Indian History. Indus River Valley Civilization (3000 – 1500 BCE) a.k.a. Harappan Civilization...
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Transcript of Indian History. Indus River Valley Civilization (3000 – 1500 BCE) a.k.a. Harappan Civilization...
Indus River Valley Civilization (3000 – 1500 BCE)
• a.k.a. Harappan Civilization • Achievements:– Paved, brick streets– Large multistoried buildings
• We know very little about them because we haven’t deciphered their writing system
Aryan Invasion (1500 BCE)
• Education system to make theirs a dominant culture
• Sanskrit (writing system) – we have not fully translated yet
• Caste System• Their religion (Brahmanism) mixed with the
ancient religion to make Hinduism
Mogul Empire (1526-1857 CE)
• Brought Islam to India• Akbar the Great– Forged alliances with Hindu kingdoms
• Shah Jahan– “Golden Age” of Mogul architecture• Taj Mahal
• Aurangzeb– Expanded the empire to 1.25 million square miles,
150 million subjects (1/4 of world population)
British Colony(1858-1947 CE)
• British East India Company attracted by wealth of Mogul India (spices, cotton, silk, indigo, salt, tea, and opium)
• Royal Charter in 1600 – allowed access to ports by Mogul emperors
• 1858 – British Crown assumed direct control (“The British Raj”)
Independence (1947)
• 1885 – Indian National Congress founded– Leaders educated in England– Eventually gained 15 million
members and 70 million participants
• Mohandas Gandhi– Leader of Indian nationalism– Lawyer educated in London– Non-violent civil disobedience
Hindu-Muslim Relations
• Muslim minority worried about how they would be treated in an independent India
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League demanded an independent Muslim state
Partition (1947)
• Two states: India and Pakistan (East & West)• 12.5 million people displaced• 500,000 – 1 million people dead (estimates)• Problems:– Independence was declared prior to partition so
the new states had to maintain order– No plans for large population movements– Breakdown of law and order; riots, massacres and
death from the journey
India-Pakistan Conflicts
• Competition for strategically located states (ex: Kashmir)– Autonomous under British; chose to remain autonomous
after independence– 70% Muslim but the Maharaja of Kashmir was Hindu– 1947, 1965, 1971 wars for Kashmir – Status has not changed – split between India, Pakistan, and
China– Water
• India buildup of military/nuclear power– Himalayas no longer provide protection (Who does India
need protection from?)