a particular negotiating teambut will also head the team in charge of negotiating thegeneral, institutional and dispute settlement chapters ofthe FTAs35


These lessons are valid for any FTA negotiation process.Five pointers which legal officers should bear in mind include:

• Get into the details: Since a typical FTA covers such awide range of issues, mastering technical details is adaunting task for any legal officer which one mustnevertheless endeavour to do.

• Build relationships: The building of good workingrelationships with your negotiating counterparts is veryimportant because most FTA negotiations span manyrounds and many months and one often has to deal withcounterparts repeatedly. Good working relationshipslead to a higher degree of trust among the individualsinvolved which in turn, facilitates the negotiationprocess.

• Be flexible: Sometimes clauses which are standard inother FTAs might not work for a particular FTA undernegotiation in terms of catering to the interests of thedomestic stakeholder groups of a country as well as itsnegotiating partner country.

• Watch out for precedents set: While there is a need tobe flexible about the texts of FTA provisions, one mustalso realise that what one agreed to give to one FTApartner would be difficult to refuse to another tradingpartner in a subsequent FTA negotiation.

• Manage the documentation: The better the maintenanceof records of the previous rounds, the easier it will befor the new legal officers to handle subsequentnegotiations.

Thus, the above directives lay a lot of stress on specialisationand mastery of details and at the same time flexibility andpositive thinking.


The South African Experience with the TradeDevelopment and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA)Negotiated with the EU

This agreement has been in force since 2000 and offersvaluable lessons for other developing countries. From a studyof the South African experience, it is apparent that the successof negotiations depends upon sufficient and informed politicalsupport.36

The political momentum led to defining of objectives fornegotiations as a part of the national development strategywhich was based on sound political backing, and theestablishment of comprehensive coordination mechanisms forthe conduct of negotiations. This ensured that negotiationswere not only given an important place in the developmentstrategy of South Africa but were supported by informationand human capital through a variety of mechanisms whichensured that the objectives of the development strategy wereindeed met.37

4Cost and BenefitAnalysis of PTAs

Though India has recently been engaging in various PTAsat bilateral and regional level, yet compared to other

countries, India’s involvement in PTAs has been rather modest.A large share of its trade occurs through the multilateralchannels indicating that trade through multilateral channelsmay be the best option for India despite the surge in PTAs inrecent years.38

Nevertheless, PTAs may offer various benefits beyondeconomic ones, such as, deep political, diplomatic ties as wellas peace dividends. In any case economic gains still hold centreplace among many PTAs as indicated by the inclusion ofvarious schemes to protect certain sectors.

Among the few PTAs that India has been engaged in, thissection looks at some selected ones, namely, South Asia FreeTrade Agreement (SAFTA), ISLFTA, India-Singapore CECA,India-ASEAN FTA, India-Malaysia CECA, and India-MERCOSUR PTA, to analyse the costs and benefits of suchengagement for India. A large share of India’s trade is withcountries with which it does not have a preferential tradingagreement.


In 2009-10, the combined share of MERCOSUR, SAFTAand Singapore in India’s exports stood at 10.5 percent, upfrom 6.33 percent in 1999-00, while the corresponding sharein India’s imports was only 4.2 percent declined from 4.5percent over the decade. On the contrary, the export andimport shares of its major partners, EU (27), US, ASEAN andChina were 47.72 and 38.8 percent respectively in 2009-10(Tables 2 and 4).39

While accurate measurements of cost and benefit fromPTAs are difficult due to a range of factors and criss-crossingoverlaps of bilateral, regional and plurilateral PTAs, a fairdiagnosis can be made through examination of some keyindicators as well as the gravity trade model. Key indicatorslike Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) index, Trade ComplementarityIndex (TCI) and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)index have also been calculated for the same.

Further, two key export sectors of India – textiles &clothing (T&C) and the spice sector – are studied to understandhow PTAs have affected them. Moreover, the treatment ofsome important issues like intellectual property rights, tradeand environment, trade and social standards, competitionpolicy, trade facilitation, and government procurement in acountry’s PTAs have also been discussed.

India’s Engagement with PTAsSouth Asian Free Trade Agreement

SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) wasinitiated by the SAARC member countries in 1993 (andoperationalised in 1995) to promote trade liberalisation on apreferential basis. During the 12th SAARC Summit inIslamabad in 2004, SAFTA was signed with the aim ofenhancing mutual trade and cooperation. SAFTA came intoeffect from January 01, 2006 and Afghanistan joined in as theeighth member in 2008.


Exports from India to SAFTA were recorded atUS$8391mn during 2009-10 while imports were US$1657.4mn(Tables 1 and 3). Average annual growth rates for Indianexports and imports to SAFTA during 1999-00 and 2009-10were 21 and 17 percent respectively.40

SAFTA accounts for only about 4.69 percent of India’sexports and a meagre 0.6 percent of its total imports.41 WithinSAFTA in the year 2009-10, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistanand Nepal account for 29, 26, 19 and 18 percent respectivelyof India’s exports while their shares in Indian imports fromSAFTA are 15, 24, 17 and 27 percent respectively. India hasseparate bilateral trading agreements with all these countriesexcept Pakistan.

Bangladesh: Considering that Bangladesh has not offeredany substantial tariff and non-tariff concessions to Indianexports, there remains a large potential for Indian exports topenetrate the Bangladeshi market.

India’s top three exports to Bangladesh include cotton,edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers and vehiclesother than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts andaccessories thereof. Bangladesh has global comparativeadvantage in the following sectors: Vegetable textile fibresnes, paper yarn, woven fabric (114.01); Articles of apparel,accessories, knit or crochet (39.04); Articles of apparel,accessories, not knit or crochet (32.80) (Table 11). There ismoderate trade complementarity between India and Bangladeshas reflected from the TCI calculations which stands at 48percent (Table 16).

Nepal: The exports basket to Nepal is changing over theyears from Mineral fuels, oils and distillation products makeup which constituted 35 percent of India’s exports to Nepalin the year 2007 excluding petroleum products, rice is the


country’s top export product to Nepal followed by cementsand medicines. Under the Indo-Nepal treaty of trade, Nepalesemanufactured goods receive duty free non-reciprocal accessto India’s markets subject to RoO.42

Considering that carpets, particularly woollen carpets areNepal’s top most exports, and India also has a comparativeadvantage in this sector, Nepal has imposed an ad valoremtariff equivalent of 24.7 percent. However, Nepal is losing itscompetitive edge in this sector due to its own internal supplyconstraints, while India has managed to increase carpet andtextile floor covering exports to the rest of the world at anannual growth rate of 11 percent over 2001-2010. Moreover,Indian carpet and textile floor covering exports to Nepal haveexperienced a robust annual average growth rate of 349percent during 2001-2009.

India’s top three exports to Nepal include mineral fuels,mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminoussubstances; mineral waxes, iron and steel, salt; sulphur; earthsand stone; plastering materials, lime and cement while animal/vegetable fats are India’s major import from Nepal. Nepal hasglobal comparative advantage in the following sectors Vegetableplaiting materials, vegetable products nes (362.21); Carpetsand other textile floor coverings (79.13); Vegetable textilefibres nes, paper yarn, woven fabric (46.98) in 2010 (Table13). There is high trade complementarity between India andNepal as reflected from the TCI calculations which stands at65 percent (Table 16) in 2010.

Pakistan: Trade between India and Pakistan remains modestdespite large potential for trade and investment cooperation.43

Export structures of the two countries are quite similar as thetop ten sectors in each of these countries in terms ofcomparative advantages. Another indicator of further tradeand integration potential is the relatively high intra-industry


trades between India and Pakistan vis-à-vis other South Asiancountries. This implies that although the two countries havecomparative advantages in similar industries, they havemanaged to diversify and specialise in differentiated productswithin those industries. India’s exports to Pakistan haveincreased from US$93mn in 1999-00 to US$1573mn in 2009-10 at an average annual rate of 40 percent. On the other hand,India’s imports from Pakistan have risen from US$68.2mn toUS$370.17mn in 2008-09 and which declined to US$275.94mnduring the same period at a growth rate of 22 percent.

India’s top three exports to Pakistan include organicchemicals; cotton; and man-made filaments, however,Pakistan’s top three exports to India are salt; sulphur; earthsand stone; plastering materials, lime and cement; edible fruits,nuts, peel of citrus fruit, and melons; and cotton. Pakistan hasglobal comparative advantage in the following sectors such asCotton (51.21); other made textile articles, sets, worn clothingetc. (45.90); Cereals (19.61) in 2010 (Table 13). There ismoderate trade complementarity between India and Pakistanas reflected from the TCI calculations which stands at 65percent (Table 16) in 2010.

Maldives: India’s top three exports to Maldives includeCereals, salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials,lime and cement and pharmaceutical products while, Maldives’top three exports to India are Iron and steel, Copper andarticles thereof, and Aluminium & articles thereof. Maldiveshas global comparative advantage in the following sectors suchas Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic invertebrates nes(128.42); Meat, fish and seafood food preparations nes (26.31);Residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder (1.79) in2010 (Table 13). There is perfect trade complementaritybetween India and Maldives as reflected from the TCIcalculations which stands at 100 percent (Table 16) in 2010.


Due to India’s dominant position in the region, trade withalmost all of its partners has been lop-sided with India beingthe major trading partner for most of them. The high growthand shares of Indian exports in the imports of partners indicatesthat India has benefited from the export expansion of itsneighbours. Some of this Indian export expansion can beattributed to falling tariffs in partner countries – the resultwas trade diversion i.e. Indian goods replacing lower costproducts from non-SAFTA members.

India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISLFTA)The ISLFTA was signed in 1998 and operationalised in

March 2000. This FTA is based on ‘less than full reciprocity’as Sri Lanka has been given a larger share of concessions interms of the negative list and RoO along with a longer timeframe for tariff reduction. Owing to Sri Lanka’s already lowexisting tariffs and the generous concessions offered by India,Sri Lankan exporters appear to have benefited considerablymore than Indian exporters from this FTA. Although Indiahas managed to choose its negative list quite strategically, onesector which has experienced detrimental effects from ISLFTAis spices, which Sri Lanka pushed for removal from India’ssensitive list.

Following the FTA, Sri Lanka’s exports to India haveincreased substantially from pre-existing negligible levels.India’s exports to Sri Lanka have gone up from US$499mn toUS$2188mn during 1999-00 to 2009-10 registering an averageannual growth rate of 18 percent. Likewise, imports to Indiahave increased from US$44.2mn to US$392.2mn during thesame period, recording an annual average growth rate of 33percent. At present, India enjoys a trade surplus with Sri Lanka.However, in 2001, India’s average applied MFN tariff onmanufactured goods equalled 31.7 percent compared to 8percent for Sri Lanka.44


India’s top three exports to Sri Lanka include Mineral fuels,mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminoussubstances; mineral waxes; Vehicles other than railway ortramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof;Cotton while, Sri Lanka’s top three exports to India are Coffee,tea, mate and spices; Residues and waste from the foodindustries; prepared animal fodder; Rubber and articlesthereof. Sri Lanka has global comparative advantage in thefollowing sectors such as Coffee, tea, mate and spices (74.82);Vegetable textile fibres nes, paper yarn, woven fabric (51.64);Vegetable plaiting materials, vegetable products nes (21.86)in 2010 (Table 14).

There is high trade complementarity between India and SriLanka as reflected from the TCI calculations which stands at63 percent (Table 16) in 2009. The IIT index between Indiaand Singapore reveals that the intra-industry trade is the highestin Products of residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder;Ships, boats and other floating structures; and Special wovenor tufted fabric, lace, tapestry etc. (Table 21) in 2009.

India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic CooperationAgreement (CECA) and India-ASEAN FTA

India’s first ever CECA agreement was signed withSingapore on June 29, 2005 and became operational fromAugust 01, 2005. In addition to a FTA in goods, the CECAhave three more components: trade in services, arrangementfor investment flows and an agreement for avoiding doubletaxation. A RoO clause with 40 percent local contentrequirement and change of classification at the 4-digit HS levelis also included. Moreover, there are detailed product specificrules for a long list of items.

Due to pre-existing zero MFN tariffs applied by Singapore,Indian exports to the Singapore market have not recorded asurge while imports from Singapore have increased three folds


since CECA enforcement. Exports from India to Singaporehave increased from US$4,001mn to US$7,592.17mn whileimports have gone up from US$2,651mn to US$6454.57mnover 2004-05 to 2009-10. In 2009-10, Indian exports toSingapore as a share of total Indian exports stand at 4.25percent while the corresponding import share is 2.2 percent,which is larger than its import shares vis-à-vis SAFTA andMERCOSUR.45

Singapore has increased its exports of high end electronicproducts to India, while India’s exports to Singapore areconcentrated in petroleum oils (HS 2710) which account for37.4 percent of total Indian exports to the country. Petroleumoil exports by Singapore also account for about 23.1 percentof its exports to India, while nuclear reactors, boilers,machinery, etc.; and electronic products make up 17.18 and17.86 percent respectively.

Singapore is currently the second largest foreign directinvestor in India with cumulative investment flows reachingUS$7934mn during April 2000 to April 2009.46 This was thefirst time India had entered into a bilateral agreement inservices. As a result, Singapore now has increased presence inthe construction, communication, business services, insuranceand banking sectors of India.

India’s top three exports to Singapore include Mineral fuels,mineral oils and products of their distillation, bituminoussubstances, mineral waxes; ships, boats and floating structures;and miscellaneous goods, while, Singapore top three exportsto India are Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of theirdistillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes; electricalmachinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recordersand reproducers, television image and sound recorders andreproducers, and parts, nuclear reactors, boilers, machineryand mechanical appliances, parts thereof.


Singapore has global comparative advantage in the followingsectors such Commodities not elsewhere specified (4.51), Tinand articles thereof (4.37), Electrical, electronic equipment(2.66) in 2010 (Table 14). There is moderate tradecomplementarity between India and Singapore as reflected fromthe TCI calculations which stands at 50 percent (Table 9.1) in2010. The IIT index between India and Singapore reveals thatthe intra-industry trade is the highest in Products of Umbrellas,walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, etc., Articles of iron or steeland Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement (Table21) in 2009.

India-ASEAN FTA was signed in 2009. It is supposedlyone of the most comprehensive FTAs negotiated by India inrecent times. India’s top three exports to ASEAN includecotton, mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of theirdistillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes, ships, boatsand floating structures, and miscellaneous goods.

India top three imports from ASEAN are mineral fuels,mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminoussubstances; mineral waxes; animal or vegetable fats and oilsand their cleavage products, pre edible fats, animal or vegetablewaxes; and electrical machinery and equipment and partsthereof, sound recorders and reproducers, television imageand sound recorders and reproducers, and parts. There ismoderate trade complementarity between India and ASEANas reflected from the TCI calculations of ASEAN countries.

The IIT index between India and ASEAN reveals that theintra-industry trade is the highest in Products of animal origin,nes, Headgear and parts thereof and Articles of iron or steel(Table 21) in 2009.

India-MERCOSUR PTAIndia signed PTA with MERCOSUR on January 25, 2004.

This was to be ratified in July 2007. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay


and Uruguay are the founder members while Venezuela joinedlater. Unlike other PTAs, this was based on an offer list withreciprocal fixed tariff preferences. MERCOSUR will providepreferential access to 452 items while getting Indian marketaccess to 450 products in return.47 RoO, safeguard measuresand dispute settlement clauses are included in the agreement.

At the outset, a PTA with MERCOSUR potentially offersIndia market access to a region with a combined estimatedGDP of US$1tn and a population of about 200 million. Despitethe large markets of the two regions and dynamic growth rates,India’s export to MERCOSUR as a share of total Indianexports is only 0.63 and 1.55 percent respectively while thecorresponding import share is 1.4 percent during 1999-00 and2009-10.48

Over the last ten years (1999-00 to 2009-10), Indian exportsto MERCOSUR have increased from US$231mn toUS$2770mn while imports from MERCOSUR have gone fromUS$680.6mn to US$4131.4mn. Thus, at present India has atrade surplus with MERCOSUR. Not surprisingly, among theMERCOSUR countries, Brazil and Argentina account for 87and 10 percent of India’s exports to MERCOSUR respectively.

Likewise, 83 and 16 percent of India’s imports fromMERCOSUR originated from Brazil and Argentinarespectively in the above mentioned period. Since India’s MFNapplied tariffs are higher than those of MERCOSUR countries,exports from the region to India may possibly increase in somesectors.

India’s top three exports to MERCOSUR include mineralfuels, oils, distillation products, etc; organic chemicals;miscellaneous chemical products, While India top threeimports from MERCOSUR are mineral fuels, oils, distillationproducts, etc; sugars and sugar confectionery; animal, vegetablefats and oils, cleavage products, etc.


There is moderate to high trade complementarity betweenIndia and MERCOSUR as reflected from the TCI calculationswhich stands at 61 percent (Tables 15 and 16) in 2010. TheIIT index between India and MERCOSUR reveals that theintra-industry trade is the highest in products of cork andarticles of cork; explosives, pyrotechnics, matches, pyrophoric,etc. optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. apparatus (Table21) in 2009.

India and other BRICS countriesAn analysis of India and other BRICS countries reveals that

there exists potential for cooperation and deeper engagementamong the BRICS countries also.

Brazil: India’s top three exports to Brazil include mineralfuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation, bituminous;organic chemicals; electrical machinery and equipment andparts thereof, sound recorders and reproducers, televisionimage and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts, WhileIndia top three imports from Brazil are mineral fuels, mineraloils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances;mineral waxes; sugars and sugar confectionery; and iron andsteel. The trade complementarity between India and Brazil asreflected from the TCI calculations stands at 93 percent (Table15) in 2010. The IIT index between India and Brazil revealsthat the intra-industry trade is the highest in products ofinorganic chemicals, precious metal compound, isotopes,rubber and articles thereof and printed books, newspapers,pictures etc. (Table 20) in 2009.

Russia: India’s top three exports to Russia includepharmaceutical products; coffee, tea, mate and spices;miscellaneous edible preparations, While India top threeimports from Russia are fertilisers; mineral fuels, mineral oils


and products of their distillation, bituminous substances,mineral waxes and iron and steel. There is moderate tradecomplementarity between India and Russia as reflected fromthe TCI calculations which stands at 50 percent (Table 15) in2010. The IIT index between India and Russia reveals thatthe intra-industry trade is the highest in products of soaps,lubricants, waxes, candles, modelling pastes; Electrical,electronic equipment and miscellaneous chemical products(Table 20) in 2009.

China: India’s top three exports to China include ores, slagand ash; cotton; copper and articles thereof, While India topthree imports from China are electrical machinery andequipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers,television image and sound recorders and reproducers, andparts; nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanicalappliances; parts thereof; organic chemicals. There is moderatetrade complementarity between India and China as reflectedfrom the TCI calculations which stands at 50 percent (Table15) in 2010. The IIT index between India and China revealsthat the intra-industry trade is the highest in Products ofaircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof; cocoa and cocoapreparations; products of animal origin, nes (Table 20) in 2009.

South Africa: India’s top three exports to South Africainclude mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of theirdistillation; bituminous substances, mineral waxes; vehiclesother than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts andaccessories thereof and pharmaceutical products. India topthree imports from South Africa are natural or cultured pearls,precious or semiprecious stones, preview metals, clad withprecious metal and articles thereof, imitation jewellery, coin;mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation;bituminous substances; mineral waxes; ores, slag and ash.


There is moderate trade complementarity between India andSouth Africa as reflected from the TCI calculations whichstands at 50 percent (Table 15) in 2010. The IIT index betweenIndia and South Africa reveals that the intra-industry trade isthe highest in salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime andcement; copper and articles thereof and cocoa and cocoapreparations (Table 20) in 2009.

Trade Creation and Diversion of India’s PTAsUsing an augmented gravity trade model with bilateral trade

flows between India and 166 trading partners over the 2000-2010 time periods, the trade creation and diversion effects ofIndia’s PTAs has been seen.49 However, it should be notedthat such trade creation and diversion effects of PTAs cannotbe related to welfare effects directly and many studies thathave looked at these effects have been inconclusive or haveproduced conflicting predictions depending on country andtime period coverage and model use. Nevertheless, the gravitymodel has become popular in studying the impact of RTAs/PTAs on trade flows, especially after the establishment oftheoretical foundations for using it.50

In the equations used in the study, Xij is exports fromcountry i to country j. Mij is imports from country i to countryj. GDPj is GDP of country j at constant US$2000. POPj ispopulation of country j. As India is the common trading partnerfor each country in the sample, we do not include GDP andpopulation figures for India. Dist. is the geographical distancebetween the trading partners i and j. The equation has beenaugmented using dummy variables. Comlang means commonlanguage; if the two countries share a common language, assign1 otherwise 0. Contig. means contiguity; if the two countriesshare a common border, assign 1 otherwise 0. Comcol meanscommon colony; if the two countries have been colony of thesame coloniser, assign 1 otherwise 0. Smctry means same


country; if the two countries were the same country in thepast, assign 1 otherwise 0. eij is the error term.

For analysis, only the PTAs where India has membership,namely SAFTA, BIMSTEC, MERCOSUR, Indo-Sri Lanka andASEAN FTA and Indo-Singapore CECA, have been includedas PTA dummies. In equation 1, PTA dummies take the value1 if country j is also a member of the PTA along with India. Apositive coefficient of the PTAs indicates trade creation. Itmeasures the impact on India’s exports to country j of countryj being a member of the PTA. Therefore, the as abovementioned, six PTA dummies have been included in theequation.

In the bilateral imports equation 2, all these six PTAdummies have been taken and have been assigned 1 only ifIndia is a member of that PTA and 0 if both India and countryj are members of that PTA. This variable looks at the impacton Indian imports from country j of the partner country j(exporter) not being a PTA member. A negative coefficient ofthe PTA dummies implies that exports from country j to Indiaget reduced because of its non-member status, that is, tradediversion.

According to this model, bilateral trade flows between twocountries are enhanced by their economic sizes (GDP) andpopulations (Pop.) but reduced by geographical distance (Dist.).Additional variables like sharing of a common language(comlang.), contiguity (contig.), common colony (comcol.), andhistorically been one country (smctry) membership in PTAsare also included in the model to control for trade impediments.An augmented gravity model somewhat similar to that ofSoloaga and Winters (2001) and Srinivasan and Archana (2008)has been used to investigate the impact of PTAs on India’sbilateral trade flows (details in Tables 17-19 of Appendix).

The results from empirical exercise imply that larger GDPand population of India’s trading partner have a significant


positive impact on bilateral trade flows while greatergeographical distance reduces trade. It shows good amount oftrade creation in terms of India-Singapore CECA and also lowtrade creation for SAFTA, BIMSTEC and very less in case ofMERCOSUR. Sharing a common border with a tradingpartner, however, does not appear to impact India’s tradeflows. This is unusual as the border effect on trade flows ispositive and significant in most gravity model estimations. Thedeviant result for India further confirms that it has not beenable to convert geographical proximity into an advantage fortrading with SAFTA members relative to its other tradingpartners. Even the smctry variable has negatively impactedwhich is obvious considering the low intra-regional trade inSouth Asia.

However, ISLFTA and India-ASEAN largely reflects lackof trade creation, though some previous studies have shownthat ISLFTA creates trade. There is some difference in resultspertaining to trade creation from PTAs depending upon thetype of estimation procedure, and the differences owing tothe country and time period coverage of the data used foranalysis.

OLS estimations for the imports flow in equation 2 showssignificant negative coefficients on the PTA variables for Indo-Singapore CECA implying trade diversion. In other words,for countries which are not a part of the above two PTAs,there has been a reduction in their exports to India.

These results are in line with the analysis using other keytrade related indicators, which implies that almost all of India’sPTA partner countries (except Singapore) have similar exportstructures, and exhibit low intra-industry trade and relativelylow degree of trade complementarity with India, all pointingtowards low potential for growth of trade in goods.


Impact on Key SectorsIn this section two key sensitive sectors of India have been

examined to infer the sector specific impacts of PTAs. Indiahas undertaken substantial tariff liberalisation for itsmanufactured goods: average MFN applied tariffs have fallenfrom 31.6 percent in 2001 to close to 9.3 percent in 2008implying that its domestic manufactured goods market is quitecompetitive. However, such tariff reduction schemes havebypassed agriculture, livestock, processed food, T&C sectors.India’s SAFTA partners also have comparative advantage insome of these sectors. Most of them have maintained asensitive items list much longer than the one put forward byIndia.

Although the sensitive list maintained towards non-LDCsis required to be different from those facing LDCs, not allmembers have enforced it. For example, India’s sensitive listcontains 865 and 744 products for non-LDCs and LDCsrespectively while Sri Lanka has maintained 1079 productsfor both groups. However, a closer look at the specific itemsindicates that India has been quite strategic in choosingproducts for this list. The sensitive list is dominated by twoproduct groups that hold major importance for its SAFTApartners, namely vegetable products, accounting for 20.2percent of the sensitive list items, and textiles and clothingproducts, making up 34.2 percent.51

The products in the sensitive list maintained by India makeup a relatively bigger portion of a typical partner’s top tenRCA sectors compared to its sensitive list’s share in India’stop ten RCA sectors. In the case of Sri Lanka, the sensitivelist maintained by India is longer in SAFTA compared to theone maintained in the India-Sri Lanka FTA.52 Such a strategicapproach in the selection of sensitive items has certainly helpedIndia protect some of its industries from export competition.


India-Singapore CECA has the shortest time line for tariffreduction, but since India is undertaking this unilaterally, theremay not be much scope for gains for India purely in terms oftrade in goods. Recently, India has decided to provide additionalconcessions on 539 products (8 digit HS code), mostly basemetal, machinery and mechanical appliances, chemicals, plasticand rubber articles and textiles. Tariff elimination will beundertaken for 307 items in five phases from January 15, 2008to December 01, 2011 with 97 products slated for duty freestatus by 2015.

SAFTA, with the longest time frame for tariff reduction,offers no substantial benefits for India in the near future. TheIndia-MERCOSUR PTA has a fixed offer list of very limitedproducts with no arrangements for future tariff reduction orelimination.

Moreover, India-MERCOSUR PTA has the most restrictiverules of origin with a 60 percent domestic value addedrequirement while ISLFTA requires only 35 percent domesticvalue added with a change in tariff heading. However, due tolax product specific rules within RoO under ISLFTA, Europeanand Chinese products have made their way into India afterundergoing minor modifications or re-packaging.53

Both SAFTA and Indo-Singapore FTA have provisions for40 percent value added with change in classification; however,the safeguard measures and product specific rules under theIndo-Singapore CECA are much more detailed in scope, withthe objective of ensuring that only goods actually produced inthe two countries benefit from the agreement.

Textiles & Clothing SectorOne of the common features of South Asian economies is

their comparative advantage in the labour intensive readymadegarment (RMG) sector. India’s exports in the T&C sectors(HS lines 50-63) for 2009-10 were US$23.49bn accounting


for 13.14 percent of its total exports. According to IndianTextile Journal report, India’s share in world clothing exportsfell from 2.63 percent to 2.55 percent over the MFA phaseout period of 1996-2004, while the country’s share in worldtextile imports increased from 2.91 to 3.58 percent duringthe same period.54

Over the recent years, countries like Bangladesh havesuccessfully specialised in this sector thereby penetratinglarger overseas markets, while Nepal has lost its competitiveedge due to its inefficient production systems. India still has acompetitive domestic RMG sector; however, the country’sstrength lies in relatively more capital intensive textilemanufacturing. At present, only India and Pakistan from SouthAsia have a competitive export-oriented textile industry.

The RMG sector also comes under the top ten RCA sectorsfor Sri Lanka. As mentioned above, the T&C sector is notcovered by India’s tariff liberalisation scheme. A long list ofproducts from this sector have made their way into India’ssensitive list and high specific tariffs have been also introducedin addition to ad valorem tariffs to protect producers in thissector. About 41 percent of the T&C tariff lines (HS chapters50-63) face specific duties and the system is designed to restrictRMG imports from developing countries.

In 2009, about 19 percent internal tariffs were imposed byIndia on duty-free RMG from Bangladesh.55 Due to thesehidden barriers, out of 3.65 million duty-free quota certificatesapplied for by Bangladeshi exporters in 2008, only 50 percentwas successfully processed as high internal duties discouragedIndian importers. Although these internal tariffs are notdiscriminatory as these are applied to domestic goods as well,they do lead to increased transaction costs and unnecessarydelay in movement of consignments.

Bangladesh’s RMG sector has recorded unprecedentedgrowth in other markets while with regard to India; its RMG


export performance has been nominal. Although preferentialrates on both ad valorem and specific duties have been extendedto Bangladesh in addition to an annual export quota of 8 millionpieces, Bangladesh has not been able to increase its RMGexports to India partially due to the fact it may be lesscompetitive vis-à-vis India’s RMG sector.56 Poor facilitationat the Indo-Bangladesh Land Customs Station is also a crucialfactor impeding RMG exports to India.

Sri Lanka has a large garment export sector but its garmentexports to India are negligible. Garments have been givenpreferential market access of 50 percent for 8 million piecesper year while textiles have been granted a preferential marginof 25 percent with no quantitative restrictions. It should benoted that in the granted quota of 8 million pieces, at least 2million pieces are required to have Indian fabric content.

India also faces various impediments from its SAFTApartners in this sector. For example, Bangladesh had imposeda ban on textile fabric imports for domestic use, therebyadversely affecting India’s textile exports into the country.Although this ban has been eliminated since 2005, the sectoris still protected by high tariffs. Moreover, textile yarn importsfrom India can only enter Bangladesh through its sea ports.

Such measures have been taken to curb trade throughinformal channels, but there is no saying that such NTBs donot impact regular trade flows. Moreover, such portrestrictions not only increase informal trade but could also bea breeding ground for bribes to customs officials at the borders.

To sum up, despite India’s provision of concessions andpreferential market access to South Asian RMG producers,they have not been able to increase RMG exports to India.There are two reasons for this. One, the Indian RMG sectoris quite competitive relative to this sector in its neighbouringcountries. Not only does it have easy access to domestic fabricand textiles but the sector is far more diversified than RMG


sectors in its neighbouring countries. Second, various hiddenduties, port restrictions and many NTBs have made RMGexports from neighbours uncompetitive.

SpicesIndia is one of the largest consumers and producers of

spices in the world. According to the Spice Board of India,total exports in spices (pepper, cardamoms, chilli, ginger,turmeric, coriander, cumin, celery, fennel, fenugreek, otherseeds, garlic, nutmeg & mace, vanilla, curry powder, mintproducts, oils & oleoresins and other spices) stood atUS$1502.85mn in 2010-11, up from US$1173.75mn in 2009-10. In terms of volume, India’s share in world spice trade is48 percent while in terms of value this figure is 44 percent.

Sri Lanka is another major global player in the spice industryand has received duty free treatment for the same from Indiaunder the Indo-Sri Lanka FTA. Following the exemption ofspices from the sensitive list in the ISLFTA, India’s existingtrade deficit in pepper took a significant jump. In 1999, a yearprior to the enforcement of the ISLFTA, India exportedUS$69,025 worth of pepper (HS 090411) to Sri Lanka. By2005, pepper exports declined to US$9,203 while imports keptrising. In addition to pepper originating from Sri Lanka, thirdcountry pepper also made its way into the Indian market viaSri Lanka.

During the same time period, Vietnamese pepper displacedIndian pepper from a large portion of the US market, whileunfavourable weather conditions at home adversely affecteddomestic production. All these factors depressed pepper pricesand generated a lot of hue and cry among pepper producers inKerala. Kerala contributes to 92 percent of pepper exports,74 percent of cardamom and 63 percent of ginger exportsamong others, making up 67.5 percent of total national spiceexport.57


Although not entirely responsible for bringing distress inthe pepper industry, the ISLFTA did have an impact. Hence,in 2006, the India Pepper Spice Trade Association put forth ademand for a quota restriction on Sri Lankan pepper imports.58

The Government of India responded favourably by placing anannual import cap of 2,500 tonnes on Sri Lankan pepper aswell as designating only one port, i.e. Kochi, for such importsin order to monitor quantity and quality of pepper imports.59

India also has substantial trade deficits with Sri Lanka incinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers (HS 0906) nutmeg, maceand cardamoms (HS 0908) and cloves (HS 0907).

Some other spices that have experienced a decrease inproduction are pepper, cardamom, fenugreek, saffron andcelery; however, the rates of decrease have been fairly modestwhen compared to that in cloves and cinnamon. India has zeroexports in cloves while recently cinnamon exports to Sri Lankastood at a mere US$1,000. On the other hand, India importedUS$1.1mn and US$7.3mn worth of cinnamon and cloves fromSri Lanka. Change in weather conditions with extended dryspells is also cited as a major reason for the decline inproduction of some spices like cardamom and pepper.

Other spices, namely, chilli, ginger, turmeric, coriander,fennel, cumin, vanilla, garlic, dill seed and ajwan have seen anincrease in production. Also certain spices have lost theircompetitive edge adversely affecting livelihoods of Indian spicefarmers. But the fact that others enjoy a trade surplus despiteduty-free access to Sri Lankan spices is an indicator that Indiais still competitive in those products.

Services and Investment in PTAsIndia has focused on deregulation of services sectors. The

telecommunication sector has been opened up to competition.Several other services including the knowledge-based sectorslike IT and ITES sectors have been able to make up a mark


and contribute favourably to the success story of the Indianservices sector. The increase in such knowledge knowledge-based sectors including BPO, LPO, business process re-engineering and others have provided robust growth to theeconomy. This has been possible owing to the series oftechnological advances and availability of low-cost and skilledmanpower with competence in English language.

India has made services commitments in the WTO UruguayRound, and has made partial commitments in 42 subsectors,across six of the 12 major services groupings (business,communications, construction, financial, health and tourism)in the Service Sectoral Classification List. India opened up itsservices sectors and this is reflected in its Offer at the WTOwherein it has offered 11 out of 12 services sectors as per theServices Sectoral classification of the WTO.60

A majority of PTAs have only included provisions for tradein goods while trade in services, investment flows andcooperation in other spheres have been left out of most tradeagreements. Given India’s success in knowledge intensivesectors like information technology and the growing share ofthe service sector in its GDP, including service trade is likelyto greatly enhance economic gains from PTAs. SAFTA, India-ASEAN and India-MERCOSUR are largely goods-based PTAswhile the above mentioned issues are included in ISLFTA andIndo-Singapore CECA to certain degrees.

In terms of investments, before 1991, the amount of FDIflow in and out of India was not very significant. While theamount of FDI in India has been US$252mn in 1992, the figurestood at US$40,418mn in 2008.

In order to attract FDI, India has gradually reduced variouscaps on FDI inflow. It has recently formulated a consolidatedFDI policy in 2011 which is expected to facilitate greater FDIinflow. Mauritius, Singapore, US, Japan, Netherlands and UKare the major sources of FDI for India. The Outward FDI


(OFDI) from India is also expanding gradually over the time.While the OFDI figure for India was US$0.35mn in 1993, itincreased to US$14,896.72mn in 2009.61

In 1999, that is, pre-ISLFTA, there were only 18 projectswith Indian investment flows in Sri Lanka with 67.8 percentof such investment taking place in the food, beverage andtobacco sector. By 2006, the number of projects went up to83, with 30 in the service sector soaking up 71.1 percent ofIndian investment flows.62

An increase in goods exports to Sri Lanka under the FTAcontributed towards creating a positive business climate andbusiness confidence of Indian suppliers, thereby motivatingthem to undertake foreign direct investment (FDI) in theregion. Sri Lanka attracts the largest share of outward IndianFDI in the South Asia region with more than 50 percent ofIndian joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries.

Indian FDI in manufacturing is mostly concentrated infabricated metal products, machinery and transport equipmentwhile significant resources are also flowing into Vanaspatiand copper sectors. In the service sector, India’s presence isseen in tourism, information technology, advertising, financialservices, hotels, health services and in retailing and distribution.

India has been able to attract a large number of Sri Lankanstudents in the higher education sector, who view the countryas an inexpensive alternative to western countries. India iskeen on penetrating the Sri Lankan market in a variety ofprofessional services like engineering, architecture, IT,accounting, health etc. Involvement in such service trade willdefinitely be complemented with increased investments. Withgrowing service sectors in both countries, there is much morescope for bilateral investments and service trade under ISLFTA.

With investors and service providers receiving nationaltreatment in each other’s countries, the Indo-Singapore CECAhas been widely successful in attracting inward FDI into India.


Singapore was India’s seventh largest investor during the pre-CECA period, but at present it occupies the second position.63

Being a regional economic hub and holding the top mostrank in Asia with regards to ease of doing businesses, Singaporeis high on competitiveness. sService trade and investments haveextended to sectors like telecommunications, transportation,construction, distribution, health and tourism along withbusiness services and IT. The potential for further cooperationin investment in sectors like infrastructure, food processing,bio-technology, entertainment and tourism has not beenexploited fully.

Another area where Singapore could bring in substantialinvestments and expertise is in developing Special EconomicZones (SEZs) in India, having successfully done the same inChina and Vietnam.64

Treatment of Other Related Areas in PTAsThis part discusses the treatment of some related issues

like intellectual property rights (IPR), trade and environment,trade and social standards, competition policy, tradefacilitation, and government procurement in India’s PTAs.

India has paid due attention to the IPRs and is continuouslystriving to modernise its administrative mechanism to meetdomestic and international standards. The number of patentsbeing filed in India has also shown an increase. For instance,analysis of patenting activity in IT sector in India gives a goodaccount of the intellectual property generation and the amountof innovation and technological innovation taking place.65

Also, latest report reveals that in the 2010-11 financial yearthe total number of applications for patent in India, was 37,000as compared to 34,000 in the preceding year; and, consideringthe success rate of approval that is 75 percent in India, it is asizeable number. It may be noted that in the year 1999-2000,the total patent application were numbered at merely 4,824.


Also the total number of applications for trademarks during2010-11 is 170,000 which have seen an increase from 140,000in the preceding year.66

With one of the most vibrant IP regimes in the world,supported by an integrated legislative and judicial framework,India’s IPR strategy is committed to meet obligations andsafeguard public interest.67

The Annex-II of the SAFTA Agreement identifies areas forTechnical Assistance to Least Developed Contracting Statesunder Article 11 (d) in which it outlines Legislative and policyrelated measures, assistance for improvement of nationalcapacity on IPRs but with little impetus. Also, the India-Singapore CECA mentions IPR in the context of necessity ofboth parties for mutual capacity building in this field.

In the PTAs signed by India, the issues related toenvironment has not been given due impetus and in the matterof social standards, the pragmatic considerations are missingin PTAs already concluded. However, SAFTA does mentioncompetition issues as one of its objective. It seeks to promoteconditions of fair competition in the free trade area, andensuring equitable benefits to all Contracting States, takinginto account their respective levels and pattern of economicdevelopment. Yet, there is no pragmatic consideration to theprocedure to be adopted for such initiatives.

The competition regime in India has evolved substantiallysince the independence days. Article 39 (clauses b and c) ofthe Constitution of India also significantly points out the vitalityof competition policies.68 The first law related to competitionin India was the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices(MRTP) Act, 1969. The Act aimed for prevention ofconcentration of economic power to the common detriment;control of monopolies; prohibition of Monopolistic TradePractices (MTPs); prohibition of Restrictive Trade Practices(RTPs); and, the prohibition of Unfair Trade Practices (UTPs).


Based on the provisions of this the MRTP Commission wasalso constituted in 1984.

In the wake of economic reforms, the MRTP Act wasamended in 1991. Further, in October 1999, considering theglobal developments and the need for a more systemiccompetition regime, the Government of India appointed a HighLevel Committee (HLC) on Competition Policy and Law tosuggest a legislative framework which could either propose anew law or make appropriate amendments to the MRTP Act.The recommendations of the HLC which came in the year2000, paved the way for the Competition Act which was passedby the Parliament in 2002.

The Competition Act, 2002 was subsequently amended bythe Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007; and in accordanceto the provisions of this Amendment Act, the CompetitionCommission of India (CCI) and Competition AppellateTribunal (CAT) has been established. CCI has a Chairpersonand six members. Moreover, the Ministry of Corporate Affairsvide its Notification dated August 28, 2009, repealed theMRTP Act, 1969 and replaced it by the Competition Act,2002 with effect from September 01, 2009.

In terms of trade facilitation, PTAs have largely given dueimpetus to it. For instance, Annex-II of the SAFTA agreementidentifies areas for Technical Assistance to Least DevelopedContracting States under Article 11(d) under which it mentionsabout Customs procedures related measures as: Assistance toimprove institutional, managerial, regulatory and proceduralmatters relating to customs, Assistance for creation ofdatabase, training, post clearance audit for the customsvaluation; and automation of customs administrations, HSNomenclature and issues pertaining to RoO.

In terms of government procurement, the PTAs have notfailed to give it a due consideration. Though, SAFTA in itsArticle 11 mentions the issue of government procurement but


with no practical considerations. It is noteworthy that, in 2010,India attained the status of an observer to the WTO PlurilateralAgreement on Government Procurement.69

As a result, although India can observe negotiations andother proceedings it cannot take part in them with officialsubmissions. However, there can be informal bilateral/plurilateral meetings with other members of that agreement.India has also become an active player in the governmentprocurement market by agreeing to negotiate this subject aspart of the India-Japan FTA and the EU-India FTA.Interestingly, India’s market for government procurement atcentral government level is estimated to be M250bn, and moreand more Indian firms are also bidding for foreign contracts.

5Conclusion and the

Way Forward

1. Negotiations must be couched in a larger processconsisting of: a) identification of economic/tradeproblems; b) identification of a potential partner andpossible subject for negotiation which solves the identifiedeconomic problem; c) firming up of the agenda fornegotiation through the pooling of demands from bothsides and identification of issues on which there isagreement (implying that no negotiation on such issues isnecessary) and otherwise; d) use of strategies andfacilitating tactics to gain the maximum benefit fromnegotiations i.e. use of these tools to arrive at preferredoutcomes; and e) the garnering of political backing andnecessary legislative approval. BRICS Trade andEconomics Research Network (BRICS TERN) canundertake studies on best practices adopted by theirrespective governments and share these practices toidentify gaps for further training and capacity of thenegotiators.

2. There are still room for improvement in the preparednessfor such negotiations. Thus, the BRICS TERN needs toadvocate for a better Human Resource Planning (HRP)


in public administration, governance and at ministeriallevels for trade negotiations. The network can establishinter-linkages with key stakeholders, and help theirrespective governments in enhancing preparedness forsuch negotiations.

3. The BRICS TERN should seek to enhance publicparticipation in economic policy-making and on mattersof economic governance through network-based policyresearch and advocacy on trade and regulatory issuesincluding competition and investment policies, andeconomic diplomacy.

4. Generally, in the event of PTA negotiations, prior marketanalyses in prospective partner countries are notconducted. This could bias evaluation of the feasibility ofthe agreement, thereby resulting in sub-optimal outcomesof negotiations. BRICS TERN also needs to stronglyadvocate, and may be, undertake such practices.

5. Some of these critical issues like competition policies needto be harmonised among the BRICS countries, which shallbe a task of this network.

6. In such negotiations, the impact assessment of domesticregulations is crucial. Effective regulations are vital forensuring healthy development of market economies,protecting producer and consumer interests andpromoting fair competition. BRICS TERN needs to assistthe on-going efforts of promoting effective regulationsrelated to domestic regulations, trade costs (includingNTBs), competition policy and investment.


7. The network should also advocate for due impetus to IPRs,trade and environment, trade and social standards,competition policy, trade facilitation, and governmentprocurement for inclusion in their respective government’sapproach to PTA/FTA/CECA negotiations.

8. BRICS TERN needs to engage in policy research andadvocacy on institutional reforms and support the causeof South-South cooperation.

9. BRICS countries represent a progressive model ofdevelopment. Yet upon deeper reflection the spectaculargrowth of these countries is accompanied by socio-economic realities of low human development which arebecoming a cause of concern for social stability. BRICSTERN needs to work towards policy solutions forsustainable human development in the medium to longterm, and also support all such programs and projectswhich can help their respective government attainMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015.

10. BRICS countries support the development and use ofrenewable energy resources as a means to addresssustainability concerns. BRICS TERN through itsnetworking activities need to play a role in emphasisingthe importance of cooperation and information exchangeon knowledge and technologies to address climate changeconcerns and other relevant issues of sustainabledevelopment.

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Endnotes

1 Madison, 2001

2 Krueger, 2008

3 Trading Economics, Available: www.tradingeconomics.com/india/gdp-growth

4 CIA World Factbook, 2010 est.

5 Trade Map, ITC Geneva, 2009 data

6 Consolidated FDI Policy, DIPP, Ministry of Commerce and Industries,Government of India, March 2011

7 It also mentions that in case any company is dealing with transgenic/genetically modified seeds, relevant clearance from the GeneticEngineering Approval Committee (GEAC) and Review Committee onGenetic Manipulation (RCGM) has been made mandatory. Furtherthe policy also mandates compliance to the Environment ProtectionAct.

8 It excludes titanium bearing minerals and its ores and is subject to theMines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957

9 It also includes other eligible activities permitted under and subject tothe provisions of Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973

10 This is subject to the condition that the company shall not do coalmining and shall not sell washed coal or sized coal from its coalprocessing plants in the open market and shall supply the washed orsized coal to those parties who are supplying raw coal to coal processingplants for washing or sizing

11 This is subject to sectoral regulations and the Mines and Minerals(Development and Regulation Act, 1957)

12 FDI in the Atomic Energy sector is prohibited and is reserved for thepublic sector

13 This is subject to the existing sectoral policy and regulatory frameworkin the oil marketing sector and the policy of the government on privateparticipation in exploration of oil and the discovered fields of national


oil companies. However, an FDI cap of 49 percent has been put onactivities pertaining to Petroleum refining by the Public SectorUndertakings (PSU), without any disinvestment or dilution of domesticequity in the existing PSUs

14 This is also subject to some restrictions. Also, more importantly, FDIis not allowed in Real Estate

15 Similar FDI route and FDI cap also applies to ISP with gateways, ISP’snot providing gateways, i.e. without gate-ways (both for satellite andmarine cables), radio paging, and end-to-end bandwidth.

16 Also, such companies would engage only in business to business (B2B)e-Commerce and not in retail trading, inter alia, implying that existingrestrictions on FDI in domestic trading would be applicable to e- comm.also

17 RCA has been calculated using the following formula: RCAij = (Xij/Xwj)/(Xi/Xw)

Where, Xij = ith country’s export of commodity j Xwj = world exportsof commodity j Xi = total exports of country i; and, Xw = total worldexports. An RCA index value of more than one reveals that the countryhas a comparative advantage. The data for calculation of RCA hasbeen taken from Trade Map database of International Trade Centre,Geneva

18 IIT is calculated as: IITjk = 1 – [sumi | Xijk – Mijk | / (Xijk + Mijk)]. Where,Xijk and Mijk represent exports and imports of products from industryi in country j to and from country k. Intra-industry trade attempts toascertain how much trade between two economies occurs within thesame industry. It is based upon the premise that economies of scaleprovide an incentive to trade, even when factor endowments andconsumer preferences are identical between partner economies. TheIIT index ranges between zero and one, with larger values indicating agreater level of trade between firms in the same industry. Higher IITratios suggest that net gains from specialisation in different productsare being exploited and that the participating country is increasing itsintegration into the world economy

19 It is one of the overlapping indices that enable a comparison of exportand import profiles between two countries i.e., how the export set ofindustries from the source country matches with the import set ofindustries from a destination country. In one conception of thedeterminants of trade, complementarity can be thought of as a proxyfor relative resource endowments and can show how much scope

there is for further trade TCI=

Where: d - importing country of interest; s - exporting country of


interest; w - set of all countries in the world; i - set of industries; x -commodity export flow; X - total export flow; m - commodity importflow; M - the total import flow. The degree of TCI ranges between 0and 100 percent. Higher complementarity value indicates a betterexport/import match, while 0 (zero) indicates no complementarity atall

20 In October 2009, India and Nepal entered into an Agreement of Co-operation to Control Unauthorised Trade

21 The Bangkok Agreement was an initiative of Economic and SocialCommission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). It is a preferential tariffarrangement that aims at promoting intra-regional trade throughexchange of mutually agreed concessions by six member countrieswhich include Bangladesh, China, India, Korea, Lao PDR, and SriLanka. Interestingly, other countries like Pakistan, Fiji, Iran and NewZealand, among others have indicated their desire to join

22 The Framework Agreement covers FTA in Goods, Services andInvestment and other areas of Economic Cooperation. The FrameworkAgreement also provided for an Early Harvest Scheme (EHS) forelimination of tariff on a fast track basis on 82 items of export interestto the sides. The tariff concessions on 82 items of EHS list began fromSeptember 2004 and have become zero for both sides from September2006

23 India and ASEAN will eliminate import duties on 71 percent of productsby December 31, 2012 and another nine percent by 2015. Tariffs onsensitive tariff lines will be brought down to five percent by 2015 andIndia will keep 489 tariff lines insulated from tariff cuts

24 India-Singapore CECA was signed in June 2005 and India-MalaysiaCECA was recently signed in February 2011

25 As envisaged, this was the main reason why it took almost six yearsfor the negotiations to come to a conclusion. When India and ASEANkicked off negotiations, a comprehensive agreement was meant to beforged in goods, services and investment. However, ASEAN managedto convince India to first negotiate an agreement on goods beforemoving onto services and investment

26 Ponappa, 2011

27 An important point to consider here is that the budgetary allocationfor such studies will have to be demarcated. Lack of a consistent policyon this front affects the vendor organisation’s ability to conduct thestudies effectively. The Market Access Initiative (MAI) under theMinistry of Commerce provides almost uniform budgetary supportfor all FTAs, even if they differ in importance. In certain cases, thedifference in magnitudes is counter intuitive. For instance, the budgetary


allocations for studies on the India-Australia PTA were lower thanthose for the India-Indonesia PTA, despite the former having moretrade potential

28 Hoadley, 2003

29 The insecurity began in 1973, when Britain’s joining the EuropeanEconomic Community reduced access for Kiwi cheese, butter and sheepmeat to UK markets

30 Here it must be remembered that the old style PTAs were motivatedmore by geo-strategic considerations. These considerations still play amajor role in the negotiation of PTAs by the US and Europe. Thus, thelabelling of the ‘existence of a trade problem’ as an essential pre-condition for a FTA by Hoadley can only apply to new style PTAswhich are motivated primarily by economic considerations

31 For example, New Zealand was not granted the following demands: adefinite target date for unrestricted access to the Singapore servicemarket, the elimination of all subsidies by Singapore, introduction ofa comprehensive competition policy by Singapore, elimination ofinvestment restrictions facing New Zealand investors in Singapore

32 Putnam, 1988

33 This was the roundabout route taken to complete the legitimation ofthe report. Use of this route was facilitated by the fact that accordingto New Zealand law the Parliament has no powers as far as treatyratification is concerned. The circuitous route ensured that no moveto create a precedent for giving a direct treaty ratification role to theParliament was initiated

34 The lessons for India for the negotiation of PTAs that can be culledfrom international experience not only relate to the processes revealedby these stages but also consist of those that relate to human capital,staff deployment and the like

35 IAD Report, Singapore, 2005-06

36 Bilal, 2003

37 Expressed in another way, any functioning democratically electedgovernment can view the suitability of negotiations in the context ofthe national development strategy. In the case of a democracy thenational development strategy in most cases would be quiterepresentative of the interests of the entire population or at least asubstantial portion. Thus, negotiations with expected outcomes thatare consistent with the national development strategy should be takenup while others should be discarded. Such consistency and consequentpolitical support will lead to the successful implementation of thecoordination mechanisms highlighted above


38 Kumar, P. (2008), “Multilateral Trading System – Is it India’s BestOption?” CUTS CITEE Working Paper, No. 4/2008

39 Nevertheless, India’s own domestic economic reforms and unilateralliberalisation have played a major role in making the countrycompetitive in various sectors, thereby, enabling it to take advantageof the opportunities offered by PTAs

40 See Appendix Tables 1 and 3


42 However, four items, namely, vegetable fats (vanaspati), copperproducts, acrylic yarn and zinc oxide face quota restrictions. Inaddition, alcoholic liquors/ beverages, non-Nepalese/non-Indianperfumes, cosmetics and cigarettes and tobacco are also not grantedpreferential access into India. Likewise Nepal has also protected itsbeverages and tobacco sector with an ad valorem tariff equivalent of70 and 41.1 percent respectively

43 The recent visit by Pakistan’s Commerce Minister in September 2011to India have raised hope about Pakistan granting MFN status toIndia

44 WTO Trade Profiles 2011


46 DIPP, Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government ofIndia

47 India-MERCOSUR PTA, Department of Commerce, Government ofIndia

48 Lack of information on policies and regulations, large geographicaldistance with few direct shipping lines, poor air transportation links,differences in language and cultural aspects along with inadequatebanking and insurance facilities have been identified as possible factorsfor low volumes of trade between the two regions

49 The study uses the following equations:

LnXij = β0 +

β

1 LnGDPj +

β

2 LnPOPj +

β

3 LnDist.ij +

β

4 cont +

β

5

comlang +

β

6 comcol +

β

7 smctry +

∑β

k PTAkij +

ε

ij……………….(1)

LnMij =

β

0 +

β

1 LnGDPj +

β

2 LnPOPj +

β

3 LnDist.ij +

β

4 cont +

β

5

comlang +

β

6 comcol +

β

7 smctry +

∑β

k PTAkij +

ε

ij……………….(2)

50 See Anderson, 1979; Helpman and Krugman, 1985

51 Taneja and Sawhney, 2007

52 See Appendix Table 6

53 Kundu, 2004


54 Joshi and Singh, 2008

55 Apparel Bulletin, 2009

56 World Bank, 2006

57 VUAT, 2007

58 Financial Express, 2004

59 Nair, 2006

60 The details are reflected in India’s Revised Offer of 2005 at the WTO

61 World Investment Report, 2010

62 Weerakoon, D. and J. Thennakoon, 2007

63 RBI, 2010

64 Singh, 2008

65 Suman et al., 2009

66 News-item ‘37,000 patents filed in India this fiscal’, The EconomicTimes, March 13, 2011

67 There are substantial improvement in the way in which IPRs areenforced, with strong civil and criminal regulations in place for dealingwith counterfeiting and piracy. Also there is an inter-ministerialcommittee which coordinates on issues related IP enforcement

68 Article 39 states that ‘the State shall, in particular, direct its policytowards securing – (clause b) that the ownership and control ofmaterial resources of the community are so distributed as best tosubserve the common good; and, (clause c) that the operation of theeconomic system does not result in the concentration of wealth andmeans of production to the common detriment’

69 The Doha Agenda on government procurement was limited totransparency in government procurement, but the WTO PlurilateralAgreement on Government Procurement covers transparency as wellas market access

APPENDIX


Tab

le 1:

Indi

a’s M

erch

andi

se E

xpor

ts to

Cou

ntrie

s/G

roup

s (U

S$m

n)R

egio

n19

99-0

020

00-0

120

01-0

220

02-0

320

03-0

420

04-0

520

05-0

620

06-0

720

07-0

820

08-0

920

09-1

0A

AG

RA

rgen

tina

6399

6560

8718

620

021

229

035

227

022

%Br

azil

135

226

219

479

276

678

1091

1453

2518

2651

2414

45%

Para

guay

78

77

1112

1627

4739

3722

%U

rugu

ay27

3626

1719

2528

3751

6648

10%

MER

CO

SUR

231

369

317

563

393

901

1334

1729

2905

3108

2770

36%

Afg

hani

stan

3326

2461

145

165

143

182

249

394

464

40%

Bang

lade

sh63

693

510

0211

7617

4116

3116

6416

2829

1824

9824

3418

%Bh

utan

81

839

8985

9958

8711

111

911

8%M

aldi

ves

725

2732

4248

6869

9012

880

41%

Nep

al15

114

121

435

066

974

386

092

815

0715

7015

3330

%Pa

kist

an93

187

144

206

287

521

689

1350

1945

1440

1573

40%

Sri

Lank

a49

964

063

192

113

1914

1320

2522

5628

2724

2621

8818

%SA

FTA

1428

1954

2050

2785

4294

4606

5548

6469

9622

8567

8391

21%

Sing

apor

e67

387

797

214

2221

2540

0154

2560

6973

7184

44.9

7592

.17

30%

BRIC

S19

07.3

2256

.723

22.1

3642

4484

.179

09.3

1011

012

892.

316

953.

415

082

1707

127

%A

SEA

N22

3829

1434

5746

1958

2284

2610

411

1261

416

384

1914

118

114

24%

EU(2

7)96

6610

694

1015

511

886

1451

718

249

2322

926

806

3450

739

351

3602

815

%C

hina

539

831

952

1975

2955

5616

6759

8294

1083

493

53.5

1161

7.88

40%

Chi

le68

.61

108.

4583

.25

72.1

383

.02

111.

215

2.15

377.

2225

0.21

393.

4727

7.32

25%

Japa

n16

85.4

1794

.515

10.4

1864

1709

.29

2127

.91

2481

.26

2868

.12

3858

.48

3025

.736

29.5

410

%K

orea

476.

5645

0.78

471.

3764

4.85

764.

8610

41.6

818

27.2

125

18.4

2860

.84

3952

.334

21.0

524

%U

S83

9693

0585

1310

896

1149

013

766

1735

318

866

2072

221

150

1953

5.49

9%In

dia’

s T

otal

3682

244

560

4382

752

719

6384

2.6

8353

5.9

1030

9112

6414

1631

3218

5295

1787

51.4

18%

Expo

rtSo

urce

: Exp

ort I

mpo

rt D

ata B

ank,

Min

istry

of C

omm

erce

, Gov

ernm

ent o

f Ind

iaN

ote:

AA

GR

: Ave

rage

Ann

ual G

row

th R

ate;

Figu

res a

re in

mill

ions

of U

S$


Tab

le 2:

Indi

a’s M

erch

andi

se E

xpor

t Sha

res (

%)

Reg

ion/

Cou

ntry

1999

-00

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

2005

-06

2006

-07

2007

-08

2008

-09

2009

-10

MER

CO

SUR

0.63

0.83

0.72

1.07

0.62

1.08

1.29

1.37

1.78

1.68

1.55

SAFT

A3.

884.

394.

685.

286.

735.

515.

385.

125.

904.

624.

69BR

ICS

5.18

5.06

5.30

6.91

7.02

9.47

9.81

10.2

010

.39

8.14

9.55

ASE

AN

6.08

6.54

7.89

8.76

9.12

10.0

910

.10

9.98

10.0

410

.33

10.1

3EU

(27)

26.2

524

.00

23.1

722

.55

22.7

421

.85

22.5

321

.20

21.1

521

.24

20.1

6Sr

i La

nka

1.36

1.44

1.44

1.75

2.07

1.69

1.96

1.78

1.73

1.31

1.22

Sing

apor

e1.

831.

972.

222.

703.

334.

795.

264.

804.

524.

564.

25C

hina

1.46

1.86

2.17

3.75

4.63

6.72

6.56

6.56

6.64

5.05

6.50

Chi

le0.

190.

240.

190.

140.

130.

130.

150.

300.

150.

210.

16Ja

pan

4.58

4.03

3.45

3.54

2.68

2.55

2.41

2.27

2.37

1.63

2.03

Kor

ea1.

291.

011.

081.

221.

201.

251.

771.

991.

752.

131.

91U

S22

.80

20.8

819

.42

20.6

718

.00

16.4

816

.83

14.9

212

.70

11.4

110

.93

Sour

ce: E

xpor

t Im

port

Dat

a Ban

k, M

inist

ry o

f Com

mer

ce, G

over

nmen

t of I

ndia


Tab

le 3:

Indi

a’s M

erch

andi

se Im

ports

from

Cou

ntrie

s/G

roup

sC

ount

ry/R

egio

n19

99-0

020

00-0

120

01-0

220

02-0

320

03-0

420

04-0

520

05-0

620

06-0

720

07-0

820

08-0

920

09-1

0A

AG

RA

rgen

tina

347.

538

0.8

436

404.

152

453

9.6

754

879.

990

5.9

499.

0767

2.21

10%

Braz

il33

0.9

145.

230

8.2

316.

831

3.5

792.

489

3.1

990.

994

8.8

1186

3437

.97

44%

Para

guay

0.2

0.5

18.1

0.6

0.8

2.8

4.2

2.8

0.5

0.58

5.22

461%

Uru

guay

22.

93.

54.

710

.24.

14

7.3

13.3

14.7

316

.04

34%

MER

CO

SUR

680.

652

9.4

765.

772

6.2

848.

513

38.8

1655

.418

80.9

1868

.417

00.3

4131

.44

26%

Afg

hani

stan

21.1

26.6

17.5

18.5

40.5

4758

.434

.510

9.3

126.

2412

5.19

35%

Bang

lade

sh78

.280

.559

.162

.177

.659

.412

722

8.3

257.

131

3.11

254.

6619

%Bh

utan

1821

.123

.932

.252

.471

88.8

141.

319

4.5

151.

7915

3.11

26%

Mal

dive

s0.

40.

20.

40.

30.

40.

62

3.1

4.2

3.97

3.63

42%

Nep

al18

8.6

255.

135

5.9

281.

828

634

5.8

379.

930

5.7

628

496.

0445

2.61

14%

Paki

stan

68.2

6464

.844

.957

.795

179.

632

328

7.9

370.

1727

5.94

22%

Sri

Lank

a44

.245

67.4

90.8

194.

737

8.4

577.

747

0.3

631.

435

6.57

392.

1933

%SA

FTA

418.

749

2.5

589

530.

470

9.3

997.

214

13.3

1506

.221

12.4

1817

.916

57.3

417

%Si

ngap

ore

1160

.314

63.9

1304

.114

34.8

2085

.426

51.4

3353

.854

85.3

8121

.676

54.9

6454

.57

21%

BRIC

S42

52.8

3186

.77

4320

.61

5794

.89

7225

.32

1141

0.81

1625

5.09

2331

7.09

3414

8.31

4352

543

503.

2829

%A

SEA

N46

2941

4743

8751

5074

3391

1510

884

1809

022

675

2620

325

797.

9620

%EU

(27)

1113

510

675

1064

912

834

1507

519

302

2599

829

809

3843

242

733

3843

3.12

14%

Chi

le85

.49

57.1

494

.79

167.

3115

6.73

345.

5743

4.5

1923

.48

1837

.21

1503

.911

19.3

854

%JA

PAN

2535

.818

42.1

921

46.4

418

36.3

326

67.6

832

35.1

340

61.1

4599

.54

6325

.92

7886

.367

34.1

813

%K

orea

Sou

th11

04.4

289

3.76

1141

.37

1522

.01

2829

.17

3508

.77

4563

.85

4803

.15

6044

.886

76.8

8576

.07

26%

Chi

na12

8315

0220

3627

9240

5370

9810

868

1744

727

116

3249

730

824.

0239

%U

S35

6030

1531

5044

4450

3570

0194

5511

727

2103

018

561

1697

3.68

20%

Indi

a’s

Tot

al49

738.

0650

536.

4551

413.

2861

412.

1478

149.

1111

1517

.414

9165

.718

5735

.225

1654

3036

9628

8372

.920

%Im

port

Sour

ce: E

xpor

t Im

port

Dat

a Ban

k, M

inist

ry o

f Com

mer

ce, G

over

nmen

t of I

ndia

Not

e: A

AG

R: A

vera

ge A

nnua

l Gro

wth

Rat

e; Fi

gure

s are

in m

illio

ns o

f US$


Tab

le 4:

Indi

a’s M

erch

andi

se Im

port

Shar

es (%

)R

egio

n/C

ount

ry19

99-0

020

00-0

120

01-0

220

02-0

320

03-0

420

04-0

520

05-0

620

06-0

720

07-0

820

08-0

920

09-1

0M

ERC

OSU

R1.

41.

01.

51.

21.

11.

21.

11.

00.

70.

61.

4SA

FTA

0.8

1.0

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

BRIC

S8.

66.

38.

49.

49.

210

.210

.912

.613

.614

.315

.1A

SEA

N9.

38.

28.

58.

49.

58.

27.

39.

79.

08.

68.

9EU

(27)

22.4

21.1

20.7

20.9

19.3

17.3

17.4

16.0

15.3

14.1

13.3

Sri

Lank

a0.

10.

10.

10.

10.

20.

30.

40.

30.

30.

10.

1Si

ngap

ore

2.3

2.9

2.5

2.3

2.7

2.4

2.2

3.0

3.2

2.5

2.2

Chi

le0.

20.

10.

20.

30.

20.

30.

31.

00.

70.

50.

4JA

PAN

5.1

3.6

4.2

3.0

3.4

2.9

2.7

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.3

Kor

ea S

outh

2.2

1.8

2.2

2.5

3.6

3.1

3.1

2.6

2.4

2.9

3.0

Chi

na2.

63.

04.

04.

55.

26.

47.

39.

410

.810

.710

.7U

S7.

26.

06.

17.

26.

46.

36.

36.

38.

46.

15.

9So

urce

: Exp

ort I

mpo

rt D

ata B

ank,

Min

istry

of C

omm

erce

, Gov

ernm

ent o

f Ind

ia


Tab

le 5:

Ave

rage

MFN

App

lied

Tar

iffs

Cou

ntry

2000

2006

2009

2006

2

009

2006

2009

Man

ufac

ture

d G

oods

Non

-Agr

icul

tura

lA

gric

ultu

ral

Non

Agr

i.A

gri

All

Prod

ucts

Prod

ucts

Prod

ucts

Indi

a31

.7 (2

001)

15.3

(200

5)9.

316

.437

.610

.131

.819

.212

.9A

fgha

nist

an—

—5.

85.

7 (2

008)

5.7

5.5

5.5

(200

8)5.

8 (2

008)

5.7

5.6

(200

8)A

rgen

tina

13.7

9.8

10.7

12.6

10.1

1310

.312

.212

.6Ba

ngla

desh

22.2

15.4

14.5

(200

7)14

.917

.314

.3 (2

008)

17.6

(200

8)15

.214

.7 (2

008)

Bhut

an16

.5 (2

002)

18.7

(200

5)18

.4 (2

007)

19.2

41.3

—-

22.1

Braz

il16

.813

.415

.210

.214

.110

.212

.313

.6C

hile

76

6—

-—

-6

6—

-6

Chi

na16

.59.

59.

3—

-—

-8.

715

.6—

-9.

6Ja

pan

2.9

2.5

2.5

—-

—-

2.5

21—

-4.

9M

aldi

ves

20.4

20.4

20.7

20.5

18.4

20.7

18.3

20.2

20.4

Nep

al13

.712

.612

.613

.714

.912

.114

.313

.912

.4Pa

kist

an21

.1 (2

001)

14.8

14 (2

008)

1416

.313

.417

.114

.313

.9Pa

ragu

ay13

.810

.410

.910

9.8

10.3

10.3

9.9

10.3

Rus

sia

10.2

(200

1)9.

7 (2

005)

8.7

10.1

13.2

10.5

Sing

apor

e0

00

00.

20

0.2

00

Sri

Lank

a8

9.4

99.

223

.89.

224

.811

.211

.2U

rugu

ay14

.711

.311

.210

.710

10.6

10.1

10.6

10.5

Sour

ce: U

NC

TA

D H

andb

ook

of S

tatis

tics 2

000,

200

6; W

TO

Tra

de P

rofil

es 2

011


ISLF

TA

Indi

a

Sri

Lank

a

SAFT

A

LDC

Sri

Lank

a

419

1180

Neg

ativ

e Li

st(H

S-6

digi

t)

Bang

lade

sh:

1249

(for

LD

C)

1254

(for

NLD

C)

Nep

al: 1

335

Bhut

an: 1

37M

aldi

ves:

671

1065

Imm

edia

tely

1351

pro

duct

s

319

prod

ucts

& 5

0pe

rcen

t mar

gin

ofpr

efer

ence

on

889

item

s

In 2

Yea

rs(F

irst

Pha

se)

30 p

erce

nt(a

nnua

l red

uctio

n of

5per

cent

)

20 p

erce

nt re

duct

ion

(ann

ual r

educ

tion

of 1

0pe

rcen

t)

By 2

003

(in 3

yea

rs)

50 p

erce

nt, 7

5 pe

rcen

tan

d 10

0 pe

rcen

tre

duct

ion

70 p

erce

nt, 9

0 pe

rcen

tan

d 10

0 pe

rcen

t on

889

item

s

By 2

013

(in 5

yea

rs)

(Sec

ond

Phas

e)

0-5

perc

ent r

educ

tion

with

in 6

yea

rs

By 2

008

(In

8 ye

ars)

35 p

erce

nt, 7

0pe

rcen

tan

d 10

0 pe

rcen

t

By 2

016

(in 8

yea

rs)

(Sec

ond

phas

e)

0-5

perc

ent

redu

ctio

n

Dom

estic

Val

ue A

dded

35 p

erce

nt

35 p

erce

nt

30 p

erce

nt

35 p

erce

nt

Cha

nge

inT

ariff

Hea

ding

4-di

git

4-di

git

4-di

git

4-di

git

Rul

es o

f Ori

gin

Tar

iff L

iber

alis

atio

n Sc

hedu

leN

egat

ive

List

(HS-

6 di

git)

Tab

le 6:

Pre

fere

ntia

l Arr

ange

men

ts in

Indi

a’s P

TA

s

cont

d...


Fixe

d T

ariff

con

cess

ions

rang

ing

from

10

perc

ent t

o 10

0 pe

rUSc

ent

Sour

ce: V

ario

us T

rade

Agr

eem

ents

, Dep

artm

ent o

f Com

mer

ce, G

over

nmen

t of I

ndia

Non

-LD

C

Indo

-Si

ngap

ore

CEC

A

Indi

a

Sing

apor

e

Indi

a-M

ERC

OSU

R

MER

CO

SUR

Indi

a

Indi

a:86

5 (f

or N

LDC

)74

4 (f

or L

DC

)Pa

kist

an: 1

183

Neg

ativ

e Li

st(H

S 8

digi

t)

6551

pro

duct

s

-

Posi

tive

List

(H

S 8

digi

t)

452

450

20 p

erce

nt re

duct

ion

(ann

ual r

educ

tion

of 1

0pe

rcen

t)

Earl

y H

arve

st S

chem

e

506

prod

ucts

-

Phas

ed T

ariff

Elim

inat

ion-

by

2009

At

five

stag

es

mar

gin

of p

refe

renc

e 10

perc

ent,

25 p

erce

nt, 5

0pe

rcen

t, 75

per

cent

and

100

perc

ent o

n 22

02ite

ms

-

40 p

erce

nt

40 p

erce

nt

40 p

erce

nt

60 p

erce

nt

60 p

erce

nt

4-di

git

4-di

git

4-di

git

Phas

ed T

ariff

Red

uctio

n

At

five

stag

esm

argi

n of

pref

eren

ce 5

perc

ent,

10pe

rcen

t, 20

perc

ent,

35 p

erce

ntan

d 50

per

cent

on

2407

item

s

-


Tab

le 8

: Rev

eale

d C

ompa

rativ

e A

dvan

tage

for

Indi

a (S

ervi

ces)

Sect

ors

2009

Sect

ors

2004

Com

pute

r an

d in

form

atio

n se

rvic

es8.

59C

ompu

ter

and

info

rmat

ion

serv

ices

9.46

Pers

onal

rem

ittan

ces

7.45

Pers

onal

rem

ittan

ces

8.29

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

0.88

Com

mun

icat

ions

ser

vice

s1.

24T

rave

l0.

71O

ther

bus

ines

s se

rvic

es0.

88In

sura

nce

serv

ices

0.67

Tra

vel

0.86

Oth

er b

usin

ess

serv

ices

0.59

Insu

ranc

e se

rvic

es0.

85C

omm

unic

atio

ns s

ervi

ces

0.59

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

0.77

Fina

ncia

l se

rvic

es0.

50C

onst

ruct

ion

serv

ices

0.67

Pers

onal

, cul

tura

l and

rec

reat

iona

l ser

vice

s0.

50G

over

nmen

t se

rvic

es, n

.i.e.

0.37

Con

stru

ctio

n se

rvic

es0.

33Fi

nanc

ial

serv

ices

0.14

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a

Tab

le 7:

Rev

ealed

Com

para

tive A

dvan

tage

for I

ndia

(Goo

ds)

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2005

Lac,

gum

s, r

esin

s, v

eget

able

sap

s an

d ex

trac

ts n

es9.

40Si

lk12

.94

Car

pets

and

oth

er te

xtile

floo

r co

veri

ngs

8.74

Lac,

gum

s, r

esin

s, v

eget

able

sap

s an

d ex

trac

ts n

es11

.79

Veg

etab

le p

laiti

ng m

ater

ials

, veg

etab

le p

rodu

cts

nes

8.52

Car

pets

and

oth

er te

xtile

floo

r co

veri

ngs

9.27

Cot

ton

8.40

Pear

ls, p

reci

ous

ston

es, m

etal

s, c

oins

, etc

8.47

Veg

etab

le te

xtile

fibr

es n

es, p

aper

yar

n, w

oven

fabr

ic7.

71O

ther

mad

e te

xtile

art

icle

s, s

ets,

wor

n cl

othi

ng e

tc7.

28O

ther

mad

e te

xtile

art

icle

s, s

ets,

wor

n cl

othi

ng e

tc5.

66O

res,

sla

g an

d as

h7.

07Si

lk5.

34C

otto

n5.

69O

res,

sla

g an

d as

h5.

28V

eget

able

pla

iting

mat

eria

ls, v

eget

able

pro

duct

s ne

s5.

22Bi

rd s

kin,

fea

ther

s, a

rtifi

cial

flo

wer

s, h

uman

hai

r3.

81V

eget

able

text

ile fi

bres

nes

, pap

er y

arn,

wov

en fa

bric

4.92

Cof

fee,

tea,

mat

e an

d sp

ices

3.69

Cof

fee,

tea,

mat

e an

d sp

ices

4.86

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a


Tab

le 9:

Rev

ealed

Com

para

tive A

dvan

tage

(top

10

sect

ors)

for I

ndia

’s tra

ding

par

tner

s-Bra

zil an

d R

ussia

Bra

zil

Rus

sia

Sect

ors

Oil

seed

, ole

agic

fru

its,

grai

n, s

eed,

fru

it, e

tc, n

es

Suga

rs a

nd s

ugar

conf

ectio

nery

Cof

fee,

tea,

mat

e an

d sp

ices

Ore

s, s

lag

and

ash

Mea

t and

edi

ble

mea

t off

al

Res

idue

s, w

aste

s of

food

indu

stry

, ani

mal

fod

der

Pulp

of w

ood,

fibr

ous

cellu

losi

c m

ater

ial,

was

te e

tc

Tob

acco

and

man

ufac

ture

dto

bacc

o su

bstit

utes

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

erth

an fu

rski

ns) a

nd le

athe

r

Prod

ucts

of

anim

al o

rigi

n,ne

s

2005

15.6

4

14.8

9

12.2

3

9.90

9.83

8.95

6.79

5.93

4.57

2.94

Sect

ors

Suga

rs a

nd s

ugar

conf

ectio

nery

Oil

seed

, ole

agic

fru

its,

grai

n, s

eed,

fru

it, e

tc, n

es

Ore

s, s

lag

and

ash

Cof

fee,

tea,

mat

e an

d sp

ices

Mea

t and

edi

ble

mea

t off

al

Pulp

of w

ood,

fibr

ous

cellu

losi

c m

ater

ial,

was

te e

tc

Res

idue

s, w

aste

s of

food

indu

stry

, ani

mal

fod

der

Tob

acco

and

man

ufac

ture

dto

bacc

o su

bstit

ute

Prod

ucts

of

anim

al o

rigi

n,ne

s

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

erth

an fu

rski

ns) a

nd le

athe

r

2010

21.9

4

11.6

3

11.0

1

10.7

2

9.04

7.60

6.51

5.82

4.55

4.54

Sect

ors

Nic

kel a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

Fert

ilise

rs

Min

eral

fue

ls,

oils

,di

still

atio

n pr

oduc

ts, e

tc

Iron

and

ste

el

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of

woo

d, w

ood

char

coal

Oth

er b

ase

met

als,

cerm

ets,

art

icle

s th

ereo

f

Alu

min

ium

and

art

icle

sth

ereo

f

Cop

per

and

artic

les

ther

eof

Inor

gani

c ch

emic

als,

prec

ious

met

alco

mpo

und,

isot

opes

Arm

s an

d am

mun

ition

,pa

rts

and

acce

ssor

ies

ther

eof

2005

8.00

5.89

4.58

2.70

2.41

2.38

2.25

1.41

1.15

0.18

Sect

ors

Nic

kel a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

Arm

s an

d am

mun

ition

, par

tsan

d ac

cess

orie

s th

ereo

f

Fert

ilise

rs

Min

eral

fue

ls,

oils

,di

still

atio

n pr

oduc

ts, e

tc

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood,

woo

d ch

arco

al

Inor

gani

c ch

emic

als,

pre

ciou

sm

etal

com

poun

d, is

otop

es

Iron

and

ste

el

Oth

er b

ase

met

als,

cer

met

s,ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f

Alu

min

ium

and

art

icle

sth

ereo

f

Cop

per

and

artic

les

ther

eof

2010

7.01

6.81

5.31

4.65

2.25

2.21

1.95

1.92

1.80

1.24

Sour

ce:

Cal

cula

tion

s ba

sed

on I

TC

dat

a


Tab

le 10

: Rev

ealed

Com

para

tive A

dvan

tage

(top

10

sect

ors)

for I

ndia

’s tra

ding

par

tner

s-Chi

na an

d So

uth

Afri

ca

C

hina

Sou

th A

fric

a

Sect

ors

2005

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2005

Sect

ors

2010

Man

ufac

ture

s of

pla

iting

8.30

Um

brel

las,

wal

king

-stic

ks,

7.14

Pear

ls, p

reci

ous

ston

es,

9.57

Ore

s, s

lag

and

ash

9.86

mat

eria

l, ba

sket

wor

k, e

tc.

seat

-stic

ks, w

hips

, etc

met

als,

coi

ns, e

tc

Um

brel

las,

wal

king

-stic

ks,

7.99

Bird

ski

n, f

eath

ers,

art

ifici

al6.

45O

res,

sla

g an

d as

h7.

35Pe

arls

, pre

ciou

s st

ones

,6.

86se

at-s

ticks

, whi

ps, e

tcflo

wer

s, h

uman

hai

rm

etal

s, c

oins

, etc

Bird

ski

n, f

eath

ers,

art

ifici

al6.

25M

anuf

actu

res

of p

laiti

ng6.

33Ed

ible

frui

t, nu

ts, p

eel

5.53

Edib

le fr

uit,

nuts

, pee

l of

5.80

flow

ers,

hum

an h

air

mat

eria

l, ba

sket

wor

k, e

tc.

of c

itrus

frui

t, m

elon

sci

trus

fru

it, m

elon

s

Silk

5.64

Silk

5.09

Expl

osiv

es, p

yrot

echn

ics,

5.06

Expl

osiv

es, p

yrot

echn

ics,

5.74

mat

ches

, pyr

opho

rics

, etc

mat

ches

, pyr

opho

rics

, etc

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

4.51

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

4.23

Iron

and

ste

el4.

48W

ool,

anim

al h

air,

hor

seha

ir 4

.53

yarn

and

fabr

ic th

ereo

f

Art

icle

s of

leat

her,

ani

mal

4.39

Art

icle

s of

leat

her,

ani

mal

4.04

Alu

min

ium

and

art

icle

s3.

67Ir

on a

nd s

teel

4.23

gut,

harn

ess,

tra

vel g

oods

gut,

harn

ess,

tra

vel g

oods

ther

eof

Toy

s, g

ames

, sp

orts

4.21

Oth

er m

ade

text

ile a

rtic

les,

3.75

Pulp

of w

ood,

fibr

ous

3.45

Pulp

of w

ood,

fibr

ous

3.42

requ

isite

sse

ts, w

orn

clot

hing

etc

cellu

losi

c m

ater

ial,

was

te e

tcce

llulo

sic

mat

eria

l, w

aste

etc

Oth

er m

ade

text

ile a

rtic

les,

4.16

Toy

s, g

ames

, sp

orts

3.55

Woo

l, an

imal

hai

r, h

orse

hair

3.2

3N

icke

l and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f2.

94se

ts, w

orn

clot

hing

etc

req

uisi

tes

yarn

and

fabr

ic th

ereo

f

Foot

wea

r, g

aite

rs a

nd th

e3.

89A

rtic

les

of a

ppar

el,

3.53

Beve

rage

s, s

piri

ts a

nd3.

06A

lum

iniu

m a

nd a

rtic

les

2.73

like,

par

ts th

ereo

fac

cess

orie

s, k

nit o

r cr

oche

tvi

nega

rth

ereo

f

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

,3.

39Fo

otw

ear,

gai

ters

and

the

like,

3.44

Nic

kel a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

2.87

Beve

rage

s, s

piri

ts a

nd2.

59ac

cess

orie

s, k

nit o

r cr

oche

tpa

rts t

here

ofvi

nega

r

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a


Tab

le 11

: Rev

ealed

Com

para

tive A

dvan

tage

(top

10

sect

ors)

for I

ndia

’s tra

ding

par

tner

s: A

fgha

nista

n, A

rgen

tina,

Ban

glad

esh,

and

Bhut

anA

fgha

nist

anA

rgen

tina

Bang

lade

shBh

utan

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2009

Mea

t, fis

h an

d se

afoo

d37

.64

Res

idue

s, w

aste

s of

food

34.3

2V

eget

able

text

ile fi

bres

nes

,11

4.01

Inor

gani

c ch

emic

als,

pre

ciou

s6.

23fo

od p

repa

ratio

ns n

esin

dust

ry, a

nim

al f

odde

rpa

per

yarn

, wov

en fa

bric

met

al c

ompo

und,

isot

opes

Mis

cella

neou

s37

.30

Oil

seed

, ole

agic

fru

its,

21.4

9A

rtic

les

of a

ppar

el,

39.0

4Sa

lt, s

ulph

ur, e

arth

, sto

ne,

4

3.11

man

ufac

ture

d ar

ticle

sgr

ain,

see

d, f

ruit,

etc

., ne

sac

cess

orie

s, k

nit o

r cr

oche

tpl

aste

r, li

me

and

cem

ent

Iron

and

ste

el27

.85

Cer

eals

11.5

1A

rtic

les

of a

ppar

el,

32.8

0Ph

otog

raph

ic o

r0.

00ac

cess

orie

s, n

ot k

nit o

r cr

oche

tci

nem

atog

raph

ic g

oods

Edib

le v

eget

able

s an

d25

.16

Mill

ing

prod

ucts

, mal

t,11

.18

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

14.7

9Ir

on a

nd s

teel

1.14

cert

ain

root

s an

d tu

bers

star

ches

, inu

lin, w

heat

glu

ten

Silk

17.6

7A

nim

al,v

eget

able

fat

s an

d8.

08O

ther

mad

e te

xtile

art

icle

s,10

.85

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

0.00

oils

, cle

avag

e pr

oduc

ts, e

tcse

ts, w

orn

clot

hing

etc

Esse

ntia

l oi

ls,

perf

umes

,13

.19

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

er7.

65Fi

sh,

crus

tace

ans,

mol

lusc

s,4.

84W

orks

of a

rt, c

olle

ctor

s0.

01co

smet

ics,

toi

lete

ries

than

furs

kins

) and

leat

her

aqua

tic in

vert

ebra

tes

nes

piec

es a

nd a

ntiq

ues

Mea

t and

edi

ble

mea

t off

al12

.05

Woo

l, an

imal

hai

r, h

orse

hair

5.08

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

er4.

14V

eget

able

, fru

it, n

ut, e

tc1.

66ya

rn a

nd fa

bric

ther

eof

than

furs

kins

) and

leat

her

food

pre

para

tions

Com

mod

ities

not

els

ewhe

re8.

12Ed

ible

frui

t, nu

ts, p

eel o

f4.

95Fo

otw

ear,

gai

ters

and

the

2.13

Cer

eals

0.06

spec

ified

citr

us f

ruit,

mel

ons

like,

par

ts th

ereo

f

Soap

s, lu

bric

ants

, wax

es,

6.83

Mea

t and

edi

ble

mea

t off

al4.

16T

obac

co a

nd m

anuf

actu

red

1.60

Com

mod

ities

not

els

ewhe

re0.

00ca

ndle

s, m

odel

ling

past

esto

bacc

o su

bstit

utes

spec

ified

Mis

cella

neou

s ch

emic

al5.

71Fi

sh,

crus

tace

ans,

mol

lusc

s,4.

01M

anuf

actu

res

of p

laiti

ng1.

17Ed

ible

veg

etab

les

and

cert

ain

5.22

prod

ucts

aqua

tic in

vert

ebra

tes

nes

mat

eria

l, ba

sket

wor

k, e

tc.

root

s and

tube

rsSo

urce

: Cal

cula

tions

bas

ed o

n IT

C d

ata


Tab

le 12

: Rev

ealed

Com

para

tive A

dvan

tage

(top

10

sect

ors)

for I

ndia

’s tra

ding

par

tner

s: Br

azil,

Chi

le, Ja

pan,

and

Sout

h K

orea

Bra

zil

Chi

leJa

pan

Kor

ea S

outh

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Suga

rs a

nd s

ugar

21.9

4C

oppe

r an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f37

.92

Phot

ogra

phic

or

4.97

Ship

s, b

oats

and

oth

er8.

77co

nfec

tione

ryci

nem

atog

raph

ic g

oods

float

ing

stru

ctur

es

Oil

seed

, ole

agic

fru

its,

11.6

3O

res,

sla

g an

d as

h16

.00

Com

mod

ities

not

els

ewhe

re3.

31K

nitt

ed o

r cro

chet

ed fa

bric

4.69

grai

n, s

eed,

fru

it, e

tc, n

essp

ecifi

ed

Ore

s, s

lag

and

ash

11.0

1Pu

lp o

f woo

d, fi

brou

s11

.46

Ship

s, b

oats

and

oth

er2.

94O

ptic

al, p

hoto

, tec

hnic

al,

2.52

cellu

losi

c m

ater

ial,

was

te e

tcflo

atin

g st

ruct

ures

med

ical

, etc

app

arat

us

Cof

fee,

tea,

mat

e an

d10

.72

Edib

le fr

uit,

nuts

, pee

l of

9.51

Veh

icle

s ot

her

than

rai

lway

,2.

56M

anm

ade

filam

ents

2.42

spic

esci

trus

fru

it, m

elon

str

amw

ay

Mea

t and

edi

ble

mea

t9.

04Fi

sh,

crus

tace

ans,

mol

lusc

s,6.

68M

usic

al in

stru

men

ts, p

arts

2.29

Zin

c an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f1.

97of

fal

aqua

tic in

vert

ebra

tes

nes

and

acce

ssor

ies

Pulp

of w

ood,

fibr

ous

7.60

Beve

rage

s, s

piri

ts a

nd3.

93G

lass

and

gla

ssw

are

1.99

Elec

tric

al,

elec

tron

ic1.

87ce

llulo

sic

mat

eria

l, w

aste

etc

vine

gar

equi

pmen

t

Res

idue

s, w

aste

s of

food

6.51

Veg

etab

le p

laiti

ng m

ater

ials

,3.

72Ir

on a

nd s

teel

1.93

Impr

egna

ted,

coa

ted

or1.

81in

dust

ry, a

nim

al f

odde

rve

geta

ble

prod

ucts

nes

lam

inat

ed te

xtile

fabr

ic

Tob

acco

and

man

ufac

ture

d5.

82W

ood

and

artic

les o

f woo

d,3.

64O

ther

bas

e m

etal

s, c

erm

ets,

1.61

Iron

and

ste

el1.

78to

bacc

o su

bstit

utes

woo

d ch

arco

alar

ticle

s th

ereo

f

Prod

ucts

of a

nim

al4.

55La

c, g

ums,

res

ins,

veg

etab

le3.

60O

ptic

al, p

hoto

, tec

hnic

al,

1.60

Plas

tics

and

artic

les

ther

eof

1.58

orig

in,

nes

saps

and

ext

ract

s ne

sm

edic

al, e

tc a

ppar

atus

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

er4.

54Fe

rtili

sers

2.53

Mac

hine

ry, n

ucle

ar r

eact

ors,

1.60

Veh

icle

s ot

her

than

rai

lway

,1.

54th

an fu

rski

ns) a

nd le

athe

rbo

ilers

, etc

tram

way

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a


Tab

le 13

: Rev

ealed

Com

para

tive A

dvan

tage

(top

10

sect

ors)

for I

ndia

’s tra

ding

par

tner

s: M

alay

sia, M

aldi

ves,

Nep

al, a

nd P

akist

anM

alay

sia

Mal

dive

sN

epal

Paki

stan

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Ani

mal

,veg

etab

le f

ats

and

15.1

3Fi

sh,

crus

tace

ans,

mol

lusc

s,12

8.42

Veg

etab

le p

laiti

ng m

ater

ials

,36

2.21

Cot

ton

1.21

oils

, cle

avag

e pr

oduc

ts, e

tcaq

uatic

inve

rteb

rate

s ne

sve

geta

ble

prod

ucts

nes

Tin

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f8.

47M

eat,

fish

and

seaf

ood

food

26.3

1C

arpe

ts a

nd o

ther

text

ile79

.13

Oth

er m

ade

text

ile a

rtic

les,

45.9

0pr

epar

atio

ns n

esflo

or c

over

ings

sets

, wor

n cl

othi

ng e

tc

Veg

etab

le p

laiti

ng m

ater

ials

,4.

66R

esid

ues,

was

tes

of fo

od1.

79V

eget

able

text

ile fi

bres

nes

,46

.98

Cer

eals

9.61

vege

tabl

e pr

oduc

ts n

esin

dust

ry, a

nim

al f

odde

rpa

per

yarn

, wov

en fa

bric

Rub

ber

and

artic

les

ther

eof

3.42

Com

mod

ities

not

els

ewhe

re1.

73M

anm

ade

stap

le fi

bres

29.7

9M

anm

ade

stap

le fi

bres

10.6

0sp

ecifi

ed

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood,

2.93

Cer

eals

1.24

Man

mad

e fil

amen

ts29

.08

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

er10

.22

woo

d ch

arco

alth

an fu

rski

ns) a

nd le

athe

r

Coc

oa a

nd c

ocoa

2.32

Min

eral

fue

ls,

oils

,0.

63C

offe

e, te

a, m

ate

and

spic

es19

.05

Salt,

sul

phur

, ear

th, s

tone

,9.

18pr

epar

atio

nsdi

still

atio

n pr

oduc

ts, e

tcpl

aste

r, li

me

and

cem

ent

Elec

tric

al,

elec

tron

ic2.

21T

obac

co a

nd m

anuf

actu

red

0.49

Wad

ding

, fel

t, no

nwov

ens,

17.0

0A

rtic

les

of le

athe

r, a

nim

al8.

84eq

uipm

ent

toba

cco

subs

titut

esya

rns,

twin

e, c

orda

ge, e

tcgu

t, ha

rnes

s, t

rave

l goo

ds

Mis

cella

neou

s ch

emic

al1.

49Pr

inte

d bo

oks,

new

spap

ers,

0.46

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

16.9

9A

rtic

les

of a

ppar

el,

7.73

prod

ucts

pict

ures

etc

acce

ssor

ies,

kni

t or

croc

het

Cer

eal,

flour

, st

arch

, m

ilk1.

28O

il se

ed, o

leag

ic f

ruits

,0.

32Ed

ible

veg

etab

les

and

cert

ain

16.1

4C

arpe

ts a

nd o

ther

text

ile6.

58pr

epar

atio

ns a

nd p

rodu

cts

grai

n, s

eed,

fru

it, e

tc, n

esro

ots a

nd tu

bers

floor

cov

erin

gs

Man

mad

e fil

amen

ts1.

27A

nim

al,v

eget

able

fat

s an

d0.

32O

ther

mad

e te

xtile

art

icle

s,14

.52

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

,6.

05oi

ls, c

leav

age

prod

ucts

, etc

sets

, wor

n cl

othi

ng e

tcac

cess

orie

s, no

t kn

it or

cro

chet

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a


Tab

le 14

: Rev

ealed

Com

para

tive A

dvan

tage

(top

10

sect

ors)

for I

ndia

’s tra

ding

par

tner

s: Pa

ragu

ay, S

inga

pore

, Sri

Lank

a, an

d U

rugu

ayPa

ragu

aySi

ngap

ore

Sri L

anka

Uru

guay

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Sect

ors

2010

Oil

seed

, ole

agic

fru

its,

77.3

1C

omm

oditi

es n

ot4.

51C

offe

e, te

a, m

ate

and

74.8

2W

ool,

anim

al h

air,

hor

seha

ir39

.31

grai

n, s

eed,

fru

it, e

tc, n

esel

sew

here

spec

ified

spic

esya

rn a

nd fa

bric

ther

eof

Mea

t and

edi

ble

mea

t off

al31

.13

Tin

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f4.

37V

eget

able

text

ile fi

bres

nes

,51

.64

Mea

t and

edi

ble

mea

t off

al8.

46pa

per

yarn

, wov

en fa

bric

Cer

eals

22.3

1El

ectr

ical

, el

ectr

onic

2.66

Veg

etab

le p

laiti

ng m

ater

ials

,21

.86

Mill

ing

prod

ucts

, mal

t,25

.58

equi

pmen

tve

geta

ble

prod

ucts

nes

star

ches

, inu

lin, w

heat

glu

ten

Res

idue

s, w

aste

s of

food

19.5

8C

lock

s and

wat

ches

and

1.90

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

,17

.22

Oil

seed

, ole

agic

fru

its,

22.7

2in

dust

ry, a

nim

al f

odde

rpa

rts t

here

ofac

cess

orie

s, n

ot k

nit o

r cr

oche

tgr

ain,

see

d, f

ruit,

etc

, nes

Ani

mal

, veg

etab

le f

ats

and

11.6

1O

rgan

ic c

hem

ical

s1.

62A

rtic

les

of a

ppar

el,

17.0

9C

erea

ls21

.59

oils

, cle

avag

e pr

oduc

ts, e

tcac

cess

orie

s, k

nit o

r cr

oche

t

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

er10

.75

Esse

ntia

l oi

ls,

perf

umes

,1.

48M

illin

g pr

oduc

ts, m

alt,

13.8

2Pr

oduc

ts o

f ani

mal

17.4

5th

an fu

rski

ns) a

nd le

athe

rco

smet

ics,

toi

lete

ries

star

ches

, inu

lin, w

heat

glu

ten

orig

in,

nes

Prod

ucts

of

anim

al o

rigi

n,10

.40

Mac

hine

ry, n

ucle

ar1.

26R

ubbe

r an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f7.

68Li

ve a

nim

als

17.1

8ne

sre

acto

rs, b

oile

rs, e

tc

Mill

ing

prod

ucts

, mal

t,6.

13Pr

inte

d bo

oks,

1.26

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

6.62

Dai

ry p

rodu

cts,

egg

s, h

oney

,16

.96

star

ches

, inu

lin, w

heat

glu

ten

new

spap

ers,

pic

ture

s etc

edi

ble

anim

al p

rodu

ct n

es

Tob

acco

and

man

ufac

ture

d4.

62M

iner

al f

uels

, oi

ls,

1.07

Spec

ial w

oven

or

tuft

ed fa

bric

,3.

97R

aw h

ides

and

ski

ns (o

ther

16.4

9to

bacc

o su

bstit

utes

dist

illat

ion

prod

ucts

, etc

lace

, tap

estr

y et

cth

an fu

rski

ns) a

nd le

athe

r

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood,

3.01

Plas

tics

and

artic

les

1.00

Fish

, cr

usta

cean

s, m

ollu

scs,

3.68

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood,

9.76

woo

d ch

arco

alth

ereo

faq

uatic

inve

rteb

rate

s ne

sw

ood

char

coal

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a


Tab

le 16

: Ind

ia’s

TC

I (%

) with

PT

A p

artn

er co

untri

es d

urin

g 200

1-20

10Y

ear

Arg

entin

aBa

ngla

desh

Mal

dive

sN

epal

Paki

stan

Para

guay

Sing

apor

eSr

i Lan

kaU

rugu

ay20

0145

%N

A50

%N

AN

A39

%34

%51

%47

%20

0246

%51

%50

%N

AN

A41

%37

%53

%50

%20

0346

%51

%50

%53

%50

%42

%38

%55

%51

%20

0445

%51

%50

%N

A54

%45

%40

%56

%52

%20

0547

%51

%50

%N

A58

%50

%45

%59

%56

%20

0645

%52

%50

%N

A58

%47

%46

%61

%56

%20

0748

%51

%50

%N

A63

%46

%50

%62

%60

%20

0848

%48

%50

%N

A54

%49

%48

%57

%55

%20

0951

%47

%50

%61

%60

%52

%50

%63

%60

%20

1050

%48

%10

0%65

%50

%50

%50

%50

%50

%So

urce

: Cal

cula

tions

bas

ed o

n IT

C d

ata

Tab

le 15

: Ind

ia’s

Tra

de C

ompl

emen

tarit

y Ind

ex (T

CI)

with

Bra

zil R

ussia

, Chi

na an

d So

uth

Afri

ca d

urin

g 200

1-20

10C

ount

ryB

razi

lR

ussi

aC

hina

Sout

h A

fric

a20

0160

%45

%43

%43

%20

0258

%43

%45

%45

%20

0356

%43

%47

%48

%20

0456

%44

%48

%49

%20

0556

%43

%50

%53

%20

0656

%44

%49

%54

%20

0756

%43

%49

%58

%20

0859

%47

%50

%56

%20

0956

%48

%55

%58

%20

1093

%50

%50

%50

%So

urce

: Cal

cula

tions

bas

ed o

n IT

C d

ata


Tab

le 17

: Gra

vity

Tra

de M

odel

Estim

atio

ns

Part

icul

ars

OLS

, dep

enda

nt v

aria

ble:

exp

ort

OLS

dep

enda

nt v

aria

ble:

impo

rt

ln_P

OP

0.44

7 (5

.720

)*0.

545

(4.0

32)*

ln_G

DP

0.56

3 (9

.081

)*0.

940

(8.7

80)*

ln_D

IST

-0.6

13 (-

3.03

3)-0

.663

(-1.

898)

cont

ig-0

.165

(-0.

155)

0.13

7 (0

.075

)

com

lang

0.21

9 (0

.773

)-0

.904

(-1.

834)

com

col

1.04

2 (3

.341

)*1.

578

(2.9

27)*

smct

ry-2

.647

(-2.

370)

-3.6

70 (-

1.90

0)

SAFT

A1.

018

(1.2

77)

0.14

2 (0

.103

)

BIM

STEC

0.91

6 (1

.000

)-1

.798

(-1.

135)

Indi

a-A

SEA

N-0

.107

(-0.

212)

-0.0

30 (-

0.03

4)

Indi

a-M

ERC

OSU

R0.

160

(0.2

30)

0.42

0 (0

.348

)

ISLF

TA

-0.8

42 (-

0.48

4)2.

614

(0.8

69)

Indi

a-Si

ngap

ore

2.32

0 (1

.636

)-2

.373

(-0.

968)

Sour

ce: C

alcu

late

d es

timat

ions

thro

ugh

SPSS

Not

e: Fi

gure

s in

pare

nthe

sis d

enot

e t-st

atist

ics. I

n eq

uatio

n 1

(i.e.

for e

xpor

t as d

epen

dant

varia

ble)

, the

R2 v

alue

is 0

.687

whi

le th

e val

ue fo

r Adj

. R2 is

0.66

0. In

equa

tion

2 (i.

e.fo

r im

port

as d

epen

dant

varia

ble)

, the

R2 v

alue

is 0

.628

whi

le th

e val

ue fo

r Adj

. R2 i

s 0.5

96.

*den

otes

sign

ifica

nce a

t 1%

leve

l of s

igni

fican

ce


Tab

le 18

: List

of C

ount

ries i

n th

e Sam

ple (

166

coun

tries

)A

fgha

nist

anB

ulga

ria

Esto

nia

Jam

aica

Mex

icoR

ussi

an F

eder

atio

nT

rini

dad

and

Tob

ago

Alb

ania

Burk

ina

Faso

Ethi

opia

Japa

nM

icro

nesi

aR

wan

daT

unis

iaA

lger

iaBu

rund

iFi

jiJo

rdan

Mol

dova

Saud

i A

rabi

aTu

rkey

Ang

ola

Cam

bodi

aFi

nlan

dK

azak

hsta

nM

ongo

liaSe

nega

lT

urkm

enist

anA

ntig

ua &

Bar

buda

Cam

eroo

nFr

ance

Ken

yaM

oroc

coSe

yche

lles

Uni

ted

Ara

b Em

irat

esA

rgen

tina

Can

ada

Gab

onK

uwai

tM

ozam

biqu

eSi

erra

Leo

neU

nite

d K

ingd

omA

rmen

iaC

ape

Ver

deG

eorg

iaK

yrgy

zsta

nM

yanm

arSi

ngap

ore

Uni

ted

Stat

esA

ustr

alia

Cay

man

Isl

ands

Ger

man

yLa

o PD

RN

amib

iaSl

ovak

iaU

gand

aA

ustr

iaC

had

Gha

naLa

tvia

Nep

alSl

oven

iaU

krai

neA

zerb

aija

nC

hile

Gre

ece

Leba

non

Net

herl

ands

Som

alia

Uru

guay

Baha

mas

Chi

naG

rena

daLe

soth

oN

ew Z

eala

ndSo

uth

Afr

ica

Uzb

ekist

anBa

hrai

nC

olom

bia

Gui

nea

Libe

ria

Nic

arag

uaSo

uth

Kor

eaV

enez

uela

Bang

lade

shC

osta

Ric

aG

uine

a Bi

ssau

Liby

aN

iger

Spai

nV

ietn

amBa

rbad

osC

ôte

d’Iv

oire

Guy

ana

Lith

uani

aN

iger

iaSr

i La

nka

Yem

enBe

laru

sC

roat

iaH

aïti

Luxe

mbo

urg

Nor

way

Suda

nZ

ambi

aBe

lgiu

mC

uba

Hon

dura

sM

acao

Om

anSu

rina

me

Zim

babw

eBe

lize

Cyp

rus

Hon

g K

ong

Mac

edon

iaPa

kist

anSw

azila

nd

Beni

nC

zech

Rep

ublic

Hun

gary

Mad

agas

car

Pana

ma

Swed

enBe

rmud

aD

enm

ark

Icel

and

Mal

awi

Papu

a N

ew G

uine

aSw

itzer

land

Bhut

anD

jibou

tiIn

done

siaM

alay

sia

Para

guay

Syri

aBo

livia

Dom

inic

an R

epub

licIr

anM

aldi

ves

Peru

Tai

wan

Bosn

iaEc

uado

rIr

aqM

ali

Phili

ppin

esT

ajik

ista

nBo

tsw

ana

Egyp

tIr

elan

dM

alta

Pola

ndT

anza

nia

Braz

ilEl

Sal

vado

rIs

rael

Mau

rita

nia

Port

ugal

Tha

iland

Brun

eiEr

itrea

Ital

yM

auri

tius

Qat

arTo

go


Tab

le 19

: Dat

a Sou

rce

Var

iabl

esSo

urce

GD

P, P

opul

atio

nW

orld

Dev

elop

men

t Ind

icat

ors,

Wor

ld B

ank

Dis

tanc

e, C

ontig

, com

col,

com

lang

, sm

ctry

Cen

tre

d’Et

udes

Pro

spec

tives

et d

’ Inf

orm

atio

ns In

tern

atio

nale

s (C

EPII

dat

abas

e), F

ranc

eEx

port

and

Impo

rt d

ata,

RC

A, I

IT, T

CI

Inte

rnat

iona

l Tra

de C

entr

e’s

Mar

ket A

naly

sis

Too

l Dat

abas

e, G

enev

a

Tab

le 20

: Ind

ia’s

IIT w

ith ea

ch B

RIC

S cou

ntrie

s in

2009

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aC

hina

Sout

h A

fric

a‘0

1Li

ve a

nim

als

0.00

10.

000

0.00

00.

000

‘02

Mea

t and

edi

ble

mea

t off

al0.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.00

0‘0

3Fi

sh, c

rust

acea

ns, m

ollu

scs,

aqu

atic

inve

rteb

rate

s ne

s0.

000

0.00

00.

001

0.00

2‘0

4D

airy

pro

duct

s, e

ggs,

hon

ey, e

dibl

e an

imal

pro

duct

nes

0.00

00.

000

0.40

40.

000

‘05

Prod

ucts

of a

nim

al o

rigi

n, n

es0.

000

0.00

00.

916

0.03

3‘0

6Li

ve tr

ees,

pla

nts,

bul

bs, r

oots

, cut

flow

ers

etc

0.00

00.

000

0.59

10.

078

‘07

Edib

le v

eget

able

s an

d ce

rtai

n ro

ots

and

tube

rs0.

137

0.37

80.

000

0.01

5‘0

8Ed

ible

frui

t, nu

ts, p

eel o

f citr

us fr

uit,

mel

ons

0.81

30.

000

0.15

10.

748

‘09

Cof

fee,

tea,

mat

e an

d sp

ices

0.16

80.

004

0.35

10.

003

‘10

Cer

eals

0.00

00.

000

0.00

00.

000

‘11

Mill

ing

prod

ucts

, mal

t, st

arch

es, i

nulin

, whe

at g

lute

n0.

000

0.00

00.

534

0.00

0‘1

2O

il se

ed, o

leag

ic f

ruits

, gra

in, s

eed,

fru

it, e

tc, n

es0.

237

0.84

40.

676

0.06

4‘1

3La

c, g

ums,

res

ins,

veg

etab

le s

aps

and

extr

acts

nes

0.42

20.

000

0.33

60.

007

‘14

Veg

etab

le p

laiti

ng m

ater

ials

, veg

etab

le p

rodu

cts

nes

0.00

00.

000

0.01

50.

000

‘15

Ani

mal

,veg

etab

le f

ats

and

oils

, cle

avag

e pr

oduc

ts, e

tc0.

102

0.06

80.

018

0.00

0‘1

6M

eat,

fish

and

seaf

ood

food

pre

para

tions

nes

0.00

00.

000

0.03

30.

001

‘17

Suga

rs a

nd s

ugar

con

fect

ione

ry0.

000

0.00

00.

120

0.19

5


‘18

Coc

oa a

nd c

ocoa

pre

para

tions

0.00

00.

226

0.92

40.

876

‘19

Cer

eal,

flour

, sta

rch,

milk

pre

para

tions

and

pro

duct

s0.

000

0.00

00.

580

0.08

1‘2

0V

eget

able

, fru

it, n

ut, e

tc fo

od p

repa

ratio

ns0.

039

0.00

10.

339

0.69

4‘2

1M

isce

llane

ous

edib

le p

repa

ratio

ns0.

133

0.00

10.

555

0.07

2‘2

2Be

vera

ges,

spi

rits

and

vin

egar

0.00

20.

000

0.33

40.

350

‘23

Res

idue

s, w

aste

s of

food

indu

stry

, ani

mal

fodd

er0.

221

0.21

60.

307

0.52

3‘2

4T

obac

co a

nd m

anuf

actu

red

toba

cco

subs

titut

es0.

102

0.00

00.

695

0.00

0‘2

5Sa

lt, s

ulph

ur, e

arth

, sto

ne, p

last

er, l

ime

and

cem

ent

0.18

60.

051

0.50

80.

942

‘26

Ore

s, s

lag

and

ash

0.00

00.

036

0.00

90.

001

‘27

Min

eral

fue

ls, o

ils, d

istil

latio

n pr

oduc

ts, e

tc0.

719

0.00

30.

329

0.68

7‘2

8In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s, p

reci

ous

met

al c

ompo

und,

isot

opes

0.98

70.

185

0.35

60.

061

‘29

Org

anic

che

mic

als

0.57

30.

612

0.28

30.

873

‘30

Phar

mac

eutic

al p

rodu

cts

0.02

60.

008

0.47

80.

047

‘31

Fert

ilise

rs0.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.02

0‘3

2T

anni

ng, d

yein

g ex

trac

ts, t

anni

ns, d

eriv

s,pi

gmen

ts e

tc0.

123

0.08

50.

536

0.55

9‘3

3Es

sent

ial o

ils, p

erfu

mes

, cos

met

ics,

toi

lete

ries

0.57

70.

072

0.85

40.

032

‘34

Soap

s, lu

bric

ants

, wax

es, c

andl

es, m

odel

ling

past

es0.

613

0.95

40.

553

0.07

5‘3

5A

lbum

inoi

ds, m

odifi

ed s

tarc

hes,

glu

es, e

nzym

es0.

444

0.04

60.

117

0.80

6‘3

6Ex

plos

ives

, pyr

otec

hnic

s, m

atch

es, p

yrop

hori

cs, e

tc0.

867

0.00

00.

000

0.10

1‘3

7Ph

otog

raph

ic o

r cin

emat

ogra

phic

goo

ds0.

707

0.00

00.

005

0.08

5‘3

8M

isce

llane

ous c

hem

ical

pro

duct

s0.

160

0.88

80.

522

0.47

2‘3

9Pl

astic

s an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

941

0.81

90.

597

0.63

1‘4

0R

ubbe

r an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

978

0.12

90.

168

0.31

4‘4

1R

aw h

ides

and

ski

ns (o

ther

than

furs

kins

) and

leat

her

0.01

30.

718

0.33

60.

312

‘42

Art

icle

s of

leat

her,

ani

mal

gut

, har

ness

, tra

vel g

oods

0.01

60.

000

0.06

50.

010

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aC

hina

Sout

h A

fric

a


HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aC

hina

Sout

h A

fric

a‘4

3Fu

rski

ns a

nd a

rtifi

cial

fur,

man

ufac

ture

s th

ereo

f0.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.00

0‘4

4W

ood

and

artic

les o

f woo

d, w

ood

char

coal

0.13

80.

204

0.03

10.

337

‘45

Cor

k an

d ar

ticle

s of

cor

k0.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.00

0‘4

6M

anuf

actu

res

of p

laiti

ng m

ater

ial,

bask

etw

ork,

etc

.0.

000

0.00

00.

071

0.00

0‘4

7Pu

lp o

f woo

d, fi

brou

s ce

llulo

sic

mat

eria

l, w

aste

etc

0.00

10.

000

0.00

80.

000

‘48

Pape

r &

pap

erbo

ard,

art

icle

s of

pul

p, p

aper

and

boa

rd0.

393

0.10

10.

020

0.34

7‘4

9Pr

inte

d bo

oks,

new

spap

ers,

pic

ture

s etc

0.97

70.

082

0.06

00.

040

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Silk

0.81

90.

000

0.03

00.

000

‘51

Woo

l, an

imal

hai

r, h

orse

hair

yar

n an

d fa

bric

the

reof

0.94

70.

000

0.48

40.

075

‘52

Cot

ton

0.00

40.

001

0.30

90.

054

‘53

Veg

etab

le te

xtile

fibr

es n

es, p

aper

yar

n, w

oven

fabr

ic0.

066

0.00

00.

635

0.08

1‘5

4M

anm

ade

filam

ents

0.00

20.

246

0.03

30.

331

‘55

Man

mad

e st

aple

fibr

es0.

000

0.00

00.

579

0.00

2‘5

6W

addi

ng, f

elt,

nonw

oven

s, y

arns

, tw

ine,

cor

dage

, etc

0.30

70.

000

0.12

50.

157

‘57

Car

pets

and

oth

er te

xtile

floo

r co

veri

ngs

0.00

00.

000

0.42

50.

041

‘58

Spec

ial w

oven

or

tuft

ed fa

bric

, lac

e, ta

pest

ry e

tc0.

016

0.00

00.

030

0.00

2‘5

9Im

preg

nate

d, c

oate

d or

lam

inat

ed te

xtile

fabr

ic0.

562

0.39

70.

011

0.03

0‘6

0K

nitt

ed o

r cro

chet

ed fa

bric

0.00

00.

000

0.00

10.

030

‘61

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

, acc

esso

ries

, kni

t or

croc

het

0.00

20.

017

0.54

20.

001

‘62

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

, acc

esso

ries

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kni

t or

croc

het

0.00

00.

004

0.68

50.

002

‘63

Oth

er m

ade

text

ile a

rtic

les,

set

s, w

orn

clot

hing

etc

0.00

00.

000

0.29

00.

001

‘64

Foot

wea

r, g

aite

rs a

nd th

e lik

e, p

arts

ther

eof

0.95

50.

000

0.06

60.

001

‘65

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

0.00

00.

000

0.02

90.

194

‘66

Um

brel

las,

wal

king

-stic

ks, s

eat-

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ks, w

hips

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0.00

00.

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0.00

00.

000

‘67

Bird

ski

n, f

eath

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art

ifici

al f

low

ers,

hum

an h

air

0.00

00.

000

0.09

50.

000


‘68

Ston

e, p

last

er, c

emen

t, as

best

os, m

ica,

etc

art

icle

s0.

222

0.02

20.

466

0.09

3‘6

9C

eram

ic p

rodu

cts

0.16

20.

034

0.02

10.

041

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Gla

ss a

nd g

lass

war

e0.

157

0.19

40.

498

0.23

6‘7

1Pe

arls

, pre

ciou

s st

ones

, met

als,

coi

ns, e

tc0.

929

0.41

10.

740

0.03

1‘7

2Ir

on a

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teel

0.39

90.

080

0.75

50.

305

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Art

icle

s of

iron

or

stee

l0.

363

0.72

90.

044

0.07

8‘7

4C

oppe

r an

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ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

332

0.01

90.

330

0.92

3‘7

5N

icke

l and

art

icle

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ereo

f0.

047

0.00

60.

010

0.04

4‘7

6A

lum

iniu

m a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.95

80.

053

0.80

10.

138

‘78

Lead

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

000

0.00

00.

622

0.56

7‘7

9Z

inc

and

artic

les

ther

eof

0.00

00.

044

0.14

80.

128

‘80

Tin

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

000

0.00

00.

044

0.02

2‘8

1O

ther

bas

e m

etal

s, c

erm

ets,

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

715

0.00

00.

114

0.11

3‘8

2T

ools

, im

plem

ents

, cut

lery

, etc

of b

ase

met

al0.

177

0.27

70.

203

0.07

2‘8

3M

isce

llane

ous

artic

les

of b

ase

met

al0.

586

0.37

20.

080

0.05

1‘8

4M

achi

nery

, nuc

lear

rea

ctor

s, b

oile

rs, e

tc0.

956

0.83

50.

109

0.61

9‘8

5El

ectr

ical

, ele

ctro

nic

equi

pmen

t0.

302

0.95

30.

046

0.10

1‘8

6R

ailw

ay, t

ram

way

loco

mot

ives

, rol

ling

stoc

k, e

quip

men

t0.

000

0.05

00.

019

0.24

9‘8

7V

ehic

les

othe

r th

an r

ailw

ay, t

ram

way

0.69

70.

122

0.11

00.

021

‘88

Air

craf

t, sp

acec

raft

, and

par

ts th

ereo

f0.

014

0.71

80.

985

0.32

1‘8

9Sh

ips,

boa

ts a

nd o

ther

floa

ting

stru

ctur

es0.

197

0.11

60.

124

0.31

0‘9

0O

ptic

al, p

hoto

, tec

hnic

al, m

edic

al, e

tc a

ppar

atus

0.96

90.

354

0.28

40.

185

‘91

Clo

cks

and

wat

ches

and

par

ts th

ereo

f0.

000

0.23

50.

003

0.05

1‘9

2M

usic

al in

stru

men

ts, p

arts

and

acc

esso

ries

0.00

00.

000

0.21

70.

000

‘93

Arm

s an

d am

mun

ition

, par

ts a

nd a

cces

sori

es th

ereo

f0.

016

0.00

00.

024

0.00

0

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aC

hina

Sout

h A

fric

a


‘94

Furn

iture

, lig

htin

g, s

igns

, pre

fabr

icat

ed b

uild

ings

0.12

50.

004

0.02

80.

015

‘95

Toy

s, g

ames

, spo

rts

requ

isite

s0.

072

0.29

00.

008

0.03

4‘9

6M

isce

llane

ous

man

ufac

ture

d ar

ticle

s0.

089

0.00

00.

024

0.01

3‘9

7W

orks

of a

rt, c

olle

ctor

s pi

eces

and

ant

ique

s0.

381

0.00

00.

593

0.02

3‘9

9C

omm

oditi

es n

ot e

lsew

here

spec

ified

0.04

70.

330

0.08

60.

782

Tot

alA

ll pr

oduc

ts0.

762

0.43

80.

506

0.56

0So

urce

: Cal

cula

tions

bas

ed o

n IT

C d

ata

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aC

hina

Sout

h A

fric

a

Tab

le 21

: Ind

ia’s

IIT w

ith se

lect P

TA

par

tner

s and

BR

ICS

Prod

uct c

ode

Prod

uct l

abel

Sing

apor

eSr

i Lan

kaBR

ICS

ASE

AN

MER

CO

SUR

SAA

RC

‘01

Live

ani

mal

s0.

1374

0.00

000.

0011

0.64

090.

0012

0.00

00‘0

2M

eat a

nd e

dibl

e m

eat o

ffal

0.00

00.

0000

0.00

060.

0000

0.00

000.

0000

‘03

Fish

, cru

stac

eans

, mol

lusc

s, a

quat

ic in

vert

ebra

tes

nes

0.02

520.

0068

0.00

120.

0417

0.27

660.

9953

‘04

Dai

ry p

rodu

cts,

egg

s, h

oney

, edi

ble

anim

al p

rodu

ct n

es0.

0126

0.00

000.

7128

0.05

230.

0000

0.12

40‘0

5Pr

oduc

ts o

f ani

mal

ori

gin,

nes

0.01

170.

1783

0.88

340.

9971

0.00

000.

6749

‘06

Live

tree

s, p

lant

s, b

ulbs

, roo

ts, c

ut fl

ower

s et

c0.

0116

0.00

000.

9964

0.93

470.

7358

0.17

83‘0

7Ed

ible

veg

etab

les

and

cert

ain

root

s an

d tu

bers

0.06

260.

0050

0.10

830.

2058

0.13

370.

0139

‘08

Edib

le fr

uit,

nuts

, pee

l of c

itrus

frui

t, m

elon

s0.

1516

0.89

490.

3170

0.63

320.

9438

0.93

72‘0

9C

offe

e, te

a, m

ate

and

spic

es0.

0243

0.69

690.

3027

0.86

160.

3450

0.64

12‘1

0C

erea

ls0.

0000

0.00

000.

0000

0.00

020.

0104

0.01

30‘1

1M

illin

g pr

oduc

ts, m

alt,

star

ches

, inu

lin, w

heat

glu

ten

0.07

790.

5609

0.92

210.

6978

0.00

930.

2250

‘12

Oil

seed

, ole

agic

fru

its, g

rain

, see

d, f

ruit,

etc

, nes

0.00

950.

3315

0.58

810.

1136

0.21

030.

3097

‘13

Lac,

gum

s, r

esin

s, v

eget

able

sap

s an

d ex

trac

ts n

es0.

6439

0.53

140.

2609

0.95

670.

3454

0.40

10‘1

4V

eget

able

pla

iting

mat

eria

ls, v

eget

able

pro

duct

s ne

s0.

4839

0.00

000.

0142

0.83

080.

0000

0.82

82


Prod

uct c

ode

Prod

uct l

abel

Sing

apor

eSr

i Lan

kaBR

ICS

ASE

AN

MER

CO

SUR

SAA

RC

‘15

Ani

mal

,veg

etab

le f

ats

and

oils

, cle

avag

e pr

oduc

ts, e

tc0.

9334

0.21

760.

9535

0.02

390.

0262

0.58

84‘1

6M

eat,

fish

and

seaf

ood

food

pre

para

tions

nes

0.08

810.

3841

0.02

140.

0574

0.00

000.

4318

‘17

Suga

rs a

nd s

ugar

con

fect

ione

ry0.

2528

0.02

140.

0051

0.10

110.

0000

0.12

15‘1

8C

ocoa

and

coc

oa p

repa

ratio

ns0.

0827

0.37

820.

9927

0.16

510.

0000

0.92

43‘1

9C

erea

l, flo

ur, s

tarc

h, m

ilk p

repa

ratio

ns a

nd p

rodu

cts

0.35

110.

0339

0.60

610.

5926

0.00

000.

3242

‘20

Veg

etab

le, f

ruit,

nut

, etc

food

pre

para

tions

0.32

920.

7116

0.51

670.

9637

0.09

520.

9384

‘21

Mis

cella

neou

s ed

ible

pre

para

tions

0.28

450.

9586

0.17

420.

6094

0.14

080.

4730

‘22

Beve

rage

s, s

piri

ts a

nd v

ineg

ar0.

7824

0.20

640.

0430

0.71

840.

0019

0.54

55‘2

3R

esid

ues,

was

tes

of fo

od in

dust

ry, a

nim

al fo

dder

0.19

720.

9965

0.33

050.

0773

0.12

630.

3160

‘24

Tob

acco

and

man

ufac

ture

d to

bacc

o su

bstit

utes

0.39

550.

0000

0.03

350.

2541

0.08

140.

0016

‘25

Salt,

sul

phur

, ear

th, s

tone

, pla

ster

, lim

e an

d ce

men

t0.

9812

0.06

690.

8968

0.72

660.

1694

0.68

89‘2

6O

res,

sla

g an

d as

h0.

2061

0.23

200.

1900

0.10

900.

0000

0.20

44‘2

7M

iner

al f

uels

, oils

, dis

tilla

tion

prod

ucts

, etc

.0.

7764

0.07

590.

5399

0.69

150.

7195

0.13

29‘2

8In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s, p

reci

ous

met

al c

ompo

und,

isot

opes

0.31

600.

1379

0.26

050.

9463

0.91

650.

7254

‘29

Org

anic

che

mic

als

0.42

920.

0077

0.39

150.

8310

0.43

860.

1798

‘30

Phar

mac

eutic

al p

rodu

cts

0.52

070.

0057

0.22

170.

2268

0.05

240.

0464

‘31

Fert

ilise

rs0.

1267

0.00

000.

0003

0.33

600.

4000

0.74

36‘3

2T

anni

ng, d

yein

g ex

trac

ts, t

anni

ns, d

eriv

s, p

igm

ents

etc

.0.

8510

0.06

680.

9327

0.98

700.

1340

0.32

19‘3

3Es

sent

ial o

ils, p

erfu

mes

, cos

met

ics,

toi

lete

ries

0.63

260.

1117

0.93

430.

7933

0.44

260.

2850

‘34

Soap

s, lu

bric

ants

, wax

es, c

andl

es, m

odel

ling

past

es0.

8220

0.00

320.

9204

0.60

830.

6824

0.30

19‘3

5A

lbum

inoi

ds, m

odifi

ed s

tarc

hes,

glu

es, e

nzym

es0.

8491

0.02

500.

1661

0.91

010.

5232

0.07

51‘3

6Ex

plos

ives

, pyr

otec

hnic

s, m

atch

es, p

yrop

hori

cs, e

tc0.

8235

0.00

000.

1058

0.00

380.

9901

0.00

00‘3

7Ph

otog

raph

ic o

r cin

emat

ogra

phic

goo

ds0.

6695

0.01

020.

0398

0.82

270.

0448

0.02

03‘3

8M

isce

llane

ous c

hem

ical

pro

duct

s0.

7144

0.11

160.

8925

0.81

130.

1246

0.23

85‘3

9Pl

astic

s an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

2484

0.15

930.

6991

0.44

710.

8147

0.55

29


Prod

uct c

ode

Prod

uct l

abel

Sing

apor

eSr

i Lan

kaBR

ICS

ASE

AN

MER

CO

SUR

SAA

RC

‘40

Rub

ber

and

artic

les

ther

eof

0.84

090.

6655

0.33

390.

5386

0.88

720.

5352

‘41

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

er th

an fu

rski

ns) a

nd le

athe

r0.

4812

0.09

670.

5768

0.33

290.

0160

0.39

75‘4

2A

rtic

les

of le

athe

r, a

nim

al g

ut, h

arne

ss, t

rave

l goo

ds0.

2375

0.09

600.

3222

0.47

810.

0173

0.11

34‘4

3Fu

rski

ns a

nd a

rtifi

cial

fur,

man

ufac

ture

s th

ereo

f0.

0000

0.00

00.

0000

0.00

000.

0000

0.82

35‘4

4W

ood

and

artic

les o

f woo

d, w

ood

char

coal

0.58

120.

7956

0.06

660.

0082

0.17

160.

8662

‘45

Cor

k an

d ar

ticle

s of

cor

k0.

8000

0.00

000.

1196

0.31

680.

000

0.00

00‘4

6M

anuf

actu

res

of p

laiti

ng m

ater

ial,

bask

etw

ork,

etc

.0.

3158

0.00

000.

1254

0.48

610.

0000

0.17

99‘4

7Pu

lp o

f woo

d, fi

brou

s ce

llulo

sic

mat

eria

l, w

aste

etc

0.00

000.

1444

0.00

110.

0034

0.00

110.

1458

‘48

Pape

r &

pap

erbo

ard,

art

icle

s of

pul

p, p

aper

and

boa

rd0.

9442

0.26

510.

1135

0.61

910.

4255

0.16

60‘4

9Pr

inte

d bo

oks,

new

spap

ers,

pic

ture

s etc

0.16

840.

4691

0.20

190.

4071

0.74

710.

2630

‘50

Silk

0.03

100.

0305

0.04

710.

6232

0.93

790.

0723

‘51

Woo

l, an

imal

hai

r, h

orse

hair

yar

n an

d fa

bric

the

reof

0.01

420.

0000

0.25

260.

2814

0.00

360.

8131

‘52

Cot

ton

0.04

720.

0537

0.26

600.

0685

0.00

330.

1253

‘53

Veg

etab

le te

xtile

fibr

es n

es, p

aper

yar

n, w

oven

fabr

ic0.

3417

0.12

540.

7086

0.50

830.

0434

0.36

32‘5

4M

anm

ade

filam

ents

0.62

630.

1162

0.56

730.

9395

0.00

380.

0730

‘55

Man

mad

e st

aple

fibr

es0.

1641

0.06

000.

7693

0.95

780.

0093

0.56

52‘5

6W

addi

ng, f

elt,

nonw

oven

s, y

arns

, tw

ine,

cor

dage

, etc

0.04

090.

5118

0.43

420.

5921

0.32

470.

6819

‘57

Car

pets

and

oth

er te

xtile

floo

r co

veri

ngs

0.30

260.

3803

0.70

050.

9782

0.00

000.

4183

‘58

Spec

ial w

oven

or

tuft

ed fa

bric

, lac

e, ta

pest

ry e

tc0.

4104

0.96

620.

1045

0.82

330.

0134

0.69

52‘5

9Im

preg

nate

d, c

oate

d or

lam

inat

ed te

xtile

fabr

ic0.

7492

0.12

230.

0320

0.16

180.

6232

0.46

56‘6

0K

nitt

ed o

r cro

chet

ed fa

bric

0.96

910.

1648

0.03

260.

8044

0.00

000.

3458

‘61

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

, acc

esso

ries

, kni

t or

croc

het

0.04

910.

5051

0.30

890.

2229

0.00

330.

5257

‘62

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

, acc

esso

ries

, not

kni

t or

croc

het

0.03

080.

4410

0.35

260.

0591

0.00

110.

6596

‘63

Oth

er m

ade

text

ile a

rtic

les,

set

s, w

orn

clot

hing

etc

0.38

020.

2270

0.83

290.

6432

0.00

000.

3679

‘64

Foot

wea

r, g

aite

rs a

nd th

e lik

e, p

arts

ther

eof

0.30

270.

2080

0.32

110.

7477

0.61

330.

8508


Prod

uct c

ode

Prod

uct l

abel

Sing

apor

eSr

i Lan

kaBR

ICS

ASE

AN

MER

CO

SUR

SAA

RC

‘65

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

0.43

900.

0571

0.37

430.

9933

0.00

000.

5970

‘66

Um

brel

las,

wal

king

-stic

ks, s

eat-

stic

ks, w

hips

, etc

1.00

000.

0827

0.00

080.

0777

0.00

000.

0550

‘67

Bird

ski

n, f

eath

ers,

art

ifici

al f

low

ers,

hum

an h

air

0.00

680.

0000

0.07

840.

0411

0.00

000.

0444

‘68

Ston

e, p

last

er, c

emen

t, as

best

os, m

ica,

etc

art

icle

s0.

5195

0.76

530.

6304

0.86

310.

7996

0.60

97‘6

9C

eram

ic p

rodu

cts

0.36

720.

5606

0.09

480.

9656

0.15

870.

3242

‘70

Gla

ss a

nd g

lass

war

e0.

8467

0.54

880.

6031

0.57

440.

1679

0.90

67‘7

1Pe

arls

, pre

ciou

s st

ones

, met

als,

coi

ns, e

tc0.

3528

0.71

440.

5013

0.52

460.

7990

0.51

54‘7

2Ir

on a

nd s

teel

0.53

710.

0488

0.49

160.

6202

0.44

140.

5820

‘73

Art

icle

s of

iron

or

stee

l0.

9997

0.10

020.

1750

0.98

880.

6258

0.40

67‘7

4C

oppe

r an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

1305

0.38

980.

5293

0.51

030.

3632

0.95

13‘7

5N

icke

l and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

3987

0.00

000.

0110

0.72

500.

0474

0.81

47‘7

6A

lum

iniu

m a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.23

140.

1140

0.61

410.

6179

0.91

440.

2558

‘78

Lead

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

7047

0.82

660.

1915

0.21

660.

0000

0.46

39‘7

9Z

inc

and

artic

les

ther

eof

0.37

970.

5393

0.28

120.

2080

0.00

000.

0810

‘80

Tin

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

1489

0.00

000.

2016

0.15

560.

0000

0.00

00‘8

1O

ther

bas

e m

etal

s, c

erm

ets,

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

5991

0.00

000.

1045

0.92

990.

3042

0.00

00‘8

2T

ools

, im

plem

ents

, cut

lery

, etc

of b

ase

met

al0.

8382

0.66

400.

5933

0.95

230.

1527

0.20

90‘8

3M

isce

llane

ous

artic

les

of b

ase

met

al0.

9227

0.19

870.

2220

0.95

990.

7615

0.08

57‘8

4M

achi

nery

, nuc

lear

rea

ctor

s, b

oile

rs, e

tc0.

5893

0.73

780.

1619

0.57

040.

9361

0.25

10‘8

5El

ectr

ical

, ele

ctro

nic

equi

pmen

t0.

5229

0.79

060.

1063

0.70

330.

2891

0.33

91‘8

6R

ailw

ay, t

ram

way

loco

mot

ives

, rol

ling

stoc

k, e

quip

men

t0.

0765

0.00

000.

0522

0.11

530.

0000

0.00

00‘8

7V

ehic

les

othe

r th

an r

ailw

ay, t

ram

way

0.32

580.

0059

0.75

700.

6387

0.59

580.

0123

‘88

Air

craf

t, sp

acec

raft

, and

par

ts th

ereo

f0.

6665

0.34

880.

7315

0.49

810.

0286

0.02

90‘8

9Sh

ips,

boa

ts a

nd o

ther

floa

ting

stru

ctur

es0.

6437

0.97

740.

3032

0.39

280.

1974

0.63

74‘9

0O

ptic

al, p

hoto

, tec

hnic

al, m

edic

al, e

tc a

ppar

atus

0.57

160.

1456

0.33

890.

6200

0.98

090.

1574


‘91

Clo

cks

and

wat

ches

and

par

ts th

ereo

f0.

3167

0.00

220.

0060

0.78

410.

0000

0.00

10‘9

2M

usic

al in

stru

men

ts, p

arts

and

acc

esso

ries

0.30

850.

0000

0.24

870.

3478

0.00

000.

0063

‘93

Arm

s an

d am

mun

ition

, par

ts a

nd a

cces

sori

es th

ereo

f0.

0142

0.00

000.

0934

0.00

230.

0158

0.00

00‘9

4Fu

rnitu

re, l

ight

ing,

sig

ns, p

refa

bric

ated

bui

ldin

gs0.

1732

0.47

250.

0926

0.12

680.

0993

0.85

41‘9

5T

oys,

gam

es, s

port

s re

quis

ites

0.41

580.

5427

0.09

050.

7174

0.17

030.

4240

‘96

Mis

cella

neou

s m

anuf

actu

red

artic

les

0.84

210.

2533

0.15

480.

5620

0.07

190.

1035

‘97

Wor

ks o

f art

, col

lect

ors

piec

es a

nd a

ntiq

ues

0.90

930.

0074

0.62

150.

6852

0.27

690.

3741

‘99

Com

mod

ities

not

els

ewhe

re sp

ecifi

ed0.

1744

0.10

370.

0990

0.19

500.

0489

0.20

02T

otal

All

prod

ucts

0.94

710.

3202

0.52

840.

8550

0.74

790.

3363

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a

Prod

uct c

ode

Prod

uct l

abel

Sing

apor

eSr

i Lan

kaBR

ICS

ASE

AN

MER

CO

SUR

SAA

RC


Tab

le 2

2: R

evea

led

Com

para

tive

Adv

anta

ge (R

CA

) for

99

sect

ors

for

BR

ICS

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aIn

dia

Chi

naSo

uth

Afr

ica

‘01

Live

ani

mal

s2.

800.

010.

030.

230.

36‘0

2M

eat a

nd e

dibl

e m

eat o

ffal

9.04

0.01

0.65

0.10

0.28

‘03

Fish

, cru

stac

eans

, mol

lusc

s, a

quat

ic in

vert

ebra

tes

nes

0.18

1.03

1.96

1.00

1.13

‘04

Dai

ry p

rodu

cts,

egg

s, h

oney

, edi

ble

anim

al p

rodu

ct n

es0.

320.

100.

160.

050.

25‘0

5Pr

oduc

ts o

f ani

mal

ori

gin,

nes

4.55

0.12

1.00

1.76

0.46

‘06

Live

tree

s, p

lant

s, b

ulbs

, roo

ts, c

ut fl

ower

s et

c0.

100.

000.

240.

090.

63‘0

7Ed

ible

veg

etab

les

and

cert

ain

root

s an

d tu

bers

0.02

0.05

1.09

1.23

0.22

‘08

Edib

le fr

uit,

nuts

, pee

l of c

itrus

frui

t, m

elon

s0.

850.

020.

900.

335.

80‘0

9C

offe

e, te

a, m

ate

and

spic

es10

.72

0.09

3.69

0.42

0.24

‘10

Cer

eals

2.38

1.19

0.89

0.06

0.85

‘11

Mill

ing

prod

ucts

, mal

t, st

arch

es, i

nulin

, whe

at g

lute

n0.

280.

260.

390.

381.

79‘1

2O

il se

ed, o

leag

ic f

ruits

, gra

in, s

eed,

fru

it, e

tc, n

es11

.63

0.05

1.14

0.27

0.49

‘13

Lac,

gum

s, r

esin

s, v

eget

able

sap

s an

d ex

trac

ts n

es1.

010.

019.

401.

060.

15‘1

4V

eget

able

pla

iting

mat

eria

ls, v

eget

able

pro

duct

s ne

s1.

020.

258.

520.

620.

15‘1

5A

nim

al,v

eget

able

fat

s an

d oi

ls, c

leav

age

prod

ucts

, etc

1.53

0.37

0.90

0.04

0.46

‘16

Mea

t, fis

h an

d se

afoo

d fo

od p

repa

ratio

ns n

es2.

790.

120.

311.

430.

27‘1

7Su

gars

and

sug

ar c

onfe

ctio

nery

21.9

40.

110.

700.

231.

36‘1

8C

ocoa

and

coc

oa p

repa

ratio

ns0.

740.

270.

060.

050.

45‘1

9C

erea

l, flo

ur, s

tarc

h, m

ilk p

repa

ratio

ns a

nd p

rodu

cts

0.26

0.21

0.34

0.23

0.38

‘20

Veg

etab

le, f

ruit,

nut

, etc

food

pre

para

tions

3.04

0.06

0.77

1.08

2.05

‘21

Mis

cella

neou

s ed

ible

pre

para

tions

1.71

0.26

0.72

0.30

1.02

‘22

Beve

rage

s, s

piri

ts a

nd v

ineg

ar0.

930.

150.

060.

112.

59‘2

3R

esid

ues,

was

tes

of fo

od in

dust

ry, a

nim

al fo

dder

6.51

0.22

2.05

0.32

0.44

‘24

Tob

acco

and

man

ufac

ture

d to

bacc

o su

bstit

utes

5.82

0.43

1.78

0.28

1.45


‘25

Salt,

sul

phur

, ear

th, s

tone

, pla

ster

, lim

e an

d ce

men

t1.

360.

943.

130.

751.

83‘2

6O

res,

sla

g an

d as

h11

.01

0.43

5.28

0.03

9.86

‘27

Min

eral

fue

ls, o

ils, d

istil

latio

n pr

oduc

ts, e

tc0.

654.

651.

130.

110.

67‘2

8In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s, p

reci

ous

met

al c

ompo

und,

isot

opes

1.72

2.21

0.56

0.95

1.99

‘29

Org

anic

che

mic

als

0.60

0.32

2.16

0.76

0.69

‘30

Phar

mac

eutic

al p

rodu

cts

0.21

0.03

1.32

0.09

0.07

‘31

Fert

ilize

rs0.

425.

310.

130.

920.

73‘3

2T

anni

ng, d

yein

g ex

trac

ts, t

anni

ns, d

eriv

s,pi

gmen

ts e

tc0.

430.

092.

050.

570.

71‘3

3Es

sent

ial o

ils, p

erfu

mes

, cos

met

ics,

toi

lete

ries

0.58

0.13

0.71

0.26

0.70

‘34

Soap

s, lu

bric

ants

, wax

es, c

andl

es, m

odel

ling

past

es0.

500.

290.

500.

410.

97‘3

5A

lbum

inoi

ds, m

odifi

ed s

tarc

hes,

glu

es, e

nzym

es0.

990.

041.

080.

720.

35‘3

6Ex

plos

ives

, pyr

otec

hnic

s, m

atch

es, p

yrop

hori

cs, e

tc0.

470.

641.

381.

535.

74‘3

7Ph

otog

raph

ic o

r cin

emat

ogra

phic

goo

ds0.

310.

010.

110.

560.

30‘3

8M

isce

llane

ous c

hem

ical

pro

duct

s0.

440.

090.

800.

580.

76‘3

9Pl

astic

s an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

490.

120.

520.

680.

41‘4

0R

ubbe

r an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

900.

660.

760.

820.

43‘4

1R

aw h

ides

and

ski

ns (o

ther

than

furs

kins

) and

leat

her

4.54

0.25

2.10

0.14

1.34

‘42

Art

icle

s of

leat

her,

ani

mal

gut

, har

ness

, tra

vel g

oods

0.14

0.02

3.42

4.04

0.10

‘43

Furs

kins

and

art

ifici

al fu

r, m

anuf

actu

res

ther

eof

0.30

0.30

0.06

2.55

0.11

‘44

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood,

woo

d ch

arco

al1.

282.

250.

120.

830.

70‘4

5C

ork

and

artic

les

of c

ork

0.08

0.00

0.09

0.09

0.28

‘46

Man

ufac

ture

s of

pla

iting

mat

eria

l, ba

sket

wor

k, e

tc.

0.00

0.00

1.87

6.33

0.40

‘47

Pulp

of w

ood,

fibr

ous

cellu

losi

c m

ater

ial,

was

te e

tc7.

600.

990.

010.

033.

42‘4

8Pa

per

& p

aper

boar

d, a

rtic

les

of p

ulp,

pap

er a

nd b

oard

0.86

0.36

0.34

0.52

0.78

‘49

Prin

ted

book

s, n

ewsp

aper

s, p

ictu

res e

tc0.

090.

280.

490.

590.

43

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aIn

dia

Chi

naSo

uth

Afr

ica


‘50

Silk

0.85

0.00

5.34

5.09

0.01

‘51

Woo

l, an

imal

hai

r, h

orse

hair

yar

n an

d fa

bric

the

reof

0.20

0.05

1.00

1.76

4.53

‘52

Cot

ton

1.35

0.04

8.40

2.26

0.09

‘53

Veg

etab

le te

xtile

fibr

es n

es, p

aper

yar

n, w

oven

fabr

ic0.

850.

197.

712.

360.

07‘5

4M

anm

ade

filam

ents

0.17

0.03

2.09

2.39

0.09

‘55

Man

mad

e st

aple

fibr

es0.

370.

033.

062.

240.

08‘5

6W

addi

ng, f

elt,

nonw

oven

s, y

arns

, tw

ine,

cor

dage

, etc

0.93

0.13

0.61

1.20

0.37

‘57

Car

pets

and

oth

er te

xtile

floo

r co

veri

ngs

0.12

0.01

8.74

1.35

0.49

‘58

Spec

ial w

oven

or

tuft

ed fa

bric

, lac

e, ta

pest

ry e

tc0.

270.

011.

753.

180.

16‘5

9Im

preg

nate

d, c

oate

d or

lam

inat

ed te

xtile

fabr

ic0.

410.

060.

372.

360.

26‘6

0K

nitt

ed o

r cro

chet

ed fa

bric

0.16

0.00

0.44

3.26

0.06

‘61

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

, acc

esso

ries

, kni

t or

croc

het

0.04

0.00

2.51

3.53

0.04

‘62

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

, acc

esso

ries

, not

kni

t or

croc

het

0.03

0.02

3.38

3.06

0.06

‘63

Oth

er m

ade

text

ile a

rtic

les,

set

s, w

orn

clot

hing

etc

0.31

0.03

5.66

3.75

0.36

‘64

Foot

wea

r, g

aite

rs a

nd th

e lik

e, p

arts

ther

eof

1.24

0.01

1.94

3.44

0.06

‘65

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

0.06

0.02

0.37

4.23

0.23

‘66

Um

brel

las,

wal

king

-stic

ks, s

eat-

stic

ks, w

hips

, etc

0.01

0.00

0.07

7.14

0.36

‘67

Bird

ski

n, f

eath

ers,

art

ifici

al f

low

ers,

hum

an h

air

0.00

0.00

3.81

6.45

0.24

‘68

Ston

e, p

last

er, c

emen

t, as

best

os, m

ica,

etc

art

icle

s1.

950.

272.

331.

420.

38‘6

9C

eram

ic p

rodu

cts

0.69

0.19

0.50

2.60

0.40

‘70

Gla

ss a

nd g

lass

war

e0.

340.

190.

601.

530.

45‘7

1Pe

arls

, pre

ciou

s st

ones

, met

als,

coi

ns, e

tc0.

470.

813.

470.

336.

86‘7

2Ir

on a

nd s

teel

1.59

1.95

1.12

0.70

4.23

‘73

Art

icle

s of

iron

or

stee

l0.

450.

301.

161.

490.

97‘7

4C

oppe

r an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

311.

240.

840.

290.

90

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aIn

dia

Chi

naSo

uth

Afr

ica


‘75

Nic

kel a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

1.03

7.01

0.07

0.40

2.94

‘76

Alu

min

ium

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

861.

800.

560.

902.

73‘7

8Le

ad a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.01

1.10

1.60

0.24

0.59

‘79

Zin

c an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

730.

452.

960.

190.

60‘8

0T

in a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.36

0.04

0.11

0.25

0.03

‘81

Oth

er b

ase

met

als,

cer

met

s, a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.54

1.92

0.22

1.73

1.35

‘82

Too

ls, i

mpl

emen

ts, c

utle

ry, e

tc o

f bas

e m

etal

0.66

0.11

0.97

1.59

0.76

‘83

Mis

cella

neou

s ar

ticle

s of

bas

e m

etal

1.27

0.07

0.96

1.75

0.31

‘84

Mac

hine

ry, n

ucle

ar r

eact

ors,

boi

lers

, etc

0.45

0.12

0.38

1.61

0.59

‘85

Elec

tric

al, e

lect

roni

c eq

uipm

ent

0.20

0.06

0.45

1.94

0.16

‘86

Rai

lway

, tra

mw

ay lo

com

otiv

es, r

ollin

g st

ock,

equ

ipm

ent

1.26

0.60

0.14

2.44

1.07

‘87

Veh

icle

s ot

her

than

rai

lway

, tra

mw

ay0.

810.

080.

550.

331.

21‘8

8A

ircr

aft,

spac

ecra

ft, a

nd p

arts

ther

eof

1.40

0.00

0.06

0.05

0.18

‘89

Ship

s, b

oats

and

oth

er fl

oatin

g st

ruct

ures

0.08

0.54

0.06

2.22

0.13

‘90

Opt

ical

, pho

to, t

echn

ical

, med

ical

, etc

app

arat

us0.

130.

100.

241.

030.

17‘9

1C

lock

s an

d w

atch

es a

nd p

arts

ther

eof

0.01

0.01

0.10

0.91

0.05

‘92

Mus

ical

inst

rum

ents

, par

ts a

nd a

cces

sori

es0.

060.

000.

232.

290.

05‘9

3A

rms

and

amm

uniti

on, p

arts

and

acc

esso

ries

ther

eof

1.75

6.81

0.18

0.07

NA

‘94

Furn

iture

, lig

htin

g, s

igns

, pre

fabr

icat

ed b

uild

ings

0.37

0.08

0.54

2.75

0.74

‘95

Toy

s, g

ames

, spo

rts

requ

isite

s0.

040.

040.

223.

550.

09‘9

6M

isce

llane

ous

man

ufac

ture

d ar

ticle

s0.

430.

340.

903.

070.

18‘9

7W

orks

of a

rt, c

olle

ctor

s pi

eces

and

ant

ique

s0.

080.

010.

370.

080.

46‘9

9C

omm

oditi

es n

ot e

lsew

here

spec

ified

1.19

0.35

0.36

0.06

0.03

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sB

razi

lR

ussi

aIn

dia

Chi

naSo

uth

Afr

ica


Tab

le 2

3: R

evea

led

Com

para

tive

Adv

anta

ge (R

CA

) for

99

sect

ors

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sA

fgha

nist

anA

rgen

tina

Bang

lade

shBh

utan

Chi

le‘0

1Li

ve a

nim

als

0.47

1144

0.38

4993

0.00

00

0.13

81‘0

2M

eat a

nd e

dibl

e m

eat o

ffal

12.0

5343

4.16

288

0.00

10.

3803

031.

5283

‘03

Fish

, cru

stac

eans

, mol

lusc

s, a

quat

ic in

vert

ebra

tes

nes

0.11

8596

4.00

9093

4.84

20.

5491

536.

6827

‘04

Dai

ry p

rodu

cts,

egg

s, h

oney

, edi

ble

anim

al p

rodu

ct n

es0.

2914

892.

3639

660.

001

00.

5748

‘05

Prod

ucts

of a

nim

al o

rigi

n, n

es0.

1092

972.

7836

330.

294

0.10

3147

0.90

68‘0

6Li

ve tr

ees,

pla

nts,

bul

bs, r

oots

, cut

flow

ers

etc

0.06

9918

0.03

7153

0.00

00

0.46

07‘0

7Ed

ible

veg

etab

les

and

cert

ain

root

s an

d tu

bers

25.1

6408

2.49

8209

0.25

61.

4855

090.

5434

‘08

Edib

le fr

uit,

nuts

, pee

l of c

itrus

frui

t, m

elon

s0.

1489

424.

9490

070.

024

0.06

919

9.51

22‘0

9C

offe

e, te

a, m

ate

and

spic

es1.

1799

230.

7942

990.

730

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ls0.

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2211

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080.

031

1.87

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0.44

52‘1

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illin

g pr

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ts, m

alt,

star

ches

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lin, w

heat

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0.12

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11.1

8346

0.00

60

1.28

67‘1

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ed, o

leag

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ruits

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in, s

eed,

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2421

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370.

132

0.09

5542

0.92

97‘1

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c, g

ums,

res

ins,

veg

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le s

aps

and

extr

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0.00

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0.08

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0.01

10

3.60

23‘1

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able

pla

iting

mat

eria

ls, v

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duct

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2833

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3711

320.

487

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7219

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mal

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ats

and

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1697

918.

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80.

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00.

2381

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Mea

t, fis

h an

d se

afoo

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repa

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9726

790.

531

NA

1.91

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gars

and

sug

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4596

2.38

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1524

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Coc

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para

tions

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0.65

9348

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1891

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Cer

eal,

flour

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rch,

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para

tions

and

pro

duct

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0393

431.

3508

740.

145

00.

6576

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Veg

etab

le, f

ruit,

nut

, etc

food

pre

para

tions

0.06

4616

3.73

3594

0.04

23.

2288

392.

2630

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Mis

cella

neou

s ed

ible

pre

para

tions

0.17

2528

0.91

5537

0.00

90

1.57

73‘2

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vera

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vin

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9291

2.45

8704

0.00

80

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tes

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nim

al fo

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4166

541.

605

NA

0.35

85


HS

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810.

7382

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lag

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1.78

7769

0.08

00

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Min

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n pr

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ts, e

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90.

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6551

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2.31

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rgan

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hem

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8495

870.

3213

140.

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3872

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52‘3

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arm

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pro

duct

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4734

440.

3591

740.

048

0.00

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0.05

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rtili

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0.03

3342

0.24

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50

2.53

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ng, d

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g ex

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ts, t

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ns, d

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6781

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0.06

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sent

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mes

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13.1

8847

1.70

6248

0.00

40.

1754

580.

1732

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Soap

s, lu

bric

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odel

ling

past

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8337

380.

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90.

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00.

0482

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Alb

umin

oids

, mod

ified

sta

rche

s, g

lues

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0.17

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2.76

9569

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1693

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Expl

osiv

es, p

yrot

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mat

ches

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opho

rics

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NA

1.74

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phic

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3183

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8826

990.

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10.2

6822

0.02

38‘3

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isce

llane

ous c

hem

ical

pro

duct

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7135

182.

9563

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003

0.01

4546

0.16

76‘3

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astic

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ticle

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6565

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0.60

6152

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24‘4

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6438

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0.22

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0.23

60‘4

1R

aw h

ides

and

ski

ns (o

ther

than

furs

kins

) and

leat

her

0.09

2662

7.64

7635

4.14

40

0.25

38‘4

2A

rtic

les

of le

athe

r, a

nim

al g

ut, h

arne

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rave

l goo

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4464

730.

1823

510.

424

0.01

5461

0.01

48‘4

3Fu

rski

ns a

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rtifi

cial

fur,

man

ufac

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331.

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130.

046

00.

0000

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Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood,

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al0.

0936

060.

6524

840.

007

0.27

2893

3.63

52‘4

5C

ork

and

artic

les

of c

ork

NA

0.24

846

0.00

0N

A1.

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Man

ufac

ture

s of

pla

iting

mat

eria

l, ba

sket

wor

k, e

tc.

0.77

9696

0.00

2506

1.17

10

0.00

53‘4

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lp o

f woo

d, fi

brou

s ce

llulo

sic

mat

eria

l, w

aste

etc

0.01

6281

0.87

6595

0.00

20

11.4

640

‘48

Pape

r &

pap

erbo

ard,

art

icle

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pul

p, p

aper

and

boa

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9657

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5379

010.

012

0.02

614

0.80

82‘4

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inte

d bo

oks,

new

spap

ers,

pic

ture

s etc

0.20

2906

0.38

4129

0.01

90.

3123

210.

2131


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Silk

17.6

697

0.00

0233

0.00

20

0.00

92‘5

1W

ool,

anim

al h

air,

hor

seha

ir y

arn

and

fabr

ic t

here

of0.

1068

435.

0844

510.

002

00.

5718

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Cot

ton

0.07

3273

0.36

1631

0.25

70

0.12

93‘5

3V

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able

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bres

nes

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arn,

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9593

0.00

3329

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0.21

6041

0.09

63‘5

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anm

ade

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0.21

7437

0.32

2246

0.08

60.

4727

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mad

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Wad

ding

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t, no

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win

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ge, e

tc0.

3532

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7901

230.

641

1.17

6132

0.09

24‘5

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arpe

ts a

nd o

ther

text

ile fl

oor

cove

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9572

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1605

650.

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0.71

5168

0.04

41‘5

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ecia

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en o

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ace,

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stry

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1.26

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0.37

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0.12

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ted

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bric

0.18

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0.53

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0667

640.

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tted

or c

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4761

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NA

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les

of a

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el, a

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oche

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39‘6

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les

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9879

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art

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ts th

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9983

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0.00

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60‘6

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and

part

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7353

740.

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ps, e

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2977

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Iron

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per

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5084

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Chi

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kel a

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and

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1.79

1495

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and

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ctor

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1.64

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0564

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craf

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par

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5741

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ical

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ts a

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mun

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ts a

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000

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0.06

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ns, p

refa

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ated

bui

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gs0.

2791

190.

1445

350.

098

0.35

9629

0.06

56‘9

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oys,

gam

es, s

port

s re

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0.16

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0.05

1662

0.17

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3088

530.

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cella

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37.3

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0.17

8736

0.01

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1127

180.

0553

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ks o

f art

, col

lect

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piec

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nd a

ntiq

ues

5.08

4089

0.20

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0.01

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3160

590.

0091

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Com

mod

ities

not

els

ewhe

re sp

ecifi

ed8.

1173

240.

1570

150.

064

1.82

6343

1.60

10So

urce

: Cal

cula

tions

bas

ed o

n IT

C d

ata

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sA

fgha

nist

anA

rgen

tina

Bang

lade

shBh

utan

Chi

le


Tab

le 24

: Rev

ealed

Com

para

tive A

dvan

tage

(RC

A) f

or 9

9 se

ctor

sH

S C

ode

Sect

ors

Japa

nK

orea

Mal

dive

sM

alay

sia

Nep

al‘0

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ve a

nim

als

0.03

0.00

NA

0.71

0.54

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t and

edi

ble

mea

t off

al0.

010.

01N

A0.

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10‘0

3Fi

sh, c

rust

acea

ns, m

ollu

scs,

aqu

atic

inve

rteb

rate

s ne

s0.

300.

5312

8.42

0.63

0.00

‘04

Dai

ry p

rodu

cts,

egg

s, h

oney

, edi

ble

anim

al p

rodu

ct n

es0.

010.

010.

000.

310.

4‘0

5Pr

oduc

ts o

f ani

mal

ori

gin,

nes

0.15

0.25

0.00

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0.27

‘06

Live

tree

s, p

lant

s, b

ulbs

, roo

ts, c

ut fl

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s et

c0.

070.

16N

A0.

470.

25‘0

7Ed

ible

veg

etab

les

and

cert

ain

root

s an

d tu

bers

0.01

0.07

NA

0.19

16.1

4‘0

8Ed

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frui

t, nu

ts, p

eel o

f citr

us fr

uit,

mel

ons

0.03

0.06

0.03

0.10

1.56

‘09

Cof

fee,

tea,

mat

e an

d sp

ices

0.04

0.03

0.31

0.22

19.0

5‘1

0C

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ls0.

010.

001.

240.

000.

10‘1

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illin

g pr

oduc

ts, m

alt,

star

ches

, inu

lin, w

heat

glu

ten

0.10

0.16

0.00

0.35

1.21

‘12

Oil

seed

, ole

agic

fru

its, g

rain

, see

d, f

ruit,

etc

, nes

0.04

0.09

0.32

0.04

1.57

‘13

Lac,

gum

s, r

esin

s, v

eget

able

sap

s an

d ex

trac

ts n

es0.

120.

32N

A0.

087.

26‘1

4V

eget

able

pla

iting

mat

eria

ls, v

eget

able

pro

duct

s ne

s0.

030.

00N

A4.

6636

2.21

‘15

Ani

mal

,veg

etab

le f

ats

and

oils

, cle

avag

e pr

oduc

ts, e

tc0.

030.

020.

3215

.13

0.96

‘16

Mea

t, fis

h an

d se

afoo

d fo

od p

repa

ratio

ns n

es0.

330.

1526

.31

0.30

0.06

‘17

Suga

rs a

nd s

ugar

con

fect

ione

ry0.

040.

290.

010.

440.

21‘1

8C

ocoa

and

coc

oa p

repa

ratio

ns0.

030.

03N

A2.

320.

01‘1

9C

erea

l, flo

ur, s

tarc

h, m

ilk p

repa

ratio

ns a

nd p

rodu

cts

0.18

0.34

0.00

1.28

3.55

‘20

Veg

etab

le, f

ruit,

nut

, etc

food

pre

para

tions

0.02

0.12

0.00

0.22

5.48

‘21

Mis

cella

neou

s ed

ible

pre

para

tions

0.32

0.45

0.01

1.11

1.05

‘22

Beve

rage

s, s

piri

ts a

nd v

ineg

ar0.

080.

170.

000.

472.

38‘2

3R

esid

ues,

was

tes

of fo

od in

dust

ry, a

nim

al fo

dder

0.03

0.07

1.79

0.43

3.65

‘24

Tob

acco

and

man

ufac

ture

d to

bacc

o su

bstit

utes

0.17

0.54

0.49

0.69

0.53


HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sA

fgha

nist

anA

rgen

tina

Bang

lade

shBh

utan

Chi

le‘2

5Sa

lt, s

ulph

ur, e

arth

, sto

ne, p

last

er, l

ime

and

cem

ent

0.36

0.29

0.01

0.92

7.75

‘26

Ore

s, s

lag

and

ash

0.01

0.03

NA

0.06

‘27

Min

eral

fue

ls, o

ils, d

istil

latio

n pr

oduc

ts, e

tc.

0.11

0.46

0.63

1.05

0.00

‘28

Inor

gani

c ch

emic

als,

pre

ciou

s m

etal

com

poun

d, is

otop

es0.

740.

790.

020.

270.

00‘2

9O

rgan

ic c

hem

ical

s1.

101.

380.

040.

720.

01‘3

0Ph

arm

aceu

tical

pro

duct

s0.

150.

060.

000.

030.

14‘3

1Fe

rtili

sers

0.05

0.24

NA

0.59

0.00

‘32

Tan

ning

, dye

ing

extr

acts

, tan

nins

, der

ivs,

pigm

ents

etc

1.31

0.68

0.01

0.61

0.83

‘33

Esse

ntia

l oils

, per

fum

es, c

osm

etic

s, t

oile

teri

es0.

380.

350.

010.

272.

44‘3

4So

aps,

lubr

ican

ts, w

axes

, can

dles

, mod

ellin

g pa

stes

0.83

0.36

0.00

1.18

2.11

‘35

Alb

umin

oids

, mod

ified

sta

rche

s, g

lues

, enz

ymes

0.90

0.40

0.00

0.31

0.07

‘36

Expl

osiv

es, p

yrot

echn

ics,

mat

ches

, pyr

opho

rics

, etc

0.17

0.13

NA

0.24

0.68

‘37

Phot

ogra

phic

or c

inem

atog

raph

ic g

oods

4.97

0.56

0.02

0.51

0.66

‘38

Mis

cella

neou

s che

mic

al p

rodu

cts

1.52

0.58

0.00

1.49

0.84

‘39

Plas

tics

and

artic

les

ther

eof

1.17

1.58

0.06

0.96

0.71

‘40

Rub

ber

and

artic

les

ther

eof

1.44

1.22

0.02

3.42

0.04

‘41

Raw

hid

es a

nd s

kins

(oth

er th

an fu

rski

ns) a

nd le

athe

r0.

150.

910.

000.

065.

42‘4

2A

rtic

les

of le

athe

r, a

nim

al g

ut, h

arne

ss, t

rave

l goo

ds0.

020.

070.

030.

060.

13‘4

3Fu

rski

ns a

nd a

rtifi

cial

fur,

man

ufac

ture

s th

ereo

f0.

000.

06N

A0.

030.

00‘4

4W

ood

and

artic

les o

f woo

d, w

ood

char

coal

0.02

0.02

0.13

2.93

1.11

‘45

Cor

k an

d ar

ticle

s of

cor

k0.

030.

00N

A0.

010.

00‘4

6M

anuf

actu

res

of p

laiti

ng m

ater

ial,

bask

etw

ork,

etc

.0.

010.

020.

000.

030.

86‘4

7Pu

lp o

f woo

d, fi

brou

s ce

llulo

sic

mat

eria

l, w

aste

etc

.0.

480.

070.

020.

62‘4

8Pa

per

& p

aper

boar

d, a

rtic

les

of p

ulp,

pap

er a

nd b

oard

0.38

0.51

0.02

0.42

0.57

‘49

Prin

ted

book

s, n

ewsp

aper

s, p

ictu

res e

tc0.

370.

260.

460.

410.

21


‘50

Silk

0.66

0.95

NA

0.09

0.06

‘51

Woo

l, an

imal

hai

r, h

orse

hair

yar

n an

d fa

bric

the

reof

0.41

0.20

NA

0.24

0.06

‘52

Cot

ton

0.24

0.42

0.00

0.25

0.06

‘53

Veg

etab

le te

xtile

fibr

es n

es, p

aper

yar

n, w

oven

fabr

ic0.

140.

110.

000.

1246

.98

‘54

Man

mad

e fil

amen

ts1.

072.

420.

011.

2729

.08

‘55

Man

mad

e st

aple

fibr

es1.

011.

490.

6029

.79

‘56

Wad

ding

, fel

t, no

nwov

ens,

yar

ns, t

win

e, c

orda

ge, e

tc0.

921.

000.

000.

5417

.00

‘57

Car

pets

and

oth

er te

xtile

floo

r co

veri

ngs

0.07

0.08

NA

0.10

79.1

3‘5

8Sp

ecia

l wov

en o

r tu

fted

fabr

ic, l

ace,

tape

stry

etc

0.42

1.51

0.01

0.21

3.08

‘59

Impr

egna

ted,

coa

ted

or la

min

ated

text

ile fa

bric

0.83

1.81

NA

0.17

0.96

‘60

Kni

tted

or c

roch

eted

fabr

ic0.

534.

69N

A0.

462.

97‘6

1A

rtic

les

of a

ppar

el, a

cces

sori

es, k

nit o

r cr

oche

t0.

020.

140.

190.

280.

99‘6

2A

rtic

les

of a

ppar

el, a

cces

sori

es, n

ot k

nit o

r cr

oche

t0.

020.

130.

130.

176.

33‘6

3O

ther

mad

e te

xtile

art

icle

s, s

ets,

wor

n cl

othi

ng e

tc0.

100.

380.

050.

2014

.52

‘64

Foot

wea

r, g

aite

rs a

nd th

e lik

e, p

arts

ther

eof

0.01

0.14

0.00

0.17

1.53

‘65

Hea

dgea

r an

d pa

rts

ther

eof

0.40

0.51

0.00

0.27

16.9

9‘6

6U

mbr

ella

s, w

alki

ng-s

ticks

, sea

t-st

icks

, whi

ps, e

tc0.

000.

04N

A0.

010.

00‘6

7Bi

rd s

kin,

fea

ther

s, a

rtifi

cial

flo

wer

s, h

uman

hai

r0.

020.

31N

A0.

010.

45‘6

8St

one,

pla

ster

, cem

ent,

asbe

stos

, mic

a, e

tc a

rtic

les

1.13

0.38

0.00

0.57

0.87

‘69

Cer

amic

pro

duct

s0.

680.

100.

000.

510.

29‘7

0G

lass

and

gla

ssw

are

1.99

0.39

0.00

1.11

0.47

‘71

Pear

ls, p

reci

ous

ston

es, m

etal

s, c

oins

, etc

0.63

0.40

0.02

0.55

0.16

‘72

Iron

and

ste

el1.

931.

780.

000.

344.

67‘7

3A

rtic

les

of ir

on o

r st

eel

0.96

1.01

0.17

0.82

2.52

‘74

Cop

per

and

artic

les

ther

eof

1.10

0.88

0.21

0.71

2.49

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sA

fgha

nist

anA

rgen

tina

Bang

lade

shBh

utan

Chi

le


‘75

Nic

kel a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.47

0.32

0.07

0.00

‘76

Alu

min

ium

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

380.

500.

010.

611.

16‘7

8Le

ad a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.41

1.21

0.00

0.99

0.00

‘79

Zin

c an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

411.

970.

000.

790.

14‘8

0T

in a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.28

0.20

0.00

8.47

0.02

‘81

Oth

er b

ase

met

als,

cer

met

s, a

rtic

les

ther

eof

1.61

0.50

0.01

0.21

0.01

‘82

Too

ls, i

mpl

emen

ts, c

utle

ry, e

tc o

f bas

e m

etal

1.25

0.85

0.23

0.42

0.10

‘83

Mis

cella

neou

s ar

ticle

s of

bas

e m

etal

0.46

0.49

0.02

0.44

0.21

‘84

Mac

hine

ry, n

ucle

ar r

eact

ors,

boi

lers

, etc

1.60

0.91

0.26

1.23

0.05

‘85

Elec

tric

al, e

lect

roni

c eq

uipm

ent

1.35

1.87

0.09

2.21

0.09

‘86

Rai

lway

, tra

mw

ay lo

com

otiv

es, r

ollin

g st

ock,

equ

ipm

ent

0.41

0.63

0.04

0.21

0.00

‘87

Veh

icle

s ot

her

than

rai

lway

, tra

mw

ay2.

561.

540.

010.

100.

03‘8

8A

ircr

aft,

spac

ecra

ft, a

nd p

arts

ther

eof

0.22

0.17

0.13

0.23

0.30

‘89

Ship

s, b

oats

and

oth

er fl

oatin

g st

ruct

ures

2.94

8.77

0.17

0.30

0.01

‘90

Opt

ical

, pho

to, t

echn

ical

, med

ical

, etc

app

arat

us1.

602.

520.

180.

870.

04‘9

1C

lock

s an

d w

atch

es a

nd p

arts

ther

eof

0.66

0.08

0.05

0.51

0.00

‘92

Mus

ical

inst

rum

ents

, par

ts a

nd a

cces

sori

es2.

290.

810.

020.

792.

31‘9

3A

rms

and

amm

uniti

on, p

arts

and

acc

esso

ries

ther

eof

0.11

0.58

NA

0.02

0.39

‘94

Furn

iture

, lig

htin

g, s

igns

, pre

fabr

icat

ed b

uild

ings

0.18

0.18

0.02

1.15

0.33

‘95

Toy

s, g

ames

, spo

rts

requ

isite

s0.

560.

180.

010.

290.

06‘9

6M

isce

llane

ous

man

ufac

ture

d ar

ticle

s1.

310.

630.

010.

620.

28‘9

7W

orks

of a

rt, c

olle

ctor

s pi

eces

and

ant

ique

s0.

150.

240.

010.

02‘9

9C

omm

oditi

es n

ot e

lsew

here

spec

ified

3.31

0.00

1.73

0.28

0.59

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sA

fgha

nist

anA

rgen

tina

Bang

lade

shBh

utan

Chi

le


Tab

le 25

: Tab

le- R

evea

led C

ompa

rativ

e Adv

anta

ge (R

CA

)H

S C

ode

Sect

ors

Paki

stan

Para

guay

Sri L

anka

Sing

apor

eT

haila

ndU

rugu

ay‘0

1Li

ve a

nim

als

1.00

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.45

17.1

8‘0

2M

eat a

nd e

dibl

e m

eat o

ffal

0.89

31.1

30.

040.

020.

0628

.46

‘03

Fish

, cru

stac

eans

, mol

lusc

s, a

quat

ic in

vert

ebra

tes

nes

1.92

0.00

3.68

0.15

2.62

4.65

‘04

Dai

ry p

rodu

cts,

egg

s, h

oney

, edi

ble

anim

al p

rodu

ct n

es0.

460.

090.

040.

220.

2116

.96

‘05

Prod

ucts

of a

nim

al o

rigi

n, n

es2.

9210

.40

0.98

0.10

0.37

17.4

5‘0

6Li

ve tr

ees,

pla

nts,

bul

bs, r

oots

, cut

flow

ers

etc

0.03

0.01

1.02

0.09

0.41

0.05

‘07

Edib

le v

eget

able

s an

d ce

rtai

n ro

ots

and

tube

rs1.

450.

240.

870.

021.

430.

05‘0

8Ed

ible

frui

t, nu

ts, p

eel o

f citr

us fr

uit,

mel

ons

2.32

0.17

1.83

0.06

0.58

3.13

‘09

Cof

fee,

tea,

mat

e an

d sp

ices

0.88

0.15

74.8

20.

190.

100.

04‘1

0C

erea

ls19

.61

22.3

10.

230.

015.

1821

.59

‘11

Mill

ing

prod

ucts

, mal

t, st

arch

es, i

nulin

, whe

at g

lute

n2.

376.

1313

.82

0.13

5.12

25.5

8‘1

2O

il se

ed, o

leag

ic f

ruits

, gra

in, s

eed,

fru

it, e

tc, n

es0.

3277

.31

0.29

0.04

0.10

22.7

2‘1

3La

c, g

ums,

res

ins,

veg

etab

le s

aps

and

extr

acts

nes

3.71

0.00

0.75

0.19

0.36

0.24

‘14

Veg

etab

le p

laiti

ng m

ater

ials

, veg

etab

le p

rodu

cts

nes

5.20

0.46

21.8

60.

470.

390.

01‘1

5A

nim

al,v

eget

able

fat

s an

d oi

ls, c

leav

age

prod

ucts

, etc

0.74

11.6

10.

310.

280.

333.

02‘1

6M

eat,

fish

and

seaf

ood

food

pre

para

tions

nes

0.54

0.09

0.11

0.08

11.7

72.

91‘1

7Su

gars

and

sug

ar c

onfe

ctio

nery

1.40

2.85

0.04

0.22

4.16

0.02

‘18

Coc

oa a

nd c

ocoa

pre

para

tions

0.00

0.00

0.79

0.66

0.15

0.80

‘19

Cer

eal,

flour

, sta

rch,

milk

pre

para

tions

and

pro

duct

s0.

350.

020.

400.

911.

260.

71‘2

0V

eget

able

, fru

it, n

ut, e

tc fo

od p

repa

ratio

ns0.

440.

141.

430.

082.

780.

47‘2

1M

isce

llane

ous

edib

le p

repa

ratio

ns0.

201.

022.

000.

512.

070.

68‘2

2Be

vera

ges,

spi

rits

and

vin

egar

1.47

0.04

0.07

0.89

0.53

0.30

‘23

Res

idue

s, w

aste

s of

food

indu

stry

, ani

mal

fodd

er0.

4519

.58

2.46

0.14

1.36

1.40

‘24

Tob

acco

and

man

ufac

ture

d to

bacc

o su

bstit

utes

0.35

4.62

2.90

0.70

0.22

2.84


‘25

Salt,

sul

phur

, ear

th, s

tone

, pla

ster

, lim

e an

d ce

men

t9.

180.

390.

650.

081.

761.

05‘2

6O

res,

sla

g an

d as

h0.

560.

000.

070.

010.

060.

01‘2

7M

iner

al f

uels

, oils

, dis

tilla

tion

prod

ucts

, etc

.0.

370.

000.

121.

070.

330.

14‘2

8In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s, p

reci

ous

met

al c

ompo

und,

isot

opes

0.18

0.03

0.18

0.17

0.32

0.44

‘29

Org

anic

che

mic

als

0.08

0.03

0.00

1.62

0.78

0.07

‘30

Phar

mac

eutic

al p

rodu

cts

0.21

0.26

0.01

0.49

0.06

0.47

‘31

Fert

ilise

rs0.

000.

020.

010.

020.

121.

16‘3

2T

anni

ng, d

yein

g ex

trac

ts, t

anni

ns, d

eriv

s,pi

gmen

ts e

tc0.

280.

010.

070.

760.

410.

96‘3

3Es

sent

ial o

ils, p

erfu

mes

, cos

met

ics,

toi

lete

ries

0.08

0.49

0.29

1.48

1.39

0.10

‘34

Soap

s, lu

bric

ants

, wax

es, c

andl

es, m

odel

ling

past

es0.

220.

240.

120.

540.

932.

95‘3

5A

lbum

inoi

ds, m

odifi

ed s

tarc

hes,

glu

es, e

nzym

es0.

280.

000.

350.

421.

931.

62‘3

6Ex

plos

ives

, pyr

otec

hnic

s, m

atch

es, p

yrop

hori

cs, e

tc3.

52N

A0.

010.

350.

150.

00‘3

7Ph

otog

raph

ic o

r cin

emat

ogra

phic

goo

ds0.

050.

000.

000.

650.

240.

01‘3

8M

isce

llane

ous c

hem

ical

pro

duct

s0.

070.

210.

650.

980.

380.

82‘3

9Pl

astic

s an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

590.

480.

181.

001.

461.

10‘4

0R

ubbe

r an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

040.

407.

680.

336.

481.

36‘4

1R

aw h

ides

and

ski

ns (o

ther

than

furs

kins

) and

leat

her

10.2

210

.75

0.02

0.13

1.19

16.4

9‘4

2A

rtic

les

of le

athe

r, a

nim

al g

ut, h

arne

ss, t

rave

l goo

ds8.

840.

510.

610.

360.

530.

16‘4

3Fu

rski

ns a

nd a

rtifi

cial

fur,

man

ufac

ture

s th

ereo

f0.

040.

000.

000.

000.

026.

21‘4

4W

ood

and

artic

les o

f woo

d, w

ood

char

coal

0.19

3.01

0.62

0.05

1.14

9.76

‘45

Cor

k an

d ar

ticle

s of

cor

k0.

000.

000.

000.

020.

010.

00‘4

6M

anuf

actu

res

of p

laiti

ng m

ater

ial,

bask

etw

ork,

etc

.0.

040.

920.

650.

030.

380.

00‘4

7Pu

lp o

f woo

d, fi

brou

s ce

llulo

sic

mat

eria

l, w

aste

etc

0.02

0.04

0.85

0.18

0.16

0.20

‘48

Pape

r &

pap

erbo

ard,

art

icle

s of

pul

p, p

aper

and

boa

rd0.

100.

140.

270.

300.

591.

11‘4

9Pr

inte

d bo

oks,

new

spap

ers,

pic

ture

s etc

0.07

0.05

3.46

1.26

3.69

0.62

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sPa

kist

anPa

ragu

aySr

i Lan

kaSi

ngap

ore

Tha

iland

Uru

guay


HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sPa

kist

anPa

ragu

aySr

i Lan

kaSi

ngap

ore

Tha

iland

Uru

guay

‘50

Silk

0.20

1.30

0.14

0.15

0.31

0.89

‘51

Woo

l, an

imal

hai

r, h

orse

hair

yar

n an

d fa

bric

the

reof

0.64

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.33

39.3

1‘5

2C

otto

n51

.21

2.36

0.55

0.06

1.00

0.03

‘53

Veg

etab

le te

xtile

fibr

es n

es, p

aper

yar

n, w

oven

fabr

ic0.

90N

A51

.64

0.01

0.44

0.23

‘54

Man

mad

e fil

amen

ts1.

110.

510.

300.

201.

520.

00‘5

5M

anm

ade

stap

le fi

bres

10.6

00.

001.

400.

153.

270.

11‘5

6W

addi

ng, f

elt,

nonw

oven

s, y

arns

, tw

ine,

cor

dage

, etc

0.97

2.09

1.61

0.16

1.28

0.06

‘57

Car

pets

and

oth

er te

xtile

floo

r co

veri

ngs

6.58

0.00

0.70

0.07

1.01

0.43

‘58

Spec

ial w

oven

or

tuft

ed fa

bric

, lac

e, ta

pest

ry e

tc1.

510.

063.

970.

281.

320.

54‘5

9Im

preg

nate

d, c

oate

d or

lam

inat

ed te

xtile

fabr

ic0.

300.

040.

320.

180.

490.

18‘6

0K

nitt

ed o

r cro

chet

ed fa

bric

2.30

0.01

1.47

0.16

0.79

0.61

‘61

Art

icle

s of

app

arel

, acc

esso

ries

, kni

t or

croc

het

7.73

0.13

17.0

90.

160.

870.

22‘6

2A

rtic

les

of a

ppar

el, a

cces

sori

es, n

ot k

nit o

r cr

oche

t6.

050.

5217

.22

0.08

0.55

0.27

‘63

Oth

er m

ade

text

ile a

rtic

les,

set

s, w

orn

clot

hing

etc

45.9

00.

931.

720.

100.

550.

84‘6

4Fo

otw

ear,

gai

ters

and

the

like,

par

ts th

ereo

f0.

660.

590.

360.

110.

640.

07‘6

5H

eadg

ear

and

part

s th

ereo

f0.

190.

016.

620.

050.

680.

08‘6

6U

mbr

ella

s, w

alki

ng-s

ticks

, sea

t-st

icks

, whi

ps, e

tc0.

060.

010.

070.

020.

040.

07‘6

7Bi

rd s

kin,

fea

ther

s, a

rtifi

cial

flo

wer

s, h

uman

hai

r0.

000.

001.

090.

020.

750.

00‘6

8St

one,

pla

ster

, cem

ent,

asbe

stos

, mic

a, e

tc a

rtic

les

0.38

0.00

0.35

0.11

0.66

0.26

‘69

Cer

amic

pro

duct

s0.

170.

141.

730.

071.

130.

14‘7

0G

lass

and

gla

ssw

are

0.17

0.27

0.36

0.24

1.05

0.22

‘71

Pear

ls, p

reci

ous

ston

es, m

etal

s, c

oins

, etc

1.15

0.01

2.38

0.90

2.48

0.48

‘72

Iron

and

ste

el0.

060.

200.

010.

210.

290.

01‘7

3A

rtic

les

of ir

on o

r st

eel

0.42

0.02

0.05

0.47

1.01

0.40

‘74

Cop

per

and

artic

les

ther

eof

0.39

0.17

0.29

0.30

0.48

0.09


‘75

Nic

kel a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.02

0.06

0.00

0.93

0.03

0.00

‘76

Alu

min

ium

and

art

icle

s th

ereo

f0.

16N

A0.

040.

200.

620.

12‘7

8Le

ad a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

1.41

2.90

2.40

0.47

0.23

0.06

‘79

Zin

c an

d ar

ticle

s th

ereo

f0.

020.

110.

000.

250.

390.

02‘8

0T

in a

nd a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.00

0.03

0.00

4.37

5.05

0.02

‘81

Oth

er b

ase

met

als,

cer

met

s, a

rtic

les

ther

eof

0.02

0.00

0.05

0.25

0.26

0.00

‘82

Too

ls, i

mpl

emen

ts, c

utle

ry, e

tc o

f bas

e m

etal

1.23

0.01

0.17

0.99

0.43

0.01

‘83

Mis

cella

neou

s ar

ticle

s of

bas

e m

etal

0.01

0.02

0.16

0.45

0.92

0.04

‘84

Mac

hine

ry, n

ucle

ar r

eact

ors,

boi

lers

, etc

0.10

0.04

0.06

1.26

1.41

0.05

‘85

Elec

tric

al, e

lect

roni

c eq

uipm

ent

0.05

0.03

0.19

2.66

1.17

0.05

‘86

Rai

lway

, tra

mw

ay lo

com

otiv

es, r

ollin

g st

ock,

equ

ipm

ent

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.03

0.06

0.03

‘87

Veh

icle

s ot

her

than

rai

lway

, tra

mw

ay0.

050.

000.

120.

161.

280.

37‘8

8A

ircr

aft,

spac

ecra

ft, a

nd p

arts

ther

eof

0.03

0.03

0.09

0.85

0.38

0.00

‘89

Ship

s, b

oats

and

oth

er fl

oatin

g st

ruct

ures

0.30

0.00

1.02

0.58

0.18

0.11

‘90

Opt

ical

, pho

to, t

echn

ical

, med

ical

, etc

app

arat

us0.

380.

010.

120.

880.

570.

07‘9

1C

lock

s an

d w

atch

es a

nd p

arts

ther

eof

0.00

0.00

0.01

1.90

1.16

0.01

‘92

Mus

ical

inst

rum

ents

, par

ts a

nd a

cces

sori

es0.

410.

010.

050.

200.

250.

00‘9

3A

rms

and

amm

uniti

on, p

arts

and

acc

esso

ries

ther

eof

0.32

0.00

0.00

0.03

0.09

0.00

‘94

Furn

iture

, lig

htin

g, s

igns

, pre

fabr

icat

ed b

uild

ings

0.39

0.22

0.30

0.10

0.59

0.80

‘95

Toy

s, g

ames

, spo

rts

requ

isite

s1.

890.

110.

990.

400.

710.

01‘9

6M

isce

llane

ous

man

ufac

ture

d ar

ticle

s0.

510.

012.

130.

390.

790.

06‘9

7W

orks

of a

rt, c

olle

ctor

s pi

eces

and

ant

ique

s0.

000.

000.

000.

370.

020.

12‘9

9C

omm

oditi

es n

ot e

lsew

here

spec

ified

0.00

NA

0.00

4.51

0.00

0.00

Sour

ce: C

alcu

latio

ns b

ased

on

ITC

dat

a

HS

Cod

eSe

ctor

sPa

kist

anPa

ragu

aySr

i Lan

kaSi

ngap

ore

Tha

iland

Uru

guay

India’s Experiences on - CUTS...

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Transcript of India’s Experiences on - CUTS...