INDIA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011 TOWARDS SOCIAL INCLUSION To the Members of Parliament 26 th...

INDIA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011

TOWARDS SOCIAL INCLUSION

To the Members of Parliament

26th April 2012

Institute of Applied Manpower ResearchPlanning Commission

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Structure of the PresentationStructure of the Presentation

Conceptual Framework Human Development Index Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty The Right to Food and Nutrition Health and Demography Education: Achievements and Challenges Supporting Human Development: Housing,

Electricity, Telephone, and Roads Vulnerable Groups

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Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework Human Development Index Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty The Right to Food and Nutrition Health and Demography Education: Achievements and Challenges Supporting Human Development: Housing,

Electricity, Telephone, and Roads Vulnerable Groups

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Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework

Feedback loop model - states that human development outcomes feed back as inputs into the development process.

These feedback loops operate both at the micro (individual) as well as macro (societal) levels.

Interventions to promote human capital formation (through investments in health and education) are key requirements for economic growth to be more successful in reducing income poverty.

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Feedback Loops in the Human Development Feedback Loops in the Human Development Process – at the micro level Process – at the micro level

Social services inputs/processes

Human development outcomes/outputsKnowledge

Family size

Health status

Nutritionalstatus

Healthylivingconditions

Educ ↲ ↲ ↲ ↲Family Plg

↲Health

↲ ↲ ↲ ↲Nutrition

↲ ↲ ↲Water &Sanitation

While shaded cells show relationship b/w an input & output variable, arrows depict feedback effects from development outcomes to inputs.

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An exampleAn example

Education makes an individual more aware of healthy & hygienic practices.

Education therefore can serve as an input towards better health and nutritional status which feeds back into better learning ability.

Similarly, educated parents understand importance of family planning & reduced family size which in turn feeds back into better health (both for the mother and the child) & education for all children in the family.

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Feedback loops at the Macro-economic level

Economic growth, human capital formation, & income poverty reduction are synergistically related such that, the impact of intervention in any one is enhanced by investments in any other (Synergy 2)

improved human capital formation, for both men and women, ensures an educated workforce that can engage in eco activities & earn better livelihoods

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Electricity, Telephone, and Roads

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India’s rank in the world in Human Development India’s rank in the world in Human Development Index falls in 2011?Index falls in 2011?

HDI value 2011 HDI rank 2011 Gross national income per

capita rank

High Human Development Russia 0.755 66 53Brazil 0.718 84 77Medium Human Development Sri Lanka 0.691 97 109China 0.688 101 94South Africa 0.619 123 79India 0.547 134 124Low Human Development Pakistan 0.504 145 138Bangladesh 0.500 146 157No. of countries 187 187

UNDP HDR 2011: India’s rank fell from 119 in 2010 to 134 in 2011.Fall only because 18 new (tiny) countries like Antigua, Saint Tome etc. have been added this time.

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India HDR 2011: India HDR 2011: 21% increase in HDI between 21% increase in HDI between 2000 and 2008: 2000 and 2008: Education Index pulled up HDI, but Education Index pulled up HDI, but

Health Index constrainsHealth Index constrains

Income index based on consumption; but consumption on average is lower than income. Increase in HDI is over 30%, when Income Index is computed from per capita Net Domestic Product

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2. Gap narrowing in HDI across states –– poorer states 2. Gap narrowing in HDI across states –– poorer states growing faster, their health/educ indicators improving growing faster, their health/educ indicators improving

faster – inter-state disparity falling faster – inter-state disparity falling 11

3. HD indicators for SCs, STs, OBCs & Muslims : gap 3. HD indicators for SCs, STs, OBCs & Muslims : gap narrowing with national average (though with some imp narrowing with national average (though with some imp

exceptions)– exceptions)– move towards social inclusion move towards social inclusion 12

Indicators Convergence Divergence

Per capita consumption expend. SCs STs, Muslims

Unemployment rate SCs, Muslims STs

Child labour rate SCs, STs, Muslims

Female malnutrition (Body Mass Index <18.5) SCs,STs,OBCs, Muslims

Infant Mortality RateSCs, STs, OBCs, Muslims

Under five mortality rate SCs, STs, Muslims

Total fertility rate SC, Muslims OBCs

Child immunization STs, Muslims SCs

Toilet facility OBCs SCs, STs

Literacy SCs, STs, Muslims

Electricity for domestic use SCs, STs, OBCs

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Sachar Committee on MuslimsSachar Committee on Muslims IHDR 2011 on MuslimsIHDR 2011 on MuslimsPublished in 2006, uses data points till 2004-5

Published in 2011, uses data points till 2011

IMR, U5MR both decreasing ; DIVERGENCE between national and Muslim average (1992-93- 1998-99)

IMR, U5MR both decreasing ; CONVERGENCE between national and Muslim average (1998-99-2005-6)

Muslim Underweight children worse than national average (1998-99)

Muslim Underweight children better than national average (2005-6)

Muslim Fertility rate higher than national average by 0.7 in 1992-93. The Difference increased to 1 in 1998-99.

Muslim Fertility rate on average higher than national average by 0.4 in 2005-6, and CONVERGING

Muslim Literacy rates in rural (6 % points) & urban areas (10 % points) below the national avg in 2001

Muslim Literacy rate CONVERGES with national avg in 2007-8, i.e., gap narrows : rural (3.5 % points) & urban (8.5% points)

1. Gaps narrowing b/w Muslim & national average i.e. improving conditions of Muslims. 2. Muslims are consistently better than SCs & STs for all HD indicators3. Muslims absolute level still lower compared to national avg (except IMR, U5MR)

For most HD input & outcome indicators Muslims have For most HD input & outcome indicators Muslims have better indicators than SCs & STs – but absolute levels for better indicators than SCs & STs – but absolute levels for

all 3 worse than rest of societyall 3 worse than rest of society14

Indicators SC ST Muslims All Groups

Literacy 63.5 60.5 67.6 72

Malnutrition among Women (BMI<18.5)

41.2 46.6 35.2 33

Underweight Children 47.9 54.5 41.8 39.1

Pucca Housing 38.3 57.9 63.8 66.1

No toilet facility 65 69.1 35.8 49.2

Electricity for domestic use 61.2 66.4 75.2 75

IMR 66.4 62.1 52.4 50

U5MR 88.1 95.7 70 74.3

TFR 2.92 3.12 3.09 2.6

Child Immunization 39.7 5.4 36.3 43.5

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Geographical Concentration of SC, ST, Geographical Concentration of SC, ST, and Muslim Populationand Muslim Population

Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, M.P, Orissa, Rajasthan, West Bengal, U.P – account for 56% of SCs 56% of STs 58% of Muslims

These States account for 66% of poor in the country in 2009-10.

In most indicators SCs and STs in LWE states are not only In most indicators SCs and STs in LWE states are not only performing worse than national average but also worse performing worse than national average but also worse

than their national counter partsthan their national counter parts

7 LWE States All India

SC ST All SC ST All

BMI<18.5 (Female) 50.7 59.0 46.2 41.2 46.6 33

U5MR 101.0 121.0 88.9 88.1 95.7 74.3

No latrine 77.2 84.8 69.6 65 69.1 49.2

Literacy( R ) 69.9 63.8 74.3 60.5 58.8 67

Pucca House 54.2 42.0 62.0 57.9 38.3 66.1

Electricity 73.6 57.6 78.2 66.4 61.2 75

Naxal states : Bihar, Orissa, AP, MP, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, WBNaxal states : Bihar, Orissa, AP, MP, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, WB

4. States doing well do it across the board – for all social groups

SCs in Delhi and Kerala have higher literacy rates than the upper castes in Bihar and Rajasthan

SCs in Tamil Nadu in most health indicators are better than upper castes in UP

But in central and eastern belt – with concentration of SC and ST population, for most indicators, latter doing worse than

State average SC/ST average in India

This highlights importance of good governance and social mobilization by state governments

Basic service delivery as an area of potential policy consensus

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Conceptual Framework Human Development Index Employment, Asset Ownership, and

Poverty The Right to Food and Nutrition Health and Demography Education: Achievements and Challenges Supporting Human Development: Housing,


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Poverty (Tendulkar line): number of Poor and Poverty (Tendulkar line): number of Poor and incidence of Poverty are decliningincidence of Poverty are declining

Source: NSS 2004-5, 2009-10

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SC Poverty rate is declining faster than the national average (URP)

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Rising wages in both rural and urban IndiaRising wages in both rural and urban India

Casual wages in both rural and urban areas increased significantly between 2004-5 and 2009-10 (Rs.)

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Consistent rise after 2004-5 in monthly per capita Consistent rise after 2004-5 in monthly per capita consumption expenditure (Rs)consumption expenditure (Rs)

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Note: Figures in brackets indicate Compound Annual Growth Rate

Despite achievements, problem areas remain:Despite achievements, problem areas remain:

Employment not growing in industry or services Nutritional outcomes not improving or no data Health outcomes improving too slowly Sanitation is the worst in the world Education levels extremely low for a emerging

market economy

SC, ST, Muslims have absolute levels of indicators that are still the worst

These problems concentrated in northern & eastern states where these communities are concentrated

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Employment: Declining Unemployment but… Employment: Declining Unemployment but…

Unemployment (current daily status) declined from 8.2% in 2004-5 to 6.6% in 2009-10

But only 2.8 mn new jobs – not growing in manfg and services, falling in agriculture:

Absolute decline in agri emp by 14 mn during 2005-2010

But for the decade, still increase of 7 mn Structural transformation towards productive

employment??

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Employment in industry – Manufacturing & Non-Employment in industry – Manufacturing & Non-ManufacturingManufacturing

Manufacturing employment increased only by 6.7 million in the last decade (from 44 million in 1999-2000 to 50 million in 2009-10)

Absolute decline in mfg employment by 5 mn in the 2nd half of the decade

Approach Paper 12th Plan & National Manufacturing Policy targeting 100 million by 2022?

27 mn new jobs in non-mfg industry (due to 26 mn in construction) during the last decade (from 21 million in 1999-2000 to 48 million in 2009-10)

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Services employmentServices employment

Rise in service employment from 94mn in 1999-2000 to 112 million in 2004-5, but only to 116 million in 2009-10 (3.5 million increase)

Most of the increase been due to services like transport, banking & insurance, computer & related activities, business management & consultancy services

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Despite Increase in share of organised sector Despite Increase in share of organised sector employment (14-18%): Rising informalization employment (14-18%): Rising informalization

Share of informal employment in organized sector has risen from around 1/3 in 1999-2000 to just under 2/3 in 2009-10. Employers in organized sector increasingly hire on contract Source: NSS emp-unemp rounds

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Structure of the Presentation



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Worst performer in terms of low birth weightWorst performer in terms of low birth weight

India is the worst performer in terms of low birth weight

Small mother gives birth to small children.

Gender Discrimination through life cycle Small Mother

• India has the highest underweight children among the BRIC and SAARC Countries •Inadequate access to food+ Lack of education of mother + Poor Sanitation + Unsafe Drinking Water

Underweight children

Percentage of Underweight ChildrenPercentage of Underweight Children

• Among the industrial states, Gujarat has a very high incidence of malnutrition among SC and ST women

•Gujarat fares the worst in terms of overall hunger and malnutrition

Percentage of Women with BMI<18.5Percentage of Women with BMI<18.5

• 1/3rd Indian women underweight

• SCs and STs diverge from the national average• •Worsening of adult female malnutrition for Muslim

MALNUTRITION:MALNUTRITION: Percentage of adult women with Body Mass Percentage of adult women with Body Mass Index<18.5 for SC, ST, & Muslims worse than & not improving Index<18.5 for SC, ST, & Muslims worse than & not improving

compared to national average (“important exception”)compared to national average (“important exception”)

Source: NFHS- 2and 3

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Policies to Address Nutritional ProblemsPolicies to Address Nutritional Problems1. 1. Near universalization of ICDS ProgrammeNear universalization of ICDS Programme

• But focus should shift to children below three years, pregnant women, and adolescent girls - ICDS 35 years old – but without this focus still

• Withdrawal of hot-cooked meals in UP, Karn, Guj – in violation of Supreme Court

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•Reform PDS – but progress remains slow on •National Food Security Bill •No “Ministry of Nutrition” – so PM’s Nutrition Council in need of revival


Conceptual Framework Human Development Index Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty The Right to Food and Nutrition Health and DemographyHealth and Demography Education: Achievements and Challenges Supporting Human Development: Housing,


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HEALTH: IHEALTH: Infant mortality rate - nfant mortality rate - Gap of Gap of SCs, STs SCs, STs & Muslims with national average narrowing& Muslims with national average narrowing

From 80 /1000 IMR in 1990, IMR down to 50 in 2009. But still far behind MDG target 26.7 by 2015 – health index improved slowly

Lower IMR Lower TFR

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Source: NFHS 2 & 3

Replacement level of Total Fertility Rate reachedReplacement level of Total Fertility Rate reached

9 major states achieved the replacement level of TFR (2.1) - states with functional PHCs

Unless public health system improves, the population growth rate can not be reduced

Source:RGI 2011

36 States TFR 1995-7 TFR 2008Kerala 1.8 1.7Tamil Nadu 2.1 1.7Andhra Pradesh 2.8 1.8Punjab 2.8 1.9West Bengal 2.7 1.9Himachal Pradesh 2.5 1.9Delhi 2Karnataka 2.6 2Maharashtra 2.8 2Jammu & Kashmir 2.2Orissa 3.1 2.4Gujarat 3.1 2.5Haryana 3.5 2.5Assam 3.3 2.6All India* 3.4 2.6Chhattisgarh 3.1Jharkhand 3.2Madhya Pradesh 4.1 3.3Rajasthan 4.2 3.3Uttar Pradesh 2.7 3.8Bihar 4.5 3.9

Total fertility rateTotal fertility rate

India could achieve replacement rate TFR 2.1 by 2015 – but “unmet need” for contraception over 30% in 4 States – NRHM must focus attention

Migration out of UP, Bihar, MP, Raj will rise

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Total Fertility Rate: Narrowing gaps in case of SCs Total Fertility Rate: Narrowing gaps in case of SCs & Muslims & Muslims

Maximum fall in fertility rate experienced by Muslims along with a sharp increase in Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

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Source: NFHS 2 & 3

Rise in institutional deliveries leads to lower Rise in institutional deliveries leads to lower Maternal Mortality RateMaternal Mortality Rate

Rise in institutional deliveries (from 39% to 78%, 2005-9) post NRHM & JSY resulted in decline of MMR – fall of 89 points in 6 years

But to achieve 11th Plan target of MMR of 100 by 2012, a further reduction of 28 per 100,000 per year is needed

Highest MMR in poorer states with lowest levels of institutional delivery – need more rural doctors/para medics needed in 8 EAG NRHM states

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Source: RGI 2011

Highest MMR in poorer states with lowest levels of Highest MMR in poorer states with lowest levels of institutional delivery – need for ASHA, ANM, AWW institutional delivery – need for ASHA, ANM, AWW

to focus on these states within NRHMto focus on these states within NRHM

Source: NFHS 3 (2006) & RGI 2011 (MMR-2008)

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Replicate best practice in high focus States of other Replicate best practice in high focus States of other States to attract health providers to rural areasStates to attract health providers to rural areas

Rural recruitment TN: introduced reservation policy in higher educ. Consequently,

cadre of doctors from small towns willing to work in PHCs in villages at commuting distance

Because 15% of seats for medicine courses reserved for rural schools. Increases retention of medical officers (with rural background) in rural areas since there will be no resistance .

Also doctors recruited on zonal basis

Chhattisgarh: 3 yr degree in Rural Health Care in – called Rural Medical Assistant to eliminate vacancies for medical officers; Miny of Health support for each State to replicate

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& enable drug procurement& enable drug procurement

Essential drugs at affordable prices in public health system

To strengthen logistics management sys of healthcare, TN Medical Services Corporation established in Jan’95.

Apex body for purchase and distribution of generic essential drugs for govt medical centres

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Open defaecation in India – worst in worldOpen defaecation in India – worst in world

Nutritional/health outcomes cannot improve if OD continues

58% of all persons in the world defecating in open, live in India

Improvement in households with access to sanitation facilities from 40 % in 2002 to 51 % in 2008-9

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Source: NSS 2002, 2008-9

Poor sanitation concern for rural areas, but Poor sanitation concern for rural areas, but consequences equally serious in urbanconsequences equally serious in urban

Toilet availability in urban India, but density of population in India 10 times greater than Africa, hence in urban areas open defaecation spreads infection faster

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Source: NSS 2002, 2008-9

But toilets built under Total Sanitation Campaign But toilets built under Total Sanitation Campaign put to other uses – TSC redesign neededput to other uses – TSC redesign needed

In villages winning Nirmal Gram Puraskar (“Open Defaecation Free”), toilets often used for storing, bathing & washing purposes

Design problem with TSC: Rather than subsidy for construction of toilets, need for creating effective demand for sanitation through community participation – e.g. HP & Haryana

A complete redesign of MORD’s Total Sanitation Campaign is needeed

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Lessons from Himachal PradeshLessons from Himachal Pradesh

HP Adopted a participatory innovative approach called Community Led

Total Sanitation (CLTS) for creating effective & sustainable demand for sanitation under TSC

It engages people in analysis of their existing sanitation situation through triggering exercises leading to collective local action to clean up & sanitize surroundings to put end to OD & adopting safe solid & liquid waste mgt practices

CLTS training involved triggering initially (2006) some 200 villages with arnd 50 natural leaders from grass root levels

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Lessons from HaryanaLessons from Haryana

Haryana Again CLTS approach followed by empowering local

communities to end OD & build toilets without any external subsidies.

District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) works on capacity building & identifies village motivators assigned 300 hhs to encourage proper sanitation & hygienic practices.

Targeted women to inform about TSC & families about low cost options for building toilets.

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Conceptual Framework Human Development Index Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty The Right to Food and Nutrition Health and Demography Education: Achievements and ChallengesEducation: Achievements and Challenges Supporting Human Development: Housing,


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EDUCATION drove up HDI – BUT Low Mean Years of EDUCATION drove up HDI – BUT Low Mean Years of Schooling - Schooling - a major challenge for inclusive growtha major challenge for inclusive growth

Adult (15 Yrs and above) mean years of schooling in 2010 were 5.12

(India), 8.17 (China), 6.24 (Indonesia).

Source: NSS 1999-2000 , 2007-8 & 2009-10

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Note: for 7 years and above

Fulfillment of provisions of RTE Act, 2009 remains major Fulfillment of provisions of RTE Act, 2009 remains major challenge – Implementation of RTE in Bihar & UP require challenge – Implementation of RTE in Bihar & UP require 50% of total finances (additional from 1.5 lac cr) needed 50% of total finances (additional from 1.5 lac cr) needed for the countryfor the country

IndicatorNorm as per RTE Act, 2009

Reality (2007-8)

Pupil – Teacher ratio (at primary level)

30 47 (U.P – 76, Bihar – 68)

Number of classroom

One classroom for one class in all schools

9% of schools were one classroom schools

Girls’ Toilet

School building should have separate toilet facilities for boys and girls

Half of the schools did not have separate toilets for girls

Drinking WaterSchool building should have safe drinking water facility

87 per cent schools have drinking water facility

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Policy: “Low-hanging fruit” type actionsPolicy: “Low-hanging fruit” type actions

Pre-primary school education training for AWWs neglected ; but funds allocated in 11th Plan Rs. 2000 cr for MHRD, but not utilized

Without PSE, children unprepared for school, as they are children of functionally illiterate parents

Children also unprepared because of malnutrition PSE can improve learning outcomes for children in earliest yrs

High teacher absenteeism (25%) – one of worst in developing world – SSA fund release shd be conditional upon teacher absenteeism improving School Management Committee should be responsible for

Leave granting Salary releasing

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Addressing poor learning outcomes of children Addressing poor learning outcomes of children needs better Subject Content Knowledge of needs better Subject Content Knowledge of

TeachersTeachers• Well trained teachers do not go to rural areas – DIETs, BRCs, CRCs in

poor shape• Poor learning ability: 47% in grade V students could not read grade II

text (ASER 2010)• Expand Online teacher training system

• Block HQ already have 256 kbps optical fibre – start using this network today

• Village level whole country coverage coming: 3G coming with optical fibre network, OR within 2 yrs National Optical Fibre Network operational

• Use of Technology• lectures broadcast in multiple languages in classrooms• local teachers interact with expert teachers and play local coordinator

role• Adult Literacy – Total Literacy Campaign

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Towards Adult Literacy – Technology-based Towards Adult Literacy – Technology-based solution for 26% Illiterates of Indiasolution for 26% Illiterates of India

Poor & illiterate people need to learn 500 words for daily functional needs

Writing often discourages adult learners, and so focus on functional literacy: reading through graphic recognition of 500 words sound pattern inferential feeling & sensation

Programme launched in year 2000 and has 250 active centres

1,20,000 people became literate through this programme – universalization needed

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Conceptual Framework Human Development Index Employment, Asset Ownership, and Poverty The Right to Food and Nutrition Health and Demography Education: Achievements and Challenges Supporting Human Development: Housing, Supporting Human Development: Housing,

Electricity, Telephone, and RoadsElectricity, Telephone, and Roads Vulnerable Groups

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Housing: 2/3 Indians now reside in pucca Housing: 2/3 Indians now reside in pucca houseshouses

2/3 Indians now reside in pucca houses compared to less than 50% in 2002

Large inter state variations in housing conditions Around 95 % hhs

reside in pucca houses in Delhi & Haryana compared to around 40% in Chhattisgarh & Orissa

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Steep rise in hhs with access to electricitySteep rise in hhs with access to electricity

Rise from 64 % to 75 % in percentage of hhs with electricity for domestic use b/w 2002 – 2008-9

But Large inter state variations

HP 98 % is the best State, while Bihar 31 % has lowest proportion in India

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Rural-Urban convergence in hhs with access Rural-Urban convergence in hhs with access to electo elec

Still about 1/3 rural households do not have access to electricity for domestic use in 2008-9.

China had ensured 94 per cent of rural households had electricity by 1991 through off grid distribution

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SCs & STs converging with national avg for SCs & STs converging with national avg for hhs with electricity for domestic usehhs with electricity for domestic use

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Electricity, Telephone, and Roads Vulnerable GroupsVulnerable Groups

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Disabled

Magnitude Official estimates of disability in India is around 2

percent

Estimates using more inclusive definitions suggest a higher incidence of disability (of at least 5-8 percent)

Number of disabled persons increased from nearly 12 million in 1981 to 18.49 million in 2002 (Latest Data)

19/04/23 Ch. 8 of NHDR - Vulnerable Groups

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Scanty Opportunities for Disabled

Education Only 45 % Literacy rate High share of out of school disabled children About 9 per cent of disabled completed ‘Secondary and

above’ level of education Employment

Only 26 % of the disabled persons were employed 15 % Self-employed 8 % Casual Worker 3 % Regular Job

Only 10 % of the disabled females are having jobs 55 % lost their work due to onset of disability


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Requirements for Disabled

Lack of trained manpower

Major constraint in expanding the rehabilitation services

Very few Training Institutes

Huge Demand - Supply gap of trained personnel


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Source: IAMR 2009

Mismatch between Estimated Demand and Supply of Personnel in the Area of Disability

Window of Opportunity

19/04/23

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Youngest population (with the median age of less than 24 in 2000) – Demographic Dividend:

Compared to 38 for Europe, 41 for Japan and 30 for China Declining ‘Dependency Ratio’ But, Second Largest aged Population of the World Rapidly increasing share of Elderly

Ringing alarm

Increasing ‘Old Age Dependency Ratio’ In 1991 – 12.19% In 2001 – 13.08% Higher for female

Decreasing Work participation of Elderly Demographic Dividend will be open till 2035

Dependency Ratio will start increasing again Proportion of the middle age group will also decline

Only one in ten worker is covered for pension

19/04/23

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Looking ahead for Vulnerable Groups

For Disabled Low opportunities of Education and Employment for disabled Serious limitations like low coverage, lack of funds, lack of awareness

programmes, non-cooperation of local authorities, loopholes in the system of selection and certification of beneficiaries, need to be removed

Services confined only to urban areas, and should penetrate rural areas as well

Policy Issues Equal opportunities for better education and employment need to be

provided Services need to be strengthened Need to expand services to rural areas


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Looking ahead for Vulnerable Groups

For Elderly Decreasing work participation of Elderly Demographic Dividend will be open till 2035 Only on in ten worker is covered under pension

scheme Policy Issues

Coverage of insurance need to be widened Subsidies and transfer of public money should be

increased


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India’s Human Development Report 2011 : Main Messages

India’s Human Development Index registers impressive gains in last decade

Developed states continue to perform while backward states performed better – inter-state inequality in HDI declining over time

SC, ST & Muslim communities show promising improvements on social parameters & convergence with national avg – a move towards social inclusion

Consumption & wages rise b/w 2004-5 & 2009-10

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India’s Human Development Report 2011 : Main Messages

2/3 hhs reside in pucca houses & 3/4 hhs have access to electricity for domestic use today

Despite Right to Education Act, school education faces challenges of quality & employability

Despite improvements, health/ nutrition / sanitation challenges are most serious

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INDIA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011 TOWARDS SOCIAL INCLUSION To the Members of Parliament 26 th...

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