INDIA and SCIENCE · 2020. 7. 14. · India Czech Republic Population 1.39 billion (~36,000 births...

INDIA and SCIENCE

Samuel Paul David

HiLASE Center, Institute of Physics of The Czech Academy of Sciences

[email protected]

2nd International Researchers Meet Up – 08 July, 2020

India Czech Republic

Population 1.39 billion (~36,000 births

per day) – 131 times population

10.58 million (~140 births per

day)

Population density 422 people/km2 – > 3 times 134 people/km2

Total Area 3,287,260 km2 - ~42 times 78,870 km2

Delhi Prague

Population ~30 million ~1.3 million

Population density ~29,200 people/km2 4600 people/km2

80% Hindus

13% Muslims

2.3% Christians

1.9% Sikhs

0.8% Buddhists

0.4% Jains

Total = 98.4%

10.3% Catholics

0.5% Protestant

0.4% Hussites

9.4% Other beliefs

Total = 20.6%


• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 – Arabic numerals

• Originally called as Hindu-Arabic numerals !!

• World’s first university – Takshashilla Univerisy during 700 BC

•Chess – Chaturanga invented in India in 6th century

•Shampoo – From Hindi “Champo”

•Ayurveda – Ancient medicinal treatment 2100 years ago !

• Fibonacci pattern numbers used in India by Virahanka during 700 AD

• Meghnad Saha – Saha’s equation essential to study spectra from stars

• Har Gobind Khorana – First person to synthesize an artificial gene in a living cell

• Mysorean rockets – First iron cased rocket. British copied later

•Concept of atom, cotton cultivation, sugar production, Indigo ink and so on……………….


India’s Scientific Contributions – Brief list

Notable Indian Scientists – Ancient and recent

Aryabhatta

- Fifth century mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and a physicist.

- At the age of 23, he wrote Aryabhattiya, summary of Mathematics at that time.

caturadhikaṃ śatamaṣṭaguṇaṃ dvāṣaṣṭistathā sahasrāṇām

ayutadvayaviṣkambhasyāsanno vṛttapariṇāhaḥ.

"Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000. By this rule the

circumference of a circle with a diameter of 20,000 can be approached."

((4 + 100) × 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3.1416,

India’s first satellite was named after him

• Introduced the concept of zero

• Calculated the distance between Earth and Moon

• Calculated Earth’s circumference with less than 1% error (1500 years ago !!!)

(Eratosthenes, Greek astronomer calculated the same with 15% error during 3rd century BC)

• His work was translated and adapted by Persian and Arabic mathematicians


Notable scientists of 19th/20th century

Jagdish Chandra Bose (J. C. Bose)

- Devised radio wave receivers using crystals

- Refused to patent his devise; Wanted his device for common people

- First person to use semiconductors as radio wave detector

- Often compared to Tesla in India, but neglected globally !!

• Marconi and Bose in Royal Society London during Bose lectures. Bose openly

demonstrated his device.

• Interestingly, Marconi used Bose’s invention as the critical component of for his

wireless telegraphy.

• Marconi and Braun won the Nobel prize for Radio but never mentioned Bose

in their Nobel lectures.

• Marconi applied for a patent for a device invented by Bose !!

IEEE recognized J.C. Bose as the father of radio science in 1997.


Jagdish Chandra Bose (J. C. Bose)

Crescograph

Crescograph - A device to measure growth in plants


Satyendra Nath Bose (S. N. Bose)

- Student of J.C. Bose

- Bosons were named after him by Paul Dirac

- Bose laid the foundation of quantum statistics based on his lecture in the class

- Bose-Einstein statistics was individually proposed by Bose!

• Bose wrote a paper on derivation of Planck’s radiation law by counting states

with identical particles, independent of classical Physics

• Paper was not accepted for publication, but he sent the paper directly to Einstein.

• Einstein translated to German and published in German journal in Bose name

• Bose got the opportunity to work with de Broglie, Marie Curie and Einstein.

Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) – A new phase of matter and a

dense collection of bosons – Named after him

No PhD, but recommended by Einstein – Became professor in

India

Seven Nobel prizes have been awarded on concepts of boson

and BEC; but Bose never received a Nobel prize

Higgs Boson particle – Why no one talks

about Bose ??2nd International Researchers Meet Up – 08 July, 2020

C. V. Raman

First Asian and Indian to win Nobel Prize in Science

Joined in Financial service but resigned the job later

Became a professor of Physics and invited to England for a conference in 1921

During the journey, he thought why sea waters appear blue !!

Came back to India and did an extensive work on scattering - Birth of Raman effect

Raman also worked on acoustics, wave-optics, magneto-optics, X-ray spectroscopy


Discovery of Raman effect (Feb 28th)

observed as National Science Day in

India

• Russians (Landsberg and Mandelstam) did the same work at the same time, but

were not awarded the Nobel Prize

• Raman sent the paper quickly than the Russians; timing all that mattered.

• Raman had good contacts with western scientists including Bohr, a member of

Nobel prize committee !!

• German Physicist P. Pringsheim named for the first time “Raman effect”.

Rutherford recommended him for Nobel Prize.

• Raman asked Bohr to recommend him for Nobel Prize; but he did not know

• Bohr already nominated him before receiving the letter.

• 1930 Nobel Prize, Heisenberg and Schrodinger were nominated for 6 and 9 times. Raman nominated for 10 times

"I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship to the Royal Society in 1924]

done to me. This is a small achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, it

is the Nobel Prize. You will find that I get that in five years.“

– Raman before Nobel Prize

..When I sat in that crowded hall and I saw the sea of western faces surrounding

me, I the only Indian, in my turban....it dawned on me I was really representing

my people and my country…then I turned round and saw the British flag under

which I had been sitting… I realized that my poor country,India did not even

have a flag of her own…triggered off my complete breakdown”

– Raman on receiving the Nobel Prize


“Sir, you have seen the Raman effect on alcohol; please do not try to see the alcohol effect on

Raman” – During the party, Raman said :)


Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – His uncle was C. V. Raman – Awarded Nobel Prize in 1983 for Chandrasekhar Limit

Chandrasekhar Limit is now accepted to be approximately 1.4 times the mass of the sun; any

white dwarf with less than this mass will stay a white dwarf forever, while a star that exceeds

this mass is destined to end its life in that most violent of explosions: a supernova.


India in Space – Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)

In the early days, rocket parts and satellite parts were carried in bicycles and bullock carts !!


Vikram Sarabhai, Father of Indian Space Program

- India became the sixth country to reach Moon

- Using the probe sent by NASA, water locked in minerals

in the moon was discovered

- By releasing an impactor, released debris was analysed by

the orbiting spacecraft’s instruments

Chandrayaan – 1 – Mission to Moon


https://www.space.com/35709-india-rocket-launches-record-

104-satellites.htmlFirst attempt success – 74 million USD – Cheaper

than Gravity movie budget – 11% NASA cost –

Fourth country 2nd International Researchers Meet Up – 08 July, 2020

New York Times after India’s Mars mission

Times of India after 104 satellites record


Chandrayaan-2: India’s Orbiter-Lander-Rover Mission

- Moon landing Attempted on September 6th, 2019

- Mission failed 2 kms above the lunar surface

Future spaceflights

• 2022: Gaganyaan – Human space flight to the moon

• Shukrayaan – Mission to send probe to Venus

• Mangalyaan 2 – Mars Orbiter Mission 2

ISRO in 1963 – 12 people

ISRO in 2020 – >20,000 people


India and Nuclear Energy

Initiated by Homi Bhabha – The Indian Oppenheimer

Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) – India’s Los Alamo was built in 1954

Nehru called bomb “a symbol of evil” - nuclear programme only for peaceful purposes.

After 1962, Indo-Sino war and after 1964 Chinese atomic bomb test, Bhabha pushed for nuclear bomb.

Shastri, then Prime minister said “… our present policy is not to make an atom bomb and its right”

Bhabha however convinced the PM; requested USA for cooperation,

but US declined. Bhabha died and Shastri, the PM died.

Ramanna replaced Bhabha and Indira Gandhi, daughter of Nehru became the

PM


First nuclear test - 1974

• Code named as “Smiling Buddha”

• After the successful test, Ramanna sent the message “The Buddha is Smiling” - Sixth country to become a nuclear state

USA made several sanctions and several countries not happy !! 2nd International Researchers Meet Up – 08 July, 2020

Second nuclear test - 1998

• Fusion bomb – Code named “Operation Shakti”

• After the successful test, PM Vajpayee declared India a full-fledged nuclear state

Currently, India has 140 – 150 nuclear weapons and produced enough plutonium for upto

200 nuclear weapons !!2nd International Researchers Meet Up – 08 July, 2020

India’s contribution in global science projects


India’s contribution to Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

• Several components including superconducting corrector magnets, precision magnetic positioning system jacks, accelerator

protection systems, quench detection electronics, vacuum design for long transport lines and cryogenic systems were designed

and built in India

• Indian scientists contribution to the discovery of Higgs boson significant

• One of the two experiments, CMS experiment which was used to discover Higgs Boson was conducted partially by Indians

• Two Tier-2 Grid computing centers in India to perform large part of LHC computing

71 co-authors from India

Panjab University, University of Delhi, Saha

Institute of Nuclear Physics, BARC, TIFR


“India is one of the biggest contributors to CERN, being

involved in various programmes like computing, power

supply systems, hi-tech components, and high precision

mechanics. India however could increase its contribution

through new collaborations,”

– Fabiola Gianotti, CERN Director General

• This deity was chosen by the Indian government because of a

metaphor that was drawn between the cosmic dance of the

Nataraj and the modern study of the “cosmic dance” of

subatomic particles.

• It was Carl Sagan who made this comparison !!

India’s gift – Permanent display in CERN


ITER – India responsibility

Cryostat – 30 m high x 30 m dia

In-wall Shielding – 9000 blocks from 70,000 precision cut plates

Cooling Water System – 4 km cryolines, 7 km warm lines

Cryogenic System – 10 cells of cooling tower

Ion-Cyclotron RF Heating System – 9 RF sources 2.5 MW

Electron Cyclotron RF Heating System – 2 gyrotron sources

Diagnostic Neutral Beam System – Detectors

Power Supplies and some Diagnostics

India’s role in International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)

• ITER is an international nuclear fusion megaproject (> 20 billion USD) to produce nuclear fusion energy for peaceful purposes

• Funded and run by 7 members – EU, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and USA


Indian Domestic Agency and L&T India got the contract and delivered the largest cryostat this year !!


• Shielding blocks to protect magnets were made in Bangalore, India

• 54 modules of cryostat made by L&T, India

1250 Tons, over 29 m diameter and 10 m – Installed in May 2020


• Thirty Meter Telescope in Hawaii – Scheduled for 2027

• India is a partner country and will supply 80 of 492 mirror segments, sensors, actuators (the heart of the telescope)


Future Big Science Projects in India

• LIGO in India (IndIGO) – To enhance the network of global GW detectors


• Scheduled for 2024

• Single network with LIGO, US

and Virgo, Italy

• Support from NSF, Advanced

LIGO, UK, Germany and

Australia

• In-principle approval followed by

• site selection

• No funding allotted completely

India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)

• INO – For precise measurement of neutrino mixing parameters , 210 million USD project


• Supposed to be finished by 2015 but land acquisition still going on

Pros

Several national labs (> 250) on all areas of research

Cheaper

Human resources (4th highest PhD producer) and land resources

Science in India – Pros and Cons


Focus on research or poverty ?

Always a big question

Cons

Limited funding for science and technology: <1 % of GDP

for research

Political instabilities

Delay in land acquisition

– Too much democracy :)

Competitive salary limits fund

for establishments

Task for you !!

• 11th President of India

• Missile Man

• Man behind second

nuclear test

• Role model for millions of

Indians


INDIA and SCIENCE · 2020. 7. 14. · India Czech Republic Population 1.39 billion (~36,000 births...

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Transcript of INDIA and SCIENCE · 2020. 7. 14. · India Czech Republic Population 1.39 billion (~36,000 births...