Indian Resistance

1) What was Charles Eastman’s position at the reservation?

2) Why did Captain Sword fear « trouble » on the reservation?

www.ndstudies.org

Red Cloud (1822-1909)

Portrait by D.F. Barry, 1892. National Museum of the American Indian.

Crazy Horse (c.1840-1877)

Spotted Tail (1823-1881)

Photo by D.F. Barry, c. 1880. Library of Congress.

Second Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

www.republicoflakotah.com

Black Hills gold rush

• 1874:– army accompanies geologists to confirm gold

• 1875:– Lakota refuse to sell land to US government– Army stops guarding the territory– Army orders Indians to relocate near agencies

• 1876:– 10,000-15,000 natives gather to defend the hills

Battle of the Little Big Horn Sitting Bull = ‘Custer’s Last Stand’ (June 1876)

1877 cession of the Black Hills

Red Cloud Agency(Oglala Lakota)

Spotted Tail Agency(Brulé Lakota)

Alternating policies

• Civilization • Removal• Reservations• Allotment – > The Dawes Act (1887)

The Dawes Act (1887)

• Reservation land allotted to individual families• Unclaimed land sold to non-Indians– > from 155 million acres of reservation land in

1881 to 52 million acres in 1933

Example of the Crows: 3,000 members x 200 acres = 600,000 acres / 5 million total (12% of total land)

Indian Territory -> Oklahoma

• 1890-1893: 150,000 new settlers claim ‘unassigned’ tribal lands

• 1897-1902: Five Civilized Tribes allot their tribal lands• 1907: Indian Territory becomes the State of Oklahoma

Breaking up the Sioux Reservation (1888-89)

Land commission meeting at Standing Rock (ndstudies.org)

Ghost DanceWovoka (Paiute)

Dancers at Pine Ridge Reservation c. 1890KICKING BEAR

Wounded Knee Massacre Dec. 29, 1890

Battlefield photographed by George Trager