Indian agri culture-1
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Transcript of Indian agri culture-1
INDIAN AGRICULTURE
90 per cent of the farmers are doing farming because it is their
ancestral occupation
Definition
• The science or practice of farming, including
cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and
the rearing of animals
INTRODUCTION
• One of the strong sector of Indian economy.
• Around 58 % population of India depends on
Agriculture.
• Average growth rate of agriculture and allied
sector in 2006-07 & 2007-08 has been 4% per
annum.
• 140.7 million hectare area is available for sown.
• Major agricultural products include rice, wheat,
oilseed, cotton, jute, tea.
HISTORY
• Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants.
• Double monsoon leads two harvest in a year.
• The Grow More Food Campaign (1940s) and the Integrated Production Program (1950s) focused on food and cash crops supply respectively.
• In 1960s Green revolution took place. Agriculture production rose. Export increased at 10% in 1990s.
Indian Agriculture- Some Facts
• India ranks second worldwide in farm output
• Total Geographical Area - 328 million hectares
• Net Area sown - 142 million hectares
• Gross Cropped Area – 190.8 million hectares
• Major Crop Production
» Rice 94.1 million tones
» Wheat 74.8 million tones
» Coarse Cereals 36.1 million tones
» Pulses 219.3 million tones
» Oilseeds 340.3 million tones
» Food Grains 27.2 million tones
Indian Agriculture- Some Facts
• Contributes to 14% of GDP
• Provides food to 1Billion people
• Sustains 65% of the population : helps alleviate poverty
• Produces 51 major Crops
• Provides Raw Material to Industries
• Contributes to 1/6th of the export earnings
One of the 12 Bio-diversity centers in the
world with over 46,000 species of plants and
86,000 species of animals recorded.
However, it has been reported that the annual
earnings of the majority of the agriculture
labour in India are so low that they cannot
meet even their minimum consumption needs.
Indian Agriculture Scenario
STRENGTHS
• Indian agriculture is famous for its rich bio-diversity
• Almost 60% of Indian land comprises of agricultural land
• Climate is suitable for agriculture
• Strong and well dispersed research and extension system
Indian Agriculture Scenario
• Average yield in India is just 30% to 50% of the highest average yield in the world
• Agriculture in India is not technically developed
• Irrigation facilities are inadequate, which results in farmers still being dependent on rainfall
• Illiteracy and socio-economic backwardness results in low productivity in India
• Share of agriculture in GDP has declined in past few years
WEAKNESS
Indian Agriculture Scenario
• Expand operations to include planting and harvesting
• Expanding international level markets
• Partner with firm that only plants and harvests crops
• Technological development in agriculture
• Agro-based Industry
• Agricultural education
OPPORTUNITIES
Indian Agriculture Scenario
• Unsustainable Resource Use
• Unsustainable Regional Development
• Change in the government policies
• Production of inferior quality of crops
• Repetitive cultivation of two staple crops
• Low productivity
THREATS
Mile Stones in Agricultural
Development • Green Revolution (1968)
• Ever-Green Revolution (1996)
• Blue Revolution (water, fish)
• White Revolution (Milk)
• Yellow Revolution (flower, edible)
• Bio-Technology Revolution
• ICT Revolution
Green Revolution
• The introduction of high-yielding varieties of
seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and
irrigation are known as Green Revolution
• It provided the increase in production needed to
make India self-sufficient in food grains
• The production of wheat has produced the best
results in fuelling self-sufficiency of India.
NABARD
NABARD is set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for promotion and development of agriculture
NABARD is entrusted with :-
• Providing refinance to lending institutions in rural areas
• Promoting institutional development
• Evaluating, monitoring and inspecting the client banks
Modern Agricultural Revolutions
Technology allows much greater production (surplus) with less human labor, but has high social and environmental costs.
Metal plows, Reapers, Cotton Gin Tractors (Internal Combustion Engine) Combines Chemical Pesticides/Fertilizers Hybrid crops The Green Revolution Genetically modified crops
Agribusiness: The industrialization of agriculture
Modern commercial farming is very dependent on inputs of chemical fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides.
Oil is required to make fertilizer and pesticides.
It takes 10 calories of energy to create 1 calorie of food in modern agriculture.
Small farmer can’t buy needed equipment and supplies.
Fewer than 2% of U.S. population works in agriculture
Shifting Cultivation
Vegetation “slashed” and then burned. Soil remains fertile for 2-3 years. Then people move on.
where: tropical rainforests. Amazon, Central and West Africa, Southeast Asia
Crops: upland rice (S.E. Asia), maize and manioc (S. America), millet and sorghum (Africa)
Declining at hands of ranching and logging.
Major contrasts between “modern” and “smallholder” rice farming
• Modern Farming:
• Large / intermediate scale
• Commercial
• Mechanised
• External inputs (seeds, ag.chemicals)
• Capital intensive
• Smallholder farming:
• Small – variable scale
• Self sufficiency – surplus
• Mainly manual
• Local inputs (seeds, manure, compost, etc.)
• Labour intensive
Modern Agriculture Supposed to be Sustainable Agriculture
Modern agricultural practices enable farmers to meet ALL three goals of sustainability: conserve and protect natural resources;
meet the food and fuel needs of a growing population; and be financially viable for both growers and consumers.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Rice Wheat Cereals Pulses FoodGrains
OilSeeds
94.1 74.8
36.1
Production in Million Tonnes
219.3
27.2
340.3
Share Of Agriculture in GDP of
India
12
14
16
18
2007-082008-09
2009-102011-2012
YEAR
16.4 15.7
14.6 14
PER
CEN
TAG
E
Farmer suicides
• A considerable number of farmers has
committed suicides in the second half of the
1990s, particularly in Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh and Punjab.
• The spate of suicides by farmers in Karnataka
is still continuing.
Farmers’ leader Prof. M. D. Nanjundaswamy
blames
free imports,
falling prices and
lack of social security
for farmers for this situation (Farmer suicides).
He also believes that the compensation amount
of Rs. one lakh for farmers committing suicide
must be cancelled because it acts as an
incentive
The burden of indebtedness in rural India is
great, and it falls mainly on the households of
rural working people.
The credit market is highly fragmented and
regressive.
Moneylenders attend the most urgent-felt needs
like consumption, medical aid, emergency
situations, and daughter’s marriage
Study has shown that following are some of the
reasons for the increasing suicides among
farmers:
(i) Failure of institutional credits for small and
marginal farmers.
(ii) Withdrawal of government intervention from
safety nets such as fair price shops (FPS), and the
exclusion of poor and indebted from the food
distribution system. Continued…
…reasons for suicides…
• (iii) Increasing cost of agriculture inputs like
seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
• (iv) Reduced price of agriculture produces.
• (v) Increasing dependence of small farmers on
moneylenders, at rates of interest from 24 to 60
per cent per annum, sometimes even more.
• (vi) Cumulative crop loss.
The Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Market
Intervention Scheme (MIS) are designed to alleviate the
agency of the farmer. However, the process of
administering the MSP and MIS is at market prices. A
study carried out by Karnataka government shows a
number of lacunae in the MSP and MIS. The study
noted that the overhead charges at the procurement
centre are so high that the farmers end up in selling well
below the prescribed MSP.
During 1989-99, the population of the country
increased by 21.5 per cent, while the reported suicides
increased by 32.5 per cent as per the data from
National Crime Records Bureau for the same period,
clearly showing higher growth in suicide rates in the
country.
The incidence of suicides increased from
40,000 in the year 1967 to 110,000 in the year 1999
recording an increase by 175 per cent.
Karnataka had no history of farmers committing
suicide when crops or market failed, although there
were agitations of farmers in the past. The first
incidence of farmers’ suicide, which attracted
considerable attention of media and public, was
reported on 12 December 1997 when Mr. Shivaraj
Mainalle of Siddeshwar village in Bidar district
committed suicide. A few studies were available on
this first phase of suicides in Karnataka.
Within two decades suicide rate in India has
increased from 40 to 115 per lakh. The suicide rate
in India in the year 1999 was 11 persons per lakh
of population per year with 110,000 reported
suicides according to a study by the National
Institute for Mental Health and Neuro Sciences.
Karnataka with 12,488 suicides, stood third among
the states in India during 1999, next only to West
Bengal and Maharashtra.
Farmers suicides are a feature of drought prone and
economically backward districts; also, have spread to all
regions including prosperous agriculture belts. The negative
impact of globalization on agriculture through the World Trade
Organization regime has already compounded the agrarian
crisis brought in by drought. Several agricultural commodities
have seen a fall in the prices in the last three years owing to
imports. The lifting of agricultural and power subsidies have
pushed up the cost of cultivation substantially. the withdrawal
of safety nets like the universal public distribution system for
food has increased expenditures for poor families.
Growing indebtedness in the rural areas among the
farmers is the main reason for the farmers to commit
suicide in Karnataka.
Almost all the farmers who have committed suicide
have taken the loan, which costs more than their total
land assets.
Situation became worst when the government
institutions stopped giving loan to the farmers. While
there are varieties of reasons, indebtedness is the
common factor in all the suicides.
Several relief measures are available in the schemes
sponsored by both the Government of India and the State
Governments.
They include the Calamity Relief Fund, National Family
Benefit Scheme, Raitha Sanjeevani Scheme, Pledge
Loan Scheme, Rashtriya Krishi Bhima Yojana, Minimum
Support Price, and ‘Sankata Harana’ scheme
implemented by the IFFCO. Many insurance schemes are
available for both farmers and public.
All these schemes are guided by the policies applicable
in general to any insured persons.
Some of the insurance schemes like (i) Janatha Rural
Personal Accident Insurance, (ii) Rajarajeswari Mahila
Kalyana Insurance, (iii) Bhagyashree Female Child
Kalyana Yojane, (iv) Insurance for Agriculture Pump-sets,
(v) Horticulture/ Plantation/ Floriculture/ Flower Insurance
Scheme, (vi) Insurance on Livestock, (vii) Insurance on
Poultry, (viii) Insurance on Carts, and (ix) Standard Kissan
Package Policy have all been offered by the Oriental
Insurance Company which directly or indirectly aims at
covering the farmers and their families.
SUSTAINABLE TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES USED IN THE
CARIBBEAN
• Intercropping & polyculture: symbiotic relations ‘tween plants (shade, rooting systems), plant diversity encourages natural biological control of insect pests, provides year round food supply.
• Crop rotation w/ legumes: helps retain soil fertility & year round food supply, (rotations involve red peas, gungo peas, cowpeas, string beans etc)
Extension Administration did not bother about poor farmers
Lack of control on quality seeds and inputs and basic
guidance for selection of crop to be grown in rain fed areas
based on soil health. There can be many other reasons like
mortgage of land by farmers to private money lenders/local
dealers and so on and so forth. Left out poor farmers don’t
have access to new technology and information Poor
farmers started copying the wealthy farmers who had water
resource and new technology, and failed.
Result – farmers suicide
THANK YOU
JAI HO