Flag of India 1

Flag of India

India

Tirangā

Name Tiranga; Tricolour

Use National flag

Proportion 2:3

Adopted 22 July 1947

Design Horizontal tricolour flag (India saffron, white, and India green). In the centre of the white is a navy blue wheel with 24spokes

Designed by Pingali Venkayya[1]

The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of deep saffron, white and India green; with theAshoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of theConstituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, when it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. The flag wassubsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term "tricolour" (Hindi: तिरंगा, Tirangā) almostalways refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congressdesigned by Pingali Venkayya.The flag, by law, is to be made of khadi, a special type of hand-spun cloth of cotton or silk made popular byMahatma Gandhi. The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of IndianStandards. The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission,who allocate it to the regional groups. As of 2009, the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha was the solemanufacturer of the flag.Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems. The originalcode prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and theRepublic Day. In 2002, on hearing an appeal from a private citizen, Naveen Jindal, the Supreme Court of Indiadirected the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens. Subsequently, the UnionCabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage. The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow someadditional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing. The flag code also governs the protocol of flyingthe flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags.

Flag of India 2

Design and construction details

Sizes of the National Flag

Flag size Length and width (mm) Size of Ashoka Chakra (mm)

1 6300 × 4200 1295

2 3600 × 2400 740

3 2700 × 1800 555

4 1800 × 1200 370

5 1350 × 900 280

6 900 × 600 185

7 450 × 300 90

8 225 × 150 40

9 150 × 100 25

According to the Flag code of India, the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three (where the length of the flag is 1.5times that of the width). All three stripes of the flag (India saffron [Kesariya in the code], white and India green)should be equal in width and length. The size of the Ashoka Chakra was not specified in the Flag code, but theAshoka Chakra must have twenty-four spokes that are evenly spaced. In section 4.3.1 of "IS1: Manufacturingstandards for the Indian Flag", there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes ofthe national flag. In both the Flag code and IS1, they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on bothsides of the flag in navy blue color. Below is the list of specified shades for all colors used on the national flag, withthe exception of navy blue, from "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag" as defined in the 1931 CIEColor Specifications. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS:1803–1973.

Materials 3.1.2.2: Colours

Colour X Y Z Brightness

White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6

India saffron (Kesariya) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5

India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9

SymbolismGandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya,an agriculturist from Machilipatnam. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal ofmaking Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripein the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, toavoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands,representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities. So, a modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as

Flag of India 3

follows:

“Bhagwa or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicatethemselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, ourrelation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law ofdharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotesmotion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheelrepresents the dynamism of a peaceful change. ”

HistoryIndia was under British rule in the 19th century. A number of flags with varying designs were used in the periodpreceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indianflag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment ofdirect imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar to the flagsof other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; the blue banner included the Union Flag in the upper-leftquadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question ofhow the star conveyed "Indianness", Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Indiato honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian princely states received flagswith symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns.

Flag of British India, 1858–1947

In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, adiscussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that wasrepresentative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a Britishmember of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government tochange the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be acommon choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was notwell received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practicalreasons including the multiplication of flags. Around this time,

nationalist opinion within the dominion was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols thatwere in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghoshand Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all thesesymbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.

The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new Indian flag that sought to unite the multitude ofcastes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British,comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight whitelotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, andthe Bande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of anyceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporarygovernmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. Aslightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the Second Socialist InternationalMeeting in Stuttgart. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indiannationalists.

Flag of India 4

The Vande Mataram flag raised by Bhikaiji Camain 1907

Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated bySister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda.The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred andeight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption splitaround the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian NationalCongress meeting in 1906. Soon, many other proposals were initiated,but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement. In1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of abooklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These manyproposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flagmovement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the HomeRule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, andseven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands.The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatorebanned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.

Gandhi's flag, introduced at the Congress meetingin 1921

In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence acrossmost British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain andIreland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League ofNations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the BritishIndian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a nationalsymbol. In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in hisjournal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flagwith the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre. The idea of thespinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhicommissioned Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on ared and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the greenstanding for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was notdelivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitoussince it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, torepresent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towardsa more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white forpurity, and green for hope.

On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Baghmassacre, the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in aconfrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundredother protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, thesecretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking asignificant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating crackswithin the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called itinconsequential. Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July, at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehruand Sarojini Naidu, Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managedby Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end ofthe movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported thatthe movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and "nationalservants". While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarelyparticipated in the independence movement.

Flag of India 5

The Swaraj Flag, officially adopted by theCongress in 1931

While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings anddiscourses, the movement received political acceptance following theNagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editorspublished in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to thesubsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation.Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag becamean integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslimswere still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslimleaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the nationalflag. Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soonhailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag

became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past,the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. TheBritish parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indiangovernment threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the displayof the Swaraj flag. The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, theflag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.

Indian Flag, the first stamp of independent India,released on 21 Nov 1947, was meant for foreign

correspondence.[2][3]

A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, theConstituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independentIndia, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committeeheaded by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad,Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkaras its members. On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that theflag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag ofIndia with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to allparties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should nothave any communal undertones. The spinning wheel of the Congressflag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital ofAshoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law.However, Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel,this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around toaccepting it. The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolor ofdeep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the whiteband. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. Theresolution was approved unanimously. It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.

Flag of India 6

Manufacturing process

A header of an Indian flag (size 6, date2007/2008) certified by the ISI.

The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulatedby three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. Thestandards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008. Ninestandard sizes of the flag are specified by law, and the largest size90×60 ft. is hoisted at the highest flagpole in Delhi, measuring 207 ft.in height at Central Park in Connaught Place, New Delhi.

In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute(now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag.These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which wasadopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17

August 1968. The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag includingsizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and hemp cordage. The guidelines are covered undercivil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jailterms.

Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any othermaterial is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi arerestricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes upthe body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole.The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the twothreads used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twentyweavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per squarecentimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams (7.2 oz).The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka.Currently, Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licenced flag production andsupply unit in India. Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Developmentand Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that floutguidelines. The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag, a small village in theDharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of DharwadTaluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre's licence to make flags.Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, isreturned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The AshokaChakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to betaken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension,one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed.The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.

Flag of India 7

ProtocolMain article: Flag Code of India

Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag

Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India,2002 (successor to the Flag Code – India, the original flag code); theEmblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and thePrevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. Insults to thenational flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well asusing it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code,are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, orboth. Official regulation states that the flag must never touch theground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form. The flag may notbe intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals beforeunfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flownbetween sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a publicbuilding at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at the night, subject tothe restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated. The flag should never bedepicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should notmerely be rotated 90 degrees, but also reversed. One "reads" a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom andfrom left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is considered insulting to display the flag in afrayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which shouldalways be in a proper state of maintenance.

The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such asIndependence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of theflag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated andhe was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought tostrike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with duedecorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country. At the end of theappeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking theGovernment of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code witheffect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to theirsafeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag. It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictionsunder the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rightsguaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India. The originalflag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government ofIndia amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waistand on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside ordisrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any othermethod consistent with the dignity of the flag.

Flag of India 8

Display

Placement protocol for the Indianflag with another country's flag

The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when twoflags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoistsshould be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag isdisplayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall withthe flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossedstaffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spreadout. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums orbuildings, or be draped from railings. Whenever the flag is displayed indoors inhalls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on theright (observers' left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag isdisplayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placedon the speaker's right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it shouldbe to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. Ifhung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flagwith the hoist cord at the top.

A flag procession

The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag orflags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at thefront. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of astatue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the coveringfor the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never bedipped to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours,organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of

honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review,all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriatesalute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them.A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of thenational anthem.

Indian Flag at Red Fort

The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to thePresident, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister, Governors andLieutenant Governors of states, Chief Ministers, Union Ministers,members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indianstates (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad), judges of the SupremeCourt of India and High Courts, and flag officers of the Army, Navyand Air Force. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmlyeither on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When aforeign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flagshould be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreigncountry should be flown on the left side. The flag should be flown onthe aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongsidethe National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countriesen route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the president withinIndia, aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains,but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.

Flag of India 9

When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indianflag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost tothe observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed ina circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all otherflags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each nationalflag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to beingthe first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossedpoles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The onlyexception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations, which may be placed tothe right of the Indian flag.When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, therules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from theviewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must bein front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag iscarried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row offlags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.

Half-mastThe flag should be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the President of India,who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to thetop of the mast and then slowly lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normalheight. The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the president, Vice-president or prime minister. It isflown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the SupremeCourt, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown athalf-mast in the respective states and union territories. The Indian flag cannot be flown at half-mast on Republic Day(26 January), Independence day (15 August), Gandhi Jayanti (2 October), National Week (6–13 April) or stateformation anniversaries, except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in suchcases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building. Observances of State mourningon the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs inindividual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of aforeign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast. On occasions ofstate, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffrontowards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.

Flag of India 10

Flying at nightThe flag can be flown at night provided that it is properly illuminated with back up source. The flag hoisted atCentral Park, Connaught Place, New Delhi, which is the largest flag of India is one such example.

Footnotes[1][1] The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya's original design, but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag.[2] India Postage Stamps 1947–1988.(1989) Philately branch, Department of Posts, India.[3] Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps, Indian Posts, 1948

Notes

References• Virmani, Arundhati (2008). A National Flag for India. Rituals, Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment. Delhi,

Permanent Black. pp. 356 p. ISBN 81-7824-232-X.• Virmani, Arundhati (August 1999). "National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the

Indian Flag, March–August 1923". Past & Present 164: 169–197. doi: 10.1093/past/164.1.169 (http:/ / dx. doi.org/ 10. 1093/ past/ 164. 1. 169). JSTOR  651278 (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 651278)..

• Roy, Srirupa (August 2006). "A Symbol of Freedom: The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism,1906–" (http:/ / www. umass. edu/ sbs/ pdf/ srirupa_roy_article. pdf). Journal of Asian Studies 65 (3). ISSN 0021-9118 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0021-9118). OCLC  37893507 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/37893507).

• Jha, Sadan (25 October 2008). "The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite". Economic and politicalweekly: 102–111. ISSN  0012-9976 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0012-9976). OCLC  1567377 (http:/ /www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 1567377)..

• "Indian Standards" (http:/ / www. bis. org. in/ sf/ pow/ txd. pdf) (PDF). Bureau of Indian Standards. Retrieved 1July 2005.

• "India" (http:/ / www. crwflags. com/ fotw/ flags/ in. html). Flags of the World. Retrieved 30 June 2005.• "India: Historical Flags" (http:/ / www. crwflags. com/ fotw/ flags/ in-hist. html). Flags of the World. Retrieved

30 June 2005.• "Flying the real tricolour" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ money/ 2002/ jan/ 25flag. htm). Rediff.com. Retrieved 1

July 2005.• "My Flag, My Country" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2001/ jun/ 13spec. htm). Rediff.com. Retrieved 1 July

2005.

External links• "National Flag" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100126160054/ http:/ / india. gov. in/ knowindia/

national_flag. php). National Portal of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (http:/ / india. gov.in/ knowindia/ national_flag. php) on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010.

• "History of Indian Tricolor" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100809095826/ http:/ / india. gov. in/ myindia/national_flag. php). National Portal of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (http:/ / india. gov.in/ myindia/ national_flag. php) on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-15.

• "Flag Code of India" (http:/ / mha. nic. in/ pdfs/ flagcodeofindia. pdf). Ministry of Home Affairs (India).Retrieved 8 February 2010.

• India (http:/ / flagspot. net/ flags/ in. html) at Flags of the World

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsFlag of India  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=615690497  Contributors: 2pacisalivelikejuice, Aakash Maurya, Aakashraj1990kash, Abecedare, Acroterion, Aesopos, Ahmedessam eldin, Ahoerstemeier, Ajithclicks13, Akv, Alan Liefting, Aleenf1, Almasuddin, Amarrg, Amartyabag, Ambarish, Ambuj.Saxena, Amit46gupta, Amitkinger, Anaxial, Andy Marchbanks,Aniten21, Ankur, Antiqueight, AreJay, Arvind Iyengar, AshLin, AshishG, Ashwatham, Astrotrain, Atulsnischal, Aua, Avjoska, Avs dps, Badrish, Bag.adi, Barryob, Bhagwath, Bill, BirgitteSB,Blanu, Blue520, Bluedenim, Bobo192, Boxerglove, Brhaspati, Brighterorange, BrownHairedGirl, Bryan Derksen, Bsskchaitanya, CALR, CalJW, Captmonk1, Cedrus-Libani, Chanakyathegreat,Chhaya shukla, Chirags, ChrisGualtieri, Chzz, Cirt, CommonsDelinker, CopperSquare, Cormaggio, Creidieki, Cristyal1, Crunk dady, Cupzonia, D. F. Schmidt, DH85868993, DaGizza,Dabomb87, Damzow, Daniel C. Boyer, Danny, David from Downunder, De728631, Deepak D'Souza, Denelson83, Denimedger, Desiapollo, Dharmadhyaksha, Dilpreet Singh, Dn9ahx,DocWatson42, Doctor Phil, Domino theory, DrKiernan, Drawat123, Drmies, Drshenoy, DuKot, Dwaipayanc, Earlypsychosis, Ebyjjose, Edgar181, Edward Z. Yang, Ekabhishek, Entropy,Epbr123, Error, Eubulides, Euchiasmus, Evano1van, Everyking, Excirial, Exert, Fdp, FeatherPluma, FedLawyer, Flcelloguy, Footballfan190, Fowler&fowler, Fraggle81, Frehley, Frood,Froztbyte, Fuhghettaboutit, Fullstop, Fæ, GSMR, Gaius Cornelius, Ganeshk, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gd, Generalboss3, Gimmetoo, Gimmetrow, Gnanapiti, Gnikhil, Gogogoa, Gppande,Greatgavini, Green Giant, Grenavitar, Gurubrahma, Gz33, Haddiscoe, Harshiljoshi, Haus, Headbomb, HiDrNick, Hillbillyholiday, Hintha, Hmains, Hometech, Hongooi, Hotidea, Hu12, Hz.tiang,Iama.ray, Icarusgeek, Idleguy, Ierhaoiskl, Ikescs, Iketsi, India07, Indopug, Ionutzmovie, Iridescent, Isis4563, Ivan Svircevic, J Milburn, J.delanoy, Jackaranga, JackofOz, Jamesx12345, Jamfad,Jatinbhatt blap, Jauhienij, Jayron32, Jdavidb, Jed, Jeffq, Jncraton, Joelr31, Joffeloff, Johnkarp, Jonoikobangali, Joshua Issac, Josquius, Jovianeye, Joy1963, Jpmeena, Jpoonnolly, Jujordan,Jusdafax, Kaal, Kanchanamala, KapilTagore, Kaysov, Kbdank71, Kelvinc, Keraunos, Kesal, Khushwantsingh987, King of Hearts, Kingpin13, Kintetsubuffalo, KnowledgeHegemony, Koavf,Koonerjatt, Kozuch, Krsont, Krun, Ksanyi, Langkid1, Laser brain, Lectonar, LeoO3, Light48, Lightmouse, Liouasd, Livajo, Llamadog903, Lockesdonkey, Lowellian, Lugia2453, Luna Santin,Luph25, MIKHEIL, MKar, Madhero88, Majora4, Mamizou, Man vyi, Mangoshake90, Manishtiwari, Manuspanicker, Maquahuitl, Marco79, Mate2code, MaximvsDecimvs, Mayankpj, Mcy jerry,Megatronium, Mellisa Anthony Jones, Mereda, Mike Christie, Miljoshi, Mjaganna, Moe Epsilon, MohitSingh, Moonriddengirl, MrDolomite, Mridul kashyap, Ms2ger, Murica18, MusikAnimal,Mysid, Nakon, NaranPatel, Naveen Sankar, Neilc, Neutrality, Nichalp, Nickylame2, Nightstallion, Nirvana888, Nixeagle, Oblivious, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, Oipaindia, Orzetto,Oxymoron83, P. S. Burton, Paddu, Pamri, Panairjdde, Parutakupiu, Pavithrans, Phantomsnake, Philip Trueman, Pietras1988, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Piscianemperor, Porqin, Pradeeptubati,Premkudva, Q Chris, Quadell, RadicalBender, Ragib, Raguks, Rajatagarwal, Rak3sh, Ramashray, Ramitmahajan, Randy Kryn, Ranjanivk, Ranveig, Raso mk, Raul654, Recnalew, Redtigerxyz,Reevelingua, RegentsPark, RexNL, Rjwilmsi, RobertG, Rohith goura, Romit3, Rror, Rsrikanth05, Rueben lys, RussBlau, SBC-YPR, Saint-Paddy, Saippuakauppias, Sam Hocevar,San1011121314, Sarath.ramabhotla, Sarosh, Sarvagnya, ScottMainwaring, Sfacets, Sh1900, Sharma01234567, ShaunMacPherson, Shreevatsa, Shshshsh, Shyam, SiBr4, Siddeshwarprasad,SiefkinDR, Signalizing, Siqbal, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Smalljim, Soman, SpNeo, SpacemanSpiff, Spartian, Sportfreak123, Squash, Sribilla4321, Sriharsha.kr, Subhom.mitra, Sundar,Supten, Svick, Swedish fusilier, TGilmour, TUF-KAT, Tahnaz, Tamfang, Thakkaraakash, The undertow, Thebestofall007, Tigger69, Tony1, Tpbradbury, Treisijs, Tuckerresearch, Tuncrypt, Tuxthe penguin, Utcursch, V2Blast, Vadakkan, Vakuty, VanHelsing.16, Vanisaac, Varungarde, Vibhijain, Vice regent, Victor D, Visakha veera, Vivek Rai, Vivekkumar shukla25, Vojhaiya,Volker89, Wd-40, Weregerbil, Widr, Wiedeking, WikHead, Wiki aint work, Wiki13, Wikicheng, Willardo, Windhan, Wknight94, Wmahan, WoodElf, World8115, Writtenonsand, Writtenright,Xorkl000, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yash!, Zscout370, उत्तरादित्य, ਰਾਜੇਨ੍ਦ੍ਰ ਸਿੰਘ, రవిచంద్ర, 615 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:IFIS Normal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IFIS_Normal.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: DoktorMandrakeFile:British Raj Red Ensign.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BarryobFile:India1907Flag.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India1907Flag.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cycn, Erlenmeyer, Mattes, Nichalp, Roland zhFile:1921 India flag.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1921_India_flag.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Nicholas (Nichalp)File:1931 Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1931_Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Nicholas (Nichalp)File:1947 India Flag 3½ annas.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1947_India_Flag_3½_annas.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Image by India PostFile:Indian flag header.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_flag_header.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Zscout370. Original uploader was Zscout370 at en.wikipediaFile:India-flag-horiz-vert.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India-flag-horiz-vert.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NicholasFile:IndiaFlagTwoNations.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IndiaFlagTwoNations.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Cycn, DrKiernan,Funfood, Nichalp, Roland zhFile:IndiaFlagParade.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IndiaFlagParade.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Nichalp, Roland zhFile:Waving Indian Flag At Red Fort.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Waving_Indian_Flag_At_Red_Fort.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: User:Denimedger

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/