India
-
Upload
hplap -
Category
Technology
-
view
576 -
download
0
description
Transcript of India
![Page 1: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
India
• India is a country in South Asia.
• India is officially the Republic of India.
• India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia in the Indian Ocean.
![Page 2: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
India
• Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.
• Vast empires were the Indian subcontinent.
• Four of the world's major religions originated here.
![Page 3: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
India
• Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE.
• Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Islam also helped shape the region's diverse culture.
• India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence which was marked by non-violent resistance and led by Mahatma Gandhi.
![Page 4: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
India
• India was gradually annexed.
• India was administered by the British East India Company from the early 18th century.
• India was administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century.
![Page 5: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
India
• The Indian economy is the world's tenth-largest economy by nominal GDP and third largest economy by purchasing power parity.
• A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world.
• A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it ranks tenth in military expenditure among nations.
• It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
![Page 6: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ancient India
• BCE appeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan around 7000.
• BCE was the first known neolithic settlements.
• These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation BCE in Pakistan and western India.
![Page 7: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ancient India
• The Indus Valley Civilisation was the first urban culture in South Asia.
• The civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.
• The civilisation was centred around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, .
![Page 8: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ancient India
• The civilisation was relying on varied forms of subsistence.
• Many regions of the subcontinent evolved from copper age to iron age cultures during the period 2000500 BCE.
• The Vedas were composed during this period.
![Page 9: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ancient India
• Historians have analyzed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the upper Ganges Plain.
• The Vedas was the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.
• The caste system appeared during this period.
![Page 10: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ancient India
• The caste system spawned a social hierarchy.
• The large number of megalithic monuments found from this period, and nearby evidence of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions suggest progression to sedentary life in South India.
• The empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south.
![Page 11: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ancient India
• Its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas.
• The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that during the period from 200 BCE to 200 CE , the southern peninsula was being ruled by the Cheras , the Cholas , and the Pandyas , dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire and with west and south-east Asia .
• A renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual began to assert itself under the Guptas.
![Page 12: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ancient India
• This was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture.
• The flowering of sculpture and architecture found patrons among an urban elite.
• Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well.
• Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.
![Page 13: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Medieval India
• They were defeated by the Pallavas from farther south from still farther south.
• The Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards.
• The Pallavas from farther south were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas in turn.
![Page 14: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Medieval India
• Pastoral peoples whose land was usurped by cultivators were accommodated within caste society during this time.
• These were imitated all over India.
• These were led both to the resurgence of Hinduism and to the development of all the modern languages of the subcontinent.
![Page 15: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Medieval India
• Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities.
• The capital cities became economic hubs as well.
• The effects were evident in South Indian culture and elsewhere.
![Page 16: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Medieval India
• Political systems were exported to Southeast Asia to lands now composing Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Java.
• Southeast Asia was in particular.
• Indian merchants, scholars, and at times armies were involved in this transmission.
![Page 17: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Medieval India
• After the tenth century , Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans , using swift horse cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion , repeatedly overran South Asia 's north-western plains , and led eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206 .
• The Sultanate was to control much of North India.
• The Sultanate was to to make many forays into South India.
![Page 18: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Medieval India
• The Sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.
• The Sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India, paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.
• The empire came to control much of peninsular India.
![Page 19: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Medieval India
• The empire came to influence South Indian society and culture long afterwards.
• The empire was embracing a strong Shaivite tradition.
• The empire was building upon the military technology of the Sultanate.
![Page 20: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Early modern India
• It came to rule balanced.
• It pacified them through new administrative practices, and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.
• The Mughal empire resulted.
![Page 21: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Early modern India
• The Mughal state's economic policies caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.
• The Mughal state's economic policies were deriving most revenues from agriculture.
• The Mughal state's economic policies were mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency.
![Page 22: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Early modern India
• The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the seventeenth century was a factor in India's economic expansion.
• The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the seventeenth century resulted in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.
• Newly coherent social groups gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule.
![Page 23: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Early modern India
• Mughal rule gave them both recognition and military experience through collaboration or adversity.
• Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites in the southern and eastern coastal India.
• The East India Company 's control of the seas , its greater resources , and its army 's more advanced training and technology , led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite ; both these factors were crucial in allowing the Company to gain control over the Bengal region by 1765 , and sidelining the other European companies .
![Page 24: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Early modern India
• Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.
• The Company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture by this time with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and effectively now an arm of British administration.
![Page 25: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Modern India
• The age may have begun in 1857.
• The age may have ravaged many parts of northern India.
• It may also have begun in 1858 when , after the rebels were suppressed , the British government opted for direct administration of India and proclaimed a unitary state , which on the one hand envisaged slow transition to a British-style parliamentary system , but on the other hand favored Indian princes and landlords as a feudal safeguard against popular unrest .
![Page 26: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Modern India
• Its modern era may have commenced with the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885, thus marking the start of an all-India public life.
• He rush of technology and the commercialization of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks-- many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.
• There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines.
![Page 27: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Modern India
• Little industrial employment was generated for Indians.
• There were also salutary effects : commercial cropping , especially in the newly canalled Punjab , increased food production for internal consumption , the railway network provided critical famine relief , reduced notably the cost of moving goods , and helped the nascent Indian owned industry .
• After the first world war , in which some one million Indians served , a new period began , which was marked by British reforms , but also repressive legislation , by more strident Indian calls for self-rule , and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-cooperation , of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol .
![Page 28: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Modern India
• The next decade would be beset with crises.
• Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution.
• Its constitution was completed in 1950.
![Page 29: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Modern India
• Its constitution put in place a sovereign democratic republic.
• It has remained a democracy with civil liberties , an activist Supreme Court , and a largely independent press ; economic liberalization , which was begun in the 1990s , has created a large urban middle-class , transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world , and increased its global clout ; and Indian movies , music , and spiritual teachings , have increasingly contributed to global culture .
• India harbors seemingly unyielding rural and urban poverty.
![Page 30: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Modern India
• India hosts religious, caste-related violence, Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies, and separatists in Jammu and Kashmir.
• It has unresolved territorial disputes with the People's Republic of China.
• The Indo-Pakistani nuclear rivalry came to a head in 1998.
![Page 31: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Modern India
• India's democratic freedoms are unique among the world's new nations.
• Freedom from want for its disadvantaged population, remains a goal yet to be realized.
• India's democratic freedoms have survived for over 60 years.
![Page 32: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Geography
• India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent.
• India lies atop the minor Indian tectonic plate.
• The minor Indian tectonic plate belongs to the Indo-Australian Plate in turn.
![Page 33: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Geography
• The Eurasian Plate bore aloft the planet's highest mountains the subcontinent's subsequent collision with, and subduction under.
• The planet's highest mountains were the Himalayas.
• Plate movement created a vast trough that has gradually filled with river-borne sediment in the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas.
![Page 34: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Geography
• It now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
• The Thar Desert lies to the west.
• The Thar Desert is cut off by the Aravalli Range.
![Page 35: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Geography
• These parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.
• To the south the remaining peninsular landmass , the Deccan Plateau , is flanked on the west and east by the coastal ranges , the Western and Eastern Ghats respectively ; the plateau contains the nation 's oldest rock formations , some over one billion years old .
• Constituted in such fashion , India lies to the north of the equator between 644 ' and 3530 ' north latitude -LRB- c -RRB- and 687 ' and 9725 ' east longitude .
![Page 36: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Geography
• The mainland coast consists of the following: 43 % sandy beaches including cliffs, and 46 % mudflats or marshy coast.
• 43 % sandy beaches are 11 % rocky coast.
• Major peninsular rivers's steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding.
![Page 37: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Geography
• The Krishna drain into the Bay of Bengal; and the Narmada and the Tapti.
• The Bay of Bengal; and the Narmada and the Tapti drain into the Arabian Sea.
• The marshy Rann of Kutch in western India, and the alluvial Sundarbans delta are among notable coastal features of India.
![Page 38: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Geography
• India shares the alluvial Sundarbans delta with Bangladesh.
• The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.
![Page 39: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Biodiversity
• Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and Northeast India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya.
• The medicinal neem is a key Indian tree.
• The medicinal neem is widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies.
![Page 40: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Biodiversity
• The luxuriant pipal fig tree shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
• He sought enlightenment.
• The luxuriant pipal fig tree was shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro.
![Page 41: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Biodiversity
• Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana.
• Mammals then entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes flanking the rising Himalaya.
• Only 12. 6 % of mammals and 4. 5 % of birds are.
![Page 42: India](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052823/555048cab4c905b2788b4e7f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Biodiversity
• 45. 8 % of reptiles and 55. 8 % of amphibians are endemic.
• India contains 172, or 2. 9 %, of IUCN-designated threatened species.
• The system of national parks and protected areas was substantially expanded in response.
• The system was first established in 1935.