Indian Independence 9.1-9.2. Growing Unrest In 1919, new laws from Britain Limited freedom of the...
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Indian Independence9.1-9.2
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Growing Unrest In 1919, new laws from Britain
Limited freedom of the press and other rights
Protested by nationalists Five British officials killed in
protests
British General Reginald Dyer banned all public gatherings to combat protests
NO PUBLIC GATHERSINGS!-
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Amritsar Massacre April 13, 1919 10,000+ Nationalists gather to defy orders
of Dyer’s orders- Amritsar General Dyer- FIRE
Some shot, others trampled
379 killed, more than 1,100 wounded
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Amritsar Massacre
Massacre deepened distrust between British and Indians Led to increased violence Made more Indians call for complete separation
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Moving Toward Independence WWII broke out in 1939,
and Britain became involved Indians had no desire to
assist Britain in this war Indian National Council
refused to support war unless they were granted immediate independence
Britain refused such commands
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Moving Towards Independence This refusal caused the “Quit
India” movement Supported by Gandhi and other
members of the INC Urged Indians to follow a policy of
non-cooperation and civil disobedience with British
More than 20,000 members arrested
By 1945- Britain could not keep India after the war
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Conflict between whom? What two groups have had the most conflict
in Indian history? Who wanted a separate country?
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The Subcontinent Divided 1946- rioting spread
between Hindus and Muslims
1947- Britain passes the Indian Independence Act Ended British rule in India
Subcontinent divided into two separate countries India and Pakistan
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The Subcontinent Divided This partition led to an explosion of violence Why riot? What happens to Muslims and Hindus in
each country? Gandhi refused to celebrate India’s
independence on August 15, 1947 One year later, he was assassinated
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India’s Government India’s constitution created a federal system They became a Parliamentary Democracy
Based on British form of government President is head of state- has little power
Two houses of Parliament The Rajya Sabha- Council of State The Lok Sabha- House of the People
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India’s Government India has more than 12
national political parties Parties represent the
interests of different caste, language, religious or regional groups
The Bharata Janata Party dominates Parliament now
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Dividing and Unifying Forces The population of India has more than
doubled since independence Poverty and illiteracy are still widespread despite
government attempts to change that
The caste system is still a dividing force Untouchability made illegal
Effects still felt
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Dividing and Unifying Forces Cultural Diversity
Language and ethnic groups want their own countries
Sikh Separatism Religious minority in India Blends Islam and Hinduism
One God and rejects caste system 1984- Sikh extremists occupy Golden Temple, refuse
to leave Government ordered attack- many Sikhs killed
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More Hindu- Muslim Clashes Many Muslims had fled to
Pakistan Some did remain
Clash over mosque in Ayodhya Hindus claim birthplace of the god
Rama 1992- Hindus attack mosque
Hundreds killed from both religions 2002- Plan to build Hindu temple
sparked bloody rebellion and more than 600 Indians killed
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Unifying Forces Despite all of the bad, there is a
commitment to Democratic traditions Also, common faith of many Indians-
Hinduism Modern communications and strong
leaders also unifies India
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India’s Leaders Jawaharlal Nehru led
India for 17 years after independence Wanted to make India
modern industrial nation Hoped to create a casteless,
secular India No official religion
Set up programs for schools and economic development
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India’s Leaders Indira Gandhi
Nehru’s Daughter Elected Prime Minister in 1966 1975- tried to jail opponents and limit some
freedoms Forced to return to democratic rule
1984- ordered troops to storm the Golden Temple Who was there?
1984- assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards because of her actions at the Golden Temple
Rajiv Gandhi elected Prime Minister after his mother’s death
Murdered by a group of Tamil Tigers in nearby Sri Lanka