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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION
India2010-2022
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The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission,
is a major initiative of the Government of India
and State Governments to promote ecologicallysustainable growth while addressing Indias
energy security challenge.
It will also constitute a major contribution byIndia to the global effort to meet the challenges
of climate change.
This is one of the several initiatives that arepart of National Action Plan on Climate Change.
The program was officially inaugurated in 2010
by Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh.
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India to install 20GW of solar power generation
capacity by 2022.
National Solar Mission (NSM) has laid down aroad map for achieving a target for off grid solarenergy applications, reaching 2GW by 2022; 20
million square meters solar thermal collectorarea; and deploying 20 million solar lightingsystems for rural areas by 2022. The successfulimplementation of the NSM can vastly benefit
module suppliers, solar PV/ solar thermal-basedindependent power producers (IPPs), and systemintegrators.
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Solar Photovoltaic Electricity
Indian Perspective-2010
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PV systems
are easily transportable and Installable. can be used to generate electricity
where it will be used,
even at locations the electric griddoesnt reach.
PV is also modular, so installations can
be scaled to the appropriate size for agiven use
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Solar energy can be integrated into virtually
every part of Indian life the homes we live in,
the offices where we work,
the farms and factories that produce theproducts we buy, and
the schools where our children learn.
With creativity and sound public policy,
solar energy can make a major contribution
to Indias energy future.
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Solar radiation
An intermittent perennial diffuse
source of energy
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The Thar
Desert in India
is also a
promising
location for a
solar energy.
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INDIA: Insolation: kWh per Sq-mt per day & Salinity> 1500 mg/l
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An example of a complete set of beam normal
insolation data for a given location is shown in Figure
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Science & technology of solar
Cells & ModulesTypes of silicon solar cells
(Mono- crystalline, multi- crystalline, and
Amorphous, Thin film)
Energy efficiency
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In solar photovoltaics, sunlight is converted into
electricity using a device called solar cell
A solar cell is a
semiconducting device
made up of silicon or
other materials, whichwhen exposed to
sunlight, generates
electricity.
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Magnitude of the current generated
depends on
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Capacities of SPV
modules
SPV modules of various capacitiesareavailable, and are being used for a variety of
applications. Theoretically, a PV module of
any capacity (voltage and current) rating can
be fabricated. However, the standard
capacities available in the country range from
5 Wp to 120 Wp. The voltage output of a PVmodule depends on the number of solar cells
connected in series inside the module.
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Energy efficiency
A solar cell's energy conversion efficiency (,"eta"), is the percentage of power converted
(from absorbed light to electrical energy) and
collected, when a solar cell is connected to anelectrical circuit. This term is calculated using the
ratio of Pm, divided by the input light
irradiance under "standard" test conditions (E, inW/m2) and the surface area of the solar
cell (Ac in m).
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Standard Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve
The I-V Curve is an important technical aspectof a solar module, the basis for understanding
all PV array design. It represents thepossible
values of output current (I) and voltage (V)
that a solar module can deliver under specific
environmental conditions.
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Standard Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve
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Reading the I-V Curve
If the module is outputting to a 12-voltbattery, you can determine the watts outputto the battery from the graph. Read up from12 volts to the IV curve and then over to the
Amperes scale to find that the current outputwould be about 5.9 amps. Sincepower (in
watts) equals voltage times current, this
means that the module would be outputtinginto the battery at a rate of about 71 watts.
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Inverter fundamentals
The inverters transform the DC power from
solar modules into AC power to match the grid
and be useful for most house loads.
The inverter is a power conditioner that creates
pure sine wave power (AC.) This power is
cleaner than the grid because it is conditioned
right on site.
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Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT).
Inverters also maximize the power output of thesolar array in a function known as MaximumPower Point Tracking (MPPT). Solar modulesproduce the power at the voltage they are
connected to. The maximum power point voltage changes as
the sun moves throughout the day and thecurrent (amps) gets higher and lower.
This allows the inverter to produce the mostamount of power at any given time without fryingits circuitry.
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Inverter failure
Inverters are the one component that needs to be replaced
periodically. Most systems installed today use a single inverterfor the entire system, so when it fails, the whole system stops
providing electricity to the home.
Possibly with an inverter for each panel or small group of
panels may be a solution. This has several advantages:
If an inverter fails, only one panel of the system will be affected,
which will be reported in our daily monitoring.
This allows for better scalability, in that we do not need to have
different inverter capacities for different system sizes. The efficiency of the system is improved, since DC loses more
energy than AC going through a wire.
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Available space
A crucial factor is having enough space in the sunwith the proper orientation.
The average home needs about a 5 kW system tooffset their annual usage.
To calculate the physical size of this system, youcan use this simple rule of thumb:
10 W / ft2 of space
A 5 kW system covers about 500 ft2 of roof orground area.
5000 W / 10 W/ft2 = 500 ft2
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Charge controllers/regulators -1
Why do you need a controller?
Main function is to fully charge a batterywithout permitting overcharge. If a solar arrayis connected to lead acid batteries with no
overcharge protection, battery life will becompromised. Simple controllers contain arelay that opens a charging circuit terminatingthe charge at a pre-set high voltage and once
a pre-set low voltage is reached, closes thecircuit, allowing charging to continue.
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Charge controllers/regulators - 2
More sophisticated controllers have several
stages and charging sequences to assure the
battery is being fully charged. The first 70% to
80% of battery capacity is easily replaced. It is
the last 20% to 30% that requires more
attention and therefore more capacity.
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Charge controllers/regulators -3
The circuitry in a controller reads the voltageof the battery to determine the state of
charge.
Designs and circuits vary, but most controllers
read voltage to reduce the amount of power
flowing into the battery as the battery nears
full charge.
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Standards for balance of system
components
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SPV Power Plant
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solar electric generating plant
The largest solar electricgenerating plant in theworld produces amaximum of 354
megawatts (MW) ofelectricity and is locatedat Kramer Junction,California. It produces
electricity for the gridsupplying the greaterLos Angeles area.
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The top five in solar technology utilisation
for Solar PV Grid connected are:
Germany
Japan
U S A
Spain
France
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PV power output management can be achieved with battery or other
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PV power output management can be achieved with battery or other
electrochemical storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, or with diesel-
generator backup.
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Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering
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p g g
Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus
John Wiley and Sons, 2003 - 1138pages
Handbook of Photovoltaic Scienceand Engineeringincorporates themost recent technologicaladvances and researchdevelopments in Photovoltaics. Alltopics relating to the photovoltaic
(PV) industry are discussed andeach chapter has been written byan internationally-known expert inthe field.
Photovoltaic solar energy generationAdolf Goetzberger, Volker U. Hoffmann
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Springer, 2005 - Technology
& Engineering - 232 pages This comprehensive description
and discussion of photovoltaics(PV) is presented at a level thatmakes it accessible to theinterested academic. Starting
with an historical overview, thetext outlines the relevance ofphotovoltaics today and in thefuture. Then follows anintroduction to the physicalbackground of solar cells and
the most important materialsand technologies, withparticular emphasis ..
g ,
An important reference book for PV
S
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Systems
Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics:Fundamentals and Applications
Edited by: Tom Markvart and Luis Castaner
[2003]
Solar PV for Electricity
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y
Photovoltaic Systems: Analysis and Design, by A.K
Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur, PHI Learning PvtLtd, E E Edition, N. Delhi. 2011
Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologiesand Applications, 2ndEdition, Chetan SinghSolanki, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, E E Edition, N.Delhi. 2011
Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, Roger
Messenger and Jerry Ventre, 2nd
Edition, CRCPress, Boca Raton.2003
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